黄河中下游干流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及其生态风险

在黄河中下游干流采集6个表层沉积物样品,采用Han和Banin连续提取法提取并采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES测定不同化学形态的Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn含量,在计算重金属富集因子、迁移系数、次生相和原生相分布比值的基础上,对重金属赋存形态、迁移能力、生物活性、污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,黄河中下游干流表层沉积物中重金属元素含量沿河流向先增加后降低,高含量点位出现在汜水汇入黄河后,支流的输入对黄河重金属含量具有较为明显的贡献.形态分析研究表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni等5种重金属残渣态在其不同形态中有绝对优势,Cd可浸取态占明显优势,Mn的残渣态与可浸取态所占比例相当.富集因子分析表明,黄河中下游表层沉积物中重金属可分为3类:Cu、Cr、Mn基本无富集,Pb、Ni、Zn轻度富集,Cd中度到极高度富集;迁移系数研究表明黄河中下游表层沉积物重金属迁移系数和生物活性顺序为MnCdZnNiPbCuCr.次生相原生相比值法表明Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn无污染,Pb在3点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染,Mn在1、3、6点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染.综合各种评价方法,Cd是黄河中下游沉积物中污染程度最高的重金属,具有潜在生态风险,应引起重视.     

娄山河表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险评价

测定了娄山河表层沉积物间隙水中重金属(Cu、As、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni)的质量浓度,采用改正的BCR顺序提取法分析了沉积物中重金属的赋存形态,并分别基于美国水质基准(CCC、CMC)和风险评价编码法(RAC)、潜在生态风险指数法对间隙水和表层沉积物中重金属的毒性及生态风险进行评价.结果表明,娄山河表层沉积物间隙水中Cr、Pb可能对水生态系统产生急性或慢性毒性.沉积物中7种重金属的含量均高于土壤背景值,呈现累积效应.沉积物中As、Ni主要赋存于残渣态,Cu、Cr主要赋存于可氧化态和残渣态,Pb、Zn在多数点位以残渣态为主,Cd以酸可溶解态为主要赋存形态.除As外,其余重金属的可提取态含量高于残渣态,有较高的二次释放潜力.RAC的评价结果表明,表层沉积物中Cu、As、Pb和Cr处于无风险到低风险级,Zn、Ni处于低风险到高风险级,Cd以高风险和极高风险级为主,不同重金属RAC的平均值依次为CdZnNiPbCuAsCr.潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,Zn为低生态风险,其余重金属均存在点位处于中等及以上生态风险,RI值表明研究区采样点有中等到极强生态风险.     

泉州湾洛阳江河口潮滩表层沉积物中重金属赋存形态分析

对比3种重金属形态提取方法,其中稀HCl法提取率比EDTA法高,改进的BCR四步提取法提取率最高.用改进的BCR法分析泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带沉积物中重金属的4种形态(弱酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态)的含量.结果表明,大部分金属元素(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Fe和Cd)主要以残渣态存在,Mn主要以弱酸溶态存在,Pb和Cu则以可还原态存在.各形态与其总量间的相关性分析结果表明,Fe受人类活动的影响相对较小,而Cr、Co、Ni、Pb、Cd和Cu的前三态与其总量之间呈现极显著的正相关,说明它们主要污染源来自人类活动.     

长江水系沉积物中重金属的赋存形态

分析了长江干流和主要支流的沉积物样品中重金属(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg)的含量和赋存形态.结果表明:除Zn外,长江流域水系沉积物中重金属的污染程度总体呈上升趋势,其中,Cd的污染较为严重,Cd主要以可交换态的形式存在,长江水系沉积物中Zn,Pb以及Cu具有相似的同源性,而Cd,As,Hg以及Cr则另为一类.     

成都市部分区域淡水混养池塘水体与沉积物中重金属风险评价及分配特征

为探讨成都市部分区域淡水混养池塘环境中重金属的生态风险和分配特征,对成都市10个淡水混养池塘水体和沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni这6种重金属进行检测,采用BCR连续提取法分析沉积物中6种重金属的赋存形态,并评价其潜在生态风险。结果表明,除S8和S10样点Zn年均浓度超出GB 11607—1989《渔业水质标准》外,其余元素均未超标,重金属浓度总体呈现出春、夏季高于秋、冬季的特征。沉积物除S3、S4和S8样点Cu年均含量超出生物低影响阈值(ERL)外,其余元素均未超标,Cd为研究区域沉积物中主要生态风险因子,沉积物中重金属无明显季节变化规律。沉积物中Cd的弱酸提取态比例高于其余元素,为22. 91%～64. 51%,Pb和Cu可还原态比例较大,Zn以残渣态为主,同时存在较大比例的弱酸提取态和还原态,Cr和Ni主要以残渣态和可氧化态存在。水体-沉积物中重金属分配系数由高到低依次为Ni、Pb、Cr、Cu、Cd和Zn。因此,应加强成都市淡水混养池塘Cd元素的污染防控。     

广东红海湾表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征与污染状况评价

对红海湾近岸海域20个采样站沉积物样品中的7种重金属含量分布进行了研究,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As质量分数范围分别为2.60~13.30、16.70~38.00、45.20~81.10、0.00~0.11、10.40~23.10、0.03~0.50、6.42~10.20 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为6.29、25.44、57.87、0.03、15.32、0.07、7.97 mg·kg~(-1),其中,Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg平均值低于全国海岸带重金属的背景值。海洋沉积物质量单因子污染指数法评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均符合海洋沉积物质量Ⅰ类标准,7种重金属平均含量的污染程度为PbAsZnHgCrCuCd。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果显示,红海湾近岸海域潜在生态风险指数等级"较低",海洋生态环境状况较好;结合重金属富集程度分析,该海域Pb的富集程度较高且集中于近岸海域。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:该海域表层沉积物TOC含量与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和As含量具有一定的正相关性。进一步通过主成分分析研究沉积物中重金属污染来源,发现前2个主成分的贡献率分别为60.41%和16.48%;结合相关性分析,认为该海域沉积物重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和As的主要来源为工业废水与城市污水。文章揭示了红海湾近岸海域沉积物中重金属的分布特征,可为海洋生态环境建设提供依据。     

京杭大运河江南城镇段表层沉积物重金属富集水平及潜在生态风险评价

以京杭大运河9个江南城镇段表层沉积物为研究对象,研究具城镇源特征的重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr）在表层沉积物中的富集水平及其潜在生态风险.结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在大运河城镇段表层沉积物中显著富集,分别为所属长江沉积物相应背景值的1.2—6.4、1.8—5.8、2.6—18.7和7.1—22.7倍,Cr...     

泉州湾河口湿地秋茄红树林中重金属的分布、迁移和储量

分析了泉州湾洛阳江河口湿地秋茄林及其根际沉积物中重金属元素的含量及根际沉积物中酸可提取态重金属元素含量,讨论了秋茄林-沉积物系统中重金属元素的分布、富集与迁移特征及其在秋茄林中的储量.根际沉积物中重金属元素总量及酸可提取态含量的顺序分别为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd和Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd.与该海域应执行的《海洋沉积物质量标准》(GB1868—2002)一类标准限值相比,研究区沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr的样品超标率分别为100%、100%、90%、70%和10%.相关性分析结果表明,根际沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Co、Ni可能存在相同的人为源和相似的环境行为,而Fe、Mn的来源及行为与其它元素有较大不同.各元素在秋茄树各部位的平均富集系数均小于1.多数重金属元素在秋茄树不同部位的富集系数顺序为:根>叶>枝,Mn为:叶>枝>根,而Cu和Pb为:根>枝>叶.秋茄树中重金属元素从根到叶的平均迁移系数顺序为:Mn(7.44)>Zn(0.94)>Cu(0.71)>Cr(0.68)>Cd(0.63)>V(0.50)>Ni(0.46)>Co(0.41)>Pb(0.37)>Fe(0.21).     

宁波市回龙河表层沉积物重金属的形态分析及风险评价

为了解回龙河表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,采集了表层沉积物样品,测定了重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的总量及其化学形态,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,回龙河表层沉积物中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni均有一定程度的累积,总量分别为286.4～1277.9mg/kg、21.71～146.0mg/kg、10.33～44.20mg/kg、25.13～90.40mg/kg、0.07172～0.3901mg/kg、13.27～157.2mg/kg,其中Cu、Cr、Pb与Ni 4种重金属具有一定的同源特性;形态分析表明,Cu的形态分布以有机结合态为主,最容易迁移释放,Zn、Cr和Ni除残渣态外,铁锰氧化结合态和有机结合态占一定比例,具有潜在风险;潜在生态风险指数法分析表明,沉积物中重金属元素的单一潜在生态风险指数顺序为Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn〉Pb〉Cr,潜在生态危害指数RI均小于150,总体上回龙河处于轻微的生态风险等级。     

海南岛北部潮间带红树林对重金属的累积特征

对海南岛北部潮间带红树林湿地7种红树植物（根、茎、叶）及其根系沉积物中重金属元素含量进行了分析,结果表明：研究区湿地沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的变异系数大于0.50,沉积物中重金属分布很不稳定。其中Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的含量均高于海南水系沉积物背景值,可能存在外源的输入。仅有Pb的含量略低于海南水系沉积物背景值。总体来看,大部分植物显示了对Cd元素的较强的富集能力（BAC〉1）,瓶花木对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上要比其他红树植物强一些,木果楝对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上最弱。其中,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cr、Zn、As和Cd的吸收能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr和Ni的吸收能力较强,角果木（Ceriops tagal）对Pb的富集能力较强。角果木（Ceriops tagal）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）对Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cu、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula）对Cr、Ni、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）对Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木果楝（Xylocarpus granatum）对Cr、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr也有较强的运输能力。但此次所研究的红树植物对As元素的运输能力均很弱,建议适量引入适宜在研究区生长并且对As元素富集能力较强的植物。     

Heavy Metals in the Bed and Suspended Sediments of Anyang River, Korea: Implications for Water Quality

The objective of this study is to compare Anyang River bed sediments with water chemical composition and to assess the anthropogenic chemical inputs into the river system. Eight sampling locations were chosen along the river channel. Bed and suspended river sediments and water samples were collected, and analyzed for their chemical and physical composition. Data revealed that trace element concentrations in the river water were generally below world average, except for As, Mn, Ni and Cr. Among the three phases: water, bed and suspended sediment, more than 99% of the trace elements was associated with the bed sediment. Concentrations of trace elements in the sediment were a function a particle size distribution and organic content. The calculated degrees of enrichment based on the least influenced sample (ASD 1) indicated the river sediments were enriched with respect to background. The enrichment factors for Pb, Zn and As were relatively lower than for Cr, Co, Ni and Zn. The difference in the enrichment seems to reflect the human activities influence in the basin, and specially for Cd. Speciation of the elements in the five different chemical forms in the sediment by sequential extraction indicated that the reducible fraction was predominant for Fe, Zinc and Cu showed an irregular variation among the different fractions; whereas, Cd and Pb were more regular. Zinc and Cu highly existed mostly in exchangeable forms. Acid soluble and reducible forms were also important for most metals. The speciation implies that the metals associated with the sediment are subject to release into water bodies as goechemical variables (pH and Eh) change. Currently, the introduced metals are deposited near the source area and are mostly associated with the sediment, implying that the river bed sediment acts mainly as a sink, rather than a pool. The accumulated and enriched toxic trace elements can pose a potential pollution of river water.     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅳ. 电子废物不当回收地区流域水体沉积物的重金属污染

为了解电子废物不当处置活动对小流域内水体沉积物金属污染的影响,采集了位于广东省清远市龙塘镇和石角镇的电子废物焚烧和酸解活动核心区内水塘和水库的0～40cm沉积物以及附近河流大燕河表层(0～5cm)沉积物样本,分析了样本中的金属(水塘、水库:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr;大燕河:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Mg、Mn)含量.作为对照,对珠江口伶仃洋沉积物中的5种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr)含量也进行了分析.结果表明,1)在核心区内,5种重金属的平均含量在接近酸解作坊的水塘沉积物中呈Cu(766.16mg·kg-1)>Zn(181.12mg·kg-1)>Pb(129.56mg·kg-1)>Cr(1.89mg·kg-1)≈Cd(1.12mg·kg-1),在其下游的水库沉积物中呈现相同的规律,但水塘沉积物的Cu、Zn、Pb含量均高于水库.水塘、水库沉积物重金属含量分布规律明显不同于伶仃洋沉积物,与伶仃洋沉积物相比,核心区水体沉积物Cu含量特别高,是伶仃洋沉积物的7～17倍,Pb和Cd则分别是伶仃洋的2.3～3.0倍和1.9～2.4倍,Zn、Cr含量与伶仃洋沉积物相近.2)Zn含量在核心区水体沉积物中均呈现出在20.0～30.0cm深度最高的趋势,Cu、Pb含量在水库沉积物中也有类似的表现,说明该深度的沉积物可能是电子废物回收处置活动最频繁的时期形成的,近年来随着政府取缔工作的加强,电子废物非法处置活动的减少,Zn、Cu、Pb含量有明显的下降.3)大燕河沉积物中6种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni)的总含量表现为中游下段(1261.3mg·kg-1)>中游中段(1049.2mg·kg-1)>中游上段(401.8mg·kg-1)>上游(364.6mg·kg-1)>下游(215.4mg·kg-1).Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量均在中游下段的沉积物中出现最大值,次大值出现在中游中段,Ni、Cd在中游中段出现最大值,次大值出现在中游下段.中游中、下段沉积物中金属含量最大值和其上游(或中游上段)河段含量最低值的比值呈现Cu(10.1)>Cr(7.8)>Zn(3.8)>Cd(2.0)>Pb(1.9)>Ni(1.8),显示这些重金属主要从中游中、下段进入大燕河沉积物,其中Cu污染最为严重,而Cr污染可能与水土流失或当地其他活动释放的Cr有关.4)比较流域内土壤和各种沉积物以及伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的构成比例发现,核心区土壤和沉积物以及大燕河沉积物中的重金属具有明显的同源性.随着离源区距离的增加,重金属的构成比例中最明显的变化是Cu的比例下降以及Zn的比例上升。     

宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物重金属形态迁移特征

在宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物基本理化性质和重金属元素含量分析的基础上,重点研究了重金属元素在街尘、土壤及河流沉积物中的赋存形态和迁移特征.结果表明:在街尘中Cu主要以可氧化态和残余态形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态和可氧化态形式存在,Zn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cr主要以残余态形式存在...     

Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of metals in the river sediments from Dan River Drainage,China

This study investigates the partitioning of metals in surface sediments from the Dan River drainage basin, the source of drinking water for the South to North Water Transfer Project, China, to determine their bioavailability and associated levels of risk. Sediment samples were collected from 99 sites along the Dan River, and the concentration of each element fraction was determined using sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The residual fraction was the major phase for most metals sampled. Among the non-residual fractions, greater proportions of Zn, Mn and Cd were transported in in the available phase, whereas Ba, Sb, Pb and As were mainly found in the reducible phase. The oxidisable phase was important for the transport of Ni, Co, Cr and Cu in sediments. This analysis of sediments from the Dan River basin indicates a very high risk of pollution from Cd, Co, Mn, Sb and Zn. Combined with the sediments with extremely high concentrations, the Dan, Laoguan and Yinhua rivers, which have been affected by ore-mining activities, pose a very high risk to the surrounding areas and should be the subject of future studies.     

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments: a case study from Luan River,Northern China

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr were examined in surface water and sediment from the Luan River inChina,. With a decline in Cu and Ni concentration found in surface water at downstream stations. This finding suggests that water currents are a major explanatory factor in heavy metal contamination. The abundance of Cr, Pb, and Cd observed in the middle reaches of the river indicates heavy metal contamination in local areas, although there was an obvious decrease in concentrations in the water downstream of the Daheiting Reservoir. The significant rising trend in Cu, Pb, and Ni seen the sediment farther away from the river also suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metal pollution Sediments were therefore used as environmental indicators, with sediment assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI). The I_geo values revealed that Cd (3.13) and Cr (2.39) had accumulated significantly in the Luan River. The RI values for most (89%) of the sampling stations were higher than 300, suggesting that sediment from the Luan River poses a severe ecological risk, with the potential ecological risks downstream higher than that in the upper and middle streams. Good correlations among Pb/Ni, Pb/Cd, Cu/Pb, and Cu/Cd in the water and Cr/Ni in the sediment were observed. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd may have various origins, being derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Trace Metal Distribution and Enrichment in Benthic, Estuarine Sediments: Southport Broadwater, Australia

The distribution and enrichment of selected trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) in benthic sediments of the Southport Broadwater, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water adjacent to the Gold Coast city, south-eastern Queensland, Australia, was studied with the objective of assessing the extent and degree of sediment contamination. Sediment samples from the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth intervals of 32 sites within the Southport Broadwater and surrounding residential canals were analysed for particle size distribution, pH, organic C and ‘near-total’ major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn) and trace (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) metal contents. Sediment contamination for each trace metal was assessed by (1) comparison with Australian sediment quality guidelines, (2) calculation of the index of geoaccumulation based on regional background values, and (3) geochemical normalisation against Al (i.e. the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals). Based on this approach, the results indicate that submerged sediments in the study area are not presently enriched with Cd, Cr or Ni, with the spatial distribution of these metals being very well explained by the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals. However, several sites were strongly enriched with Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn, arising from sources related to either urban runoff or vessel maintenance activities. The study indicates that several varying approaches are needed for a satisfactory assessment of contaminant enrichment in estuarine sediments.     

The relationship between epilithic periphyton (biofilm) bound metals and metals bound to sediments in freshwater systems

Surficial sediments and epilithic periphyton (biofilm) were sampled from six sites on the River Churnet and five sites on the River Manifold in Staffordshire and analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The sites demonstrated a wide range of sediment trace metal concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS). Biofilm was removed from the substrate using physical abrasion and 0.005 M ethylenediaminoethanetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extractant. The European Standards, Measurements and Testing Programmes (BCR) operationally defined geochemical speciation scheme was used to determine the exchangeable, acid soluble fraction of the sediments. Significant positive correlations were determined between the EDTA extractable biofilm and the exchangeable sediment fraction for Cd, Cu and Zn but not for Pb. Natural epilithic periphyton may be a potential metal biomonitor particularly of Cu, Cd and Zn in aquatic systems and provide supporting information in relation to potential sediment toxicity.     

珠江三角洲养殖鱼塘水体中重金属污染特征和评估

为了解珠江三角洲主要养殖环境中重金属含量及潜在生态危害程度,用电感藕合等离子质谱法和原子荧光法测定了肇庆、广州、惠州和茂名4市14个样点沉积物中7种元素的水体及底泥总量,并对底泥中主要重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：养殖鱼塘水体中Cr质量浓度范围是nd-0.1011 mg·L-1,超标率为7.1%,Cu质量浓度范围为nd-0.1438 mg·L-1,超标率为64.3%,As质量浓度范围是0.0112-0.0812 mg·L-1,超标率为24.1%,Hg质量浓度范围是0.00004-0.00458 mg·L^-1,超标率为35.7%,Pb质量浓度范围为nd-0.0973 mg·L^-1,超标率为6.8%,其余Ni、Zn和Cd质量浓度范围分别为nd-0.0218、nd-0.0232和nd-0.00319 mg·L^-1,均未超渔业水质标准;底泥中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cd和Pb的平均值分别为83.86、46.19、242.16、32.38、0.64、1.00和60.06 mg·kg^-1,地积累指数评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cu＞Cr,其中,Cd污染程度为中-强,是底泥污染最严重的元素。潜在生态风险指数分析,单项潜在生态风险指数生态风险均值排列顺序为 Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr。对区域综合潜在生态风险指数RI的贡献率最大的元素为Hg、As和Cd。4个市底泥潜在生态风险综合指数（RI）比较,惠州（290.13）＞广州（240.54）＞茂名（193.23）＞肇庆（116.40）。Hg和Cd是该水域污染和潜在生态风险最大的元素。     

Heavy metals in albanian coastal sediments

Heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Sn) concentration has been determined on 39 coastal sediment samples collected in Albania. The relationship between the heavy metals content and the grain size has been considered. All metals, except Cu and Cd, resulted accumulated in the finest fraction, which constituted up to 95% of most of the considered sediments. A good correlation has been found for Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cu in the entire area, indicating a common origin for these metals in the analyzed sediments. Concentration values fall in the range reported for Dinaric chain derived sediments, revealing, generally, a natural origin of the metal contents. Though in some selected areas such as the Drin and the Skumbin Bay, an antropogenic input of Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu can be observed, as the result of discharging of mines and smelter activities.