Long-run Price Prospects for Aluminium and Copper

The meaning and significance of alternative price quotations in the aluminium and copper markets are scrutinized. The history of aluminium and copper prices from the beginning of this century is surveyed. The causes to the fast fall in real aluminium prices until 1950, and to the exceptionally high copper prices between 1964 and 1974 are explained. A methodology for long-run price forecasting in metals markets is developed. This methodology, combined with appropriate empirical data and reasonable assumptions about such key factors as taxation, depletion, and energy costs, is used to forecast the prices of aluminium and copper until the end of this century. L'article étudie le sens et les conséquences des différents cours des marchés de l'aluminium et du cuivre. II fait l'historique des prix de l'aluminium et du cuivre depuis le début de ce siècle. II explique les causes de l'effondrement des cours de l'aluminium en prix constants jusqu'en 1950 et les cours exceptionnellement élevés du cuivre entre 1964 et 1974. L'article présente une méthodologie pour la prévision à long terme de l'évolution des marchés des métaux. Cette méthodologie, combinée avec des données empiriques adéquates et des estimations raisonnables portant sur des facteurs clefs tels que la taxation, la provision pour reconstitution de réserves et les coûts de l'énergie, est utilisée pour prévoir les prix de l'aluminium et du cuivre jusqu'à la fin du siècle. El significado e importancia de la fluctuación de precios en el mercado de cobre y aluminio se analiza en este artículo. Se revisa la variación histórica de los precios de cobre y aluminio desde el comienzo del siglo. Se explican las causas de la caída ràpida en términos reales de los precios de aluminio hasta 1950 y los precios de cobre excepcionalmente altos entre 1964 y 1974. Se desarrolla luego una metodología para el pronóstico a largo plazo de la demanda de metales. Esta metodología. conjuntamente con datos empíricos apropiados, asunciones razonables acerca de factores claves tales como impuesto, agotamiento de la mina y precios de energía, se emplea para pronosticar los precios de cobre y aiuminio hasta el final del siglo.     

废铝的回收处理与现代技术

本文分析了我国废铝回收处理现状,论述了废铝回收与现代技术的关系,指出废铝的回收分类标准和废铝的直接改制利用应引起人们的重视。     

Copper smelting and refining

Detailed research by the Commodities Research Unit (CRU) reveals a wide variation in direct operating costs at copper smelters and refineries. The cost curve for smelters is almost a straight line, indicating that so far there has been no levelling of costs as there has been in the mining industry. Operating costs at smelters using reverberatory furnaces are well below costs at plants using modern technology, but this apparent paradox is shown to be a reflection of location. CRU argues that costs are an important determinant of smelter/refinery competitiveness, but that other factors such as location and tariffs are also significant. Operating margins world-wide show enormous variations, but companies' increasing interest in their processing operations, coupled with changes in tariffs, are predicted to lead to a much more competitive market.     

电解铝工程清洁生产分析与评价

本文以乐山某铝业有限公司新建10万吨电解铝工程为例,简述了电解铝生产工艺,重点对电解铝工程的清洁生产进行分析。从生产工艺的先进性、污染物排放量少、清洁原料、原辅材料消耗低、节能措施和废物回收利用等方面对预焙阳极电解槽技术的清洁生产进行分析。通过清洁生产指标分析结果,乐山某铝业有限公司电解铝工程满足清洁生产标准要求,经预焙槽技术和自焙槽相比,预焙槽技术具有污染物排放量少,物耗能耗低,使用原辅料清洁,电流效率高的特点,以不同预焙槽原辅材料消耗量回归分析结果及其综合分析,大型预焙阳极电解槽技术是铝电解行业的清洁生产工艺。     

Copper recycling and scrap availability

According to existing estimates, available old copper scrap has more than tripled over the past 40 years. Secondary production (that is, copper produced from recycling old scrap), however, has only doubled. Indeed, over the past 10 years, while copper consumption and primary production have continued to expand briskly, while available old scrap has increased by over 35%, secondary production has actually stagnated.For a world concerned with sustainable development and the quality of the earth's environment, this performance is disappointing and in need of explanation. Other things being equal, one would expect the amount of recycling to increase with the availability of scrap, as many econometric models of the world copper market developed over the past several decades explicitly assume.The key to understanding sluggish growth in secondary production, this paper argues, is distinguishing carefully between (1) the flow of old scrap that arrives each year from products reaching the end of their useful lives during the year and (2) the available stock of old scrap that was not recycled during earlier years presumably because it was too costly to do so. Using an econometric model, the paper shows that old scrap stocks, which have contributed most of the increase in available old copper scrap over the years, have a very modest impact on secondary production. Old scrap flows have a much greater effect, but they account for only about 4% of the available old scrap for any given year.     

纳米聚合铝制备及影响因素的研究

采用缓慢加碱法和一次加碱法制得纳米聚合氯化铝,使用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法对制得样品进行表征,探讨了pH值对表征的影响,制备过程中制备方法、碱化度、制备温度、AlCl3浓度和NaOH浓度的影响.     

Copper Overcapacity and the Adjustment Process

This article analyses overcapacity in the world copper industry during the 1980s and reviews projections of mine capacity to 1990 and 1996 by the research staffs of the World Bank, the International Wrought Copper Council, and the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries. The process of restoring demand-supply balance in the copper industry is analysed under alternative assumptions for rates of growth in world consumption and certain conclusions are reached on the implications for copper prices during the 1990s.     

Copper in India: Present and future outlook

The availability of mineral resources plays an important role in India's national economy. Copper, one of the important non-ferrous metals, has various industrial uses and demand for it is increasing in India where the inventory and production of copper, though not comparable with developed countries, shows an impressive growth rate, particularly during the last decade. With an increasing rate of industrial production envisaged in future plans copper consumption is expected to rise. Logistic curves have been used to study the potential long-term production capability under the dynamic concept of reserves and resources, with curves drawn for various estimates of total available resources. The production figures shown are not final and are subject to change due to a number of factors. This approach merely provides a method for projecting trends in future production.     

Copper cycle in China and its entropy analysis

Copper cycle analysis approaches have been broadly investigated for sustainable development of copper industry in China. There are four stages in the life cycle of copper products, including mining & processing, fabrication & manufacture, use and reclamation. The 2005 copper cycle in China, analyzed by copper-flow diagram of the copper products life cycle with time factor, indicates that the copper ore index and copper scrap index were 0.78 t/t and 0.063 t/t, respectively; and copper resource efficiency was 1.3 t/t. To ascertain the degree of both aggregating and dispersing of the copper in the life cycle of copper products, the substance flow analysis with the index of entropy and the calculating method of entropy was presented. The variation of entropy along copper cycle was calculated based on the analysis of the life cycle of copper products in China in 2005. The entropies at the five nodes along copper cycle were 0.26, 0.046, 0.24, 0.60 and 0.25, respectively. The variation ratio of relative entropy in the whole system was −2.9%, which showed the copper-contained materials were congregated after the whole products life cycle. The same method was also applied to the variation of entropy along copper products life cycle in China in 2002. The discussion was focused on the results of these two years. The values of entropy at the five nodes along copper cycle in 2005 were all lower than those in 2002. The entropy at the five nodes along copper products life cycle in 2005 was extracted through two scenes under different technical indices, including scene one: 0.26, 0.032, 0.23, 0.60 and 0.17, respectively; and scene two: 0.26, 0.023, 0.23, 0.60 and 0.096, respectively. The values of entropy are effectively reduced, especially from the fourth to the fifth node, which is the obsolete copper products reclaiming stage.     

聚合双酸铝铁在饮用水处理中的应用

阐述了新型高效水处理混凝剂—聚合双酸铝铁的研制机理及产品性能指标。汇集近几年来的实际应用数据,考察其在常温、高温、低温,高浊度、低浊度情况下与聚氯化铝PAC、硫酸铝AS的净水效果;通过搅拌试验对比对水中总铁、总锰的去除效果及残余铝含量。综合净水效果,聚合双酸铝铁明显优于聚氯化铝及硫酸铝。     

金昌市环境中铜的来源调查分析

大多数重金属通常是以气溶胶形式,如以烟、雾、尘分散在大气中.悬浮颗粒物中重金属是重要的大气污染物之一,目前已证实颗粒物中重金属如Ni、Cu、Cd、As等不但对人体具有毒害,而且具有致癌作用.金昌市是以硫化型金属矿为原料生产镍、铜的工业城市.因总体产业格局基本为原材料初级加工,能耗物耗高,原工艺水平低,环保欠帐较多,工业污染源超标排放污染物普遍,区域性环境污染相对突出.根据金昌市大气污染现状,通过对环境空气、土壤、植物中的重金属铜进行布点采样及分析,找出了重金属铜的污染分布特征以及来源.     

聚合硅酸硫酸铝对印染废水的预处理实验研究

本文采用硅酸钠、硫酸和硫酸铝为原料，制备出无机高分子絮凝剂聚合硅酸硫酸铝，探讨了聚合硅酸硫酸铝对广东某毛纺企业印染废水的应用性能。结果表明，聚合硅酸硫酸铝对COD和色度的去除率优于硫酸亚铁，COD和色度去除率分别可达31．8％和84％，减轻了后续生化系统的压力。     

Copper and calcium transport through an unsaturated soil column

To determine the relative importance of the physical and chemical factors that influence the movement of heavy metals through soils, leaching experiments were carried out under conditions of constant molarity during unsaturated steady-state water flow through a Manawatu fine sandy loam (a Dystric Fluventic Eutochrept). The movement and exchange of copper was studied in a binary Cu-Ca system. The movement of the associated anions, namely chloride and sulfate, was also monitored. The measurements were compared with predictions from the convection-dispersion equation (CDE), linked with cation exchange theory. The agreement between the measured and predicted breakthrough of sulfate and copper was good. This indicates that copper retardation in the Manawatu soil is closely related to the cation exchange capacity, and that exchange between Ca and Cu is the main process of Cu retardation in the Manawatu soil. However, copper appeared slightly later in the effluent than predicted, indicating that non-exchange processes are also involved in copper transport. Measurements of suction cups could also be used to obtain the parameters for the CDE to describe sulfate movement through the soil. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements of the bulk-soil electrical conductivity could be used to monitor the movement of both sulfate and copper. This indicates that TDR can also be used to monitor cation transport and exchange through the soil, provided the percolating solution causes a sufficient change in the electrical conductivity.     

鲫鱼对铜和锌的吸收蓄积研究

用原子吸收分光光度法研究铜和锌在鲫鱼体内积累行为,结果表明,溶解态和颗粒态铜和锌在鱼鳃、肌肉中的积累量随其浓度的增加而增加。铜和锌积累能力的大小顺序为锌〉铜。鱼鳃和肌肉对溶解态和颗粒态重金属的积累能力为鱼鳃大于肌肉,蓄积曲线表现为逐渐趋向平缓的形式。颗粒态鱼鳃积累尤其大于肌肉,说明鱼在对颗粒态铜和锌的积累过程中,部分颗粒态金属是吸附在鱼鳃上的。由于生理功能不同,鲫鱼对锌需要量比铜多。     

Copper availability in seven Israeli soils incubated with and without biosolids

Land application is becoming a preferred option for disposal of sewage sludge (biosolids) from wastewater treatment plants. However, it creates potential risks due to the heavy metal contents of these materials, with copper (Cu) being of chief concern. The long-term fate of biosolid metals applied to agricultural soils is not well understood, particularly in the soils of the Middle East. This investigation was conducted to determine whether the availability of Cu changes with time in biosolid-amended and nonamended soils from Israel. Seven soils, typifying the span of properties and formation environments encountered in Israel, were incubated with and without biosolids for 7 yr, and changes in organic carbon (OC) content and labile Cu concentration were determined. Isotopic exchange techniques, using 64Cu, and ion activity measurements, using a Cu2+ ion selective electrode, revealed that the available Cu concentration remained relatively low and stable over the 7-yr incubation. This was despite substantial reductions in OC. This study shows that, with regard to Cu, application of such biosolids to these soils at rates of up to 250 Mg ha(-1) does not pose a threat to the environment in the short to medium term.     

The Appalachian Mountains' Copper Basin and the concept of environmental susceptibility

The Copper Basin is located within the southern Appalachian Mountains primarily in extreme southeastern Tennessee, USA. It has long been known for its copper mining/smelting and associated chemical industry, as well as its severely injured environment. Virtually all previous commentary on the environmental degradation at this location have focused on human activities and their destructive impact. This article approaches the subject from a different angle, one that emphasizes the interaction between man and nature. The site's physical setting, industrial history, and environmental history are briefly reviewed. The theory then presented here is that certain of the Copper Basin's natural features made its environment unusually vulnerable to the negative impact of copper mining and smelting, especially as practiced around the turn of the century. These features are identified. This reasoning provides the basis for the concept of environmental susceptibility, which is defined and discussed. A few of its applications are mentioned. This study offers a new perspective on the Copper Basin, as well as insights for those whose work involves investigating the man/nature relationship—both past and present.     

碱性蚀刻废液的再生回用与铜回收技术

介绍了一种革取技术,可在生产过程中处理印制线路板生产的碱性蚀刻废液,使之脱铜后再生,实现碱性蚀刻废液的循环使用;运用反革取技术使苹取剂复活循环使用;反革取提取到的硫酸铜经电解为电解铜,电解液可循环使用。