Throughfall and stemflow nutrient depositions to soil in a subtropical evergreen broad leaved forest in the Wuyi Mountains

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Impact on soil quality of a 10-year-old short-rotation coppice poplar stand compared with intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems in a Mediterranean area

Bioenergy crops play an ecologically and economically fundamental role as an alternative to agri-food productions and as renewable energy sources. Little attention has been focused on soil quality following conversion of agricultural lands to biomass crops. Here, we assessed the impact of a 10-year-old short-rotation coppice (SRC) poplar stand on the main soil chemical parameters, microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), compared with intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems. Three different harvest frequencies of poplar SRC (annual T1, biannual T2 and triennial T3 cutting cycles) were evaluated. Multivariate analysis showed that poplar SRC improved soil quality compared with intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems. T1 and T2 positively affected AMF inoculum potential and root colonisation of a co-occurring plant species, while T3 improved the majority of soil chemical and biochemical parameters. Moreover, three different AMF morphospecies belonging to the genera Glomus and Scutellospora were found in poplar SRC, while morphospecies belonging exclusively to genera Glomus were recorded in intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems. Such aspects have agro-ecological implications, since the positive changes of soil nutrient availability and carbon content together with a high abundance and diversity of soil biota show clear soil sustainability of poplar SRC.     

Vertical distribution of microsclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina under various soil types and host crops

Microsclerotial populations of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. were concentrated in the top 30 cm of soil regardless of host crop. In general, microsclerotia were almost non-existent in the 40–100-cm zone. Soil texture, ranging from loamy sand to heavy clay, had no apparent affect on the vertical distribution of microsclerotia.     

Influence of no-tillage on the distribution and lability of phosphorus in Finnish clay soils

No-tillage (NT) is a method adopted to reduce erosion and particulate phosphorus (P) load from arable land to watercourses. However, it has been found to increase the loss of dissolved P with surface runoff, but the reasons for that have rarely been examined in detail. The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical factors explaining this response by investigating the impact of NT on the type and distribution of P reserves as well as on organic carbon (C) in the 0–35 cm topsoil layer of clay soil profiles (Vertic Cambisols). Soil samples were taken from two experimental fields (Jokioinen and Aurajoki) at 0–5, 5–20 and 20–35 cm depths in conventionally tilled (CT) and non-tilled (for 4–5 years) plots. The plots had been cultivated and fertilized according to the common field practices in Finland (15–18 kg P and 100–128 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹).Inorganic and organic P reserves characterized by a modified Chang and Jackson fractionation procedure were not significantly affected by the cultivation methods. However, in the uppermost soil layer (0–5 cm) in NT of the Jokioinen field, the labile P determined by water extraction (P_w) increased significantly, whereas the increase in P extracted with acid ammonium acetate (P_AAC) remained statistically insignificant. The increase in labile P coincided with a significant increase in organic carbon (C), which supports the theory that competition between organic anions and phosphate for the same sorption sites on oxide surfaces will enhance the lability of soil P. In the Aurajoki field with distinct soil cracking, P_w and P_AAC were not affected by NT in the uppermost soil layer, but they increased in the deepest soil layer (20–35 cm) concomitantly with an increase in Al-bound P and organic C. However, the increases were not statistically significant. In both fields, soil acidification due to the repeated application of N fertilizers at a shallow soil depth as well as the accumulation of organic C lowered pH of the uppermost soil layer in NT compared to the deeper soil layers. The results indicated that even short-term NT can increase the labile P in clay soil. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term changes in lability of surface soil P and, consequently, the possible need for readjustment of the fertilization level in NT.     

耕种对沙地土壤全磷空间变异性的影响

利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,以科尔沁沙地东南缘的丘间低地为例,分析了农业耕种对沙地土壤全磷空间变异性的影响.结果表明,草地开垦8年后的耕地同未开垦的草地相比,表层和亚表层土壤全磷量均有明显增加(P<0.05);两层土壤全磷贮量增加7.64%,约增加25.71kg/hm2.耕地同草地相比,土壤全磷空间结构和格局存在明显差异.耕地表层表现为一种随机上下波动的空间分布格局,而草地表现为相对均一的空间分布格局.亚表层耕地同草地相比,基台值、结构方差和变程明显偏大,结构异质性和空间依赖性较强,而随机性较弱的空间分布格局.分数维进一步说明耕地与草地土壤全磷空间变异性的差异.克立格制图直观地反映2种土地利用方式下土壤全磷的空间结构特征.为此,认为耕种易导致沙地土壤退化,退耕还草有利于维持脆弱沙地生态系统的稳定性.     

Effects of 5-year application of municipal solid waste compost on the distribution and mobility of heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil

It is obvious that the application of solid waste compost improves the soil fertility. These wastes, however, may also have some negative effects on the agricultural environment due to their metal content. This research aimed at evaluating the influence of Tunisian municipal solid waste compost and farmyard manure on some chemical properties and the distribution of heavy metals in a calcareous Tunisian soil (clayey–loamy soil). A field plot experiment, without vegetation, was installed since 1999 at the experimental farm of the Agronomic National Institute of Tunis (INAT) in the region of Mornag (20 km south of Tunis, Tunisia). During 5 years, the field received yearly the following treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 t/ha of municipal solid waste compost and 0, 40 and 120 t/ha of manure. The fractionation of heavy metals in the soil was evaluated after 5 years using a sequential extraction procedure. The application of the two amendments was found to increase the content of organic matter, the total nitrogen content and the electrical conductivity, whereas it slightly decreased the soil pH. The addition of manure did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, whereas compost application increased the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil. The distribution of heavy metals between the different fractions in untreated and treated soils showed the residual fraction to be dominant, followed by the fraction bound to Fe and Mn oxides. The amount of Cu bound to the organic fraction increased with the application rate, which is probably caused by the formation of organic complexes. For the other metals, the increase of the association with organic matter is very limited. The application of compost moreover increases the amount of Zn associated with Fe and Mn oxides. The “Mobility Factor (MF)” was quite low and did not change after the 5-year application of the two organic amendments. It always remained lower than 10%, although for Cd it amounted to 17%.     

Influence of zeta potential on the flocculation of cyanobacteria cells using chitosan modified soil

Using chitosan modified soil to flocculate and sediment algal cells has been considered as a promising strategy to combat cyanobacteria blooms in natural waters. However, the flocculation efficiency often varies with algal cells with different zeta potential(ZP) attributed to different growth phases or water conditions. This article investigated the relationship between ZP of Microcystis aeruginosa and its influence to the flocculation efficiency using chitosan modified soil. Results suggested that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained when the ZP was between- 20.7 and- 6.7 m V with a removal efficiency of more than 80% in 30 min and large floc size of 350 μm. When the algal cells were more negatively charged than- 20.7 m V, the effect of chitosan modified soil was depressed( 60%) due to the insufficient charge density of chitosan to neutralize and destabilize the algal suspension. When the algal cells were less negative than- 6.7 m V or even positively charged, a small floc size( 120 μm) was formed, which may be difficult to sink under natural water conditions. Therefore, manipulation of ZP provided a viable tool to improve the flocculation efficiency of chitosan modified soil and an important guidance for practical engineering of cyanobacteria bloom control.     

Influence of zeta potential on the flocculation of cyanobacteria cells using chitosan modified soil

Using chitosan modified soil to flocculate and sediment algal cells has been considered as a promising strategy to combat cyanobacteria blooms in natural waters. However, the flocculation efficiency often varies with algal cells with different zeta potential (ZP) attributed to different growth phases or water conditions. This article investigated the relationship between ZP of Microcystis aeruginosa and its influence to the flocculation efficiency using chitosan modified soil. Results suggested that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained when the ZP was between − 20.7 and − 6.7 mV with a removal efficiency of more than 80% in 30 min and large floc size of > 350 μm. When the algal cells were more negatively charged than − 20.7 mV, the effect of chitosan modified soil was depressed (< 60%) due to the insufficient charge density of chitosan to neutralize and destabilize the algal suspension. When the algal cells were less negative than − 6.7 mV or even positively charged, a small floc size (< 120 μm) was formed, which may be difficult to sink under natural water conditions. Therefore, manipulation of ZP provided a viable tool to improve the flocculation efficiency of chitosan modified soil and an important guidance for practical engineering of cyanobacteria bloom control.     

大气CO2浓度升高对几种土壤微生物学特征的影响

利用中国扬州开放式空气CO2浓度升高(FACE)平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物活性及群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高有增加微生物量碳的趋势,而在低氮施肥处理中大气CO2浓度升高的影响不大.在常氮、低氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高对微生物量氮均没有显著影响,有增加微生物C/N的趋势.在常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高显著增加脱氢酶活性,而在低氮施肥处理中的影响不显著.在低氮施肥中大气CO2浓度升高显著增加酸性磷酸酶活性,在常氮施肥处理中的影响不显著.除在常氮施肥、大气CO2浓度升高时,Shannon指数、Simpson指数和微生物利用的碳源有显著变化外,其他处理中土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化很小.     

Estimation of soil erosion and deposition rates at an agricultural site in Bavaria,Germany, as derived from fallout radiocesium and plutonium as tracers

In the near future, the use of ¹³⁷Cs from global fallout (Cs) as a tracer for erosion studies will no longer be possible in areas with a substantial deposition of Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁷Cs. Therefore, we have used ^239+240Pu from global fallout (Pu) as a tracer as well as ¹³⁷Cs in order to determine long-term soil redistribution rates for an agricultural field (inclination about 20%, area approx. 3 ha) in Scheyern, Bavaria. The mean erosion and deposition rates derived from Cs were -37 and +52 t·ha^-1·year^-1, respectively; those from Pu were -32 and +39 t·ha^-1·year^-1. We found no statistical difference between the means obtained by the two tracers. In contrast to Pu, however, the rates obtained by Cs were not accurate enough to assure the presence of a net soil redistribution. Modeling of soil translocation in the field by water and tillage erosion resulted in estimates which were in reasonable agreement with the rates derived from Pu.     

安徽滁州地区土壤有机碳储量分布特征研究

利用多目标区域土壤地球化学调查取得的土壤地球化学数据及安徽省第二次土壤普查数据对滁州地区土壤有机碳储量分布特征、有机碳密度及有机碳储量时空变化规律等问题进行了研究。结果表明滁州地区近30年间土壤有机碳储量减少了8.39Mt。区内大部分地区土壤碳储量表现出"碳源"效应,仅局部地区呈现出"碳汇"效应。滁州地区0～0.2m表层土层有机碳储量为53.74Mt,有机碳密度平均为3.42kg/m2,略低于全国平均水平。滁州地区0～1.8m表层土层中,72%的土壤有机碳储量赋存于0～1.0m土壤中。通过对滁州地区不同统计单元的中层土壤有机碳储量及密度的分析,系统查明了土壤有机碳的分布特征,为土壤碳循环研究提供了参考依据。     

垂直电场对重金属络合物在土壤中迁移过程的影响

采用垂直直流电场,研究了EDTA施入到土壤后,在不同电场方向和强度下土壤Cu,Zn络合物在土柱中的迁移过程.结果表明,电场作用影响土壤中Cu,Zn络合物的迁移,电场强度越大,对络合物的迁移作用越显著.在阳极在上的电场环境下,电场作用能够有效减缓Cu,Zn络合物向下迁移,改变电场方向后,电场作用则能加速Cu,Zn络合物的向下迁移聚积.与对照相比,电场作用改变了土壤Cu,Zn在土柱中的分布,对土壤性质的影响主要集中在电极附近.     

海三棱藨草盐沼土壤环境因子的时空分布特征

以长江口九段沙湿地上沙区域内海三棱藨草(Scripus mariqueter)土壤为研究对象,选取四层土壤(0 ～ 10 cm,10 ～ 30cm,30 ～ 50 cm,50 ～ 70 cm)中的全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效氮(EN)、有效磷(EP)、有机碳(0C)为主要环境因子,利用二步聚类法(Two-step ...     

我国居民对核事故不同关注下的风险感知研究

本研究基于福岛核事故在田湾核电站所在地江苏省连云港市开展核风险感知调查。结果表明:所研究的5个风险感知因子均值由高到低分别为:影响度>收益度>信任度>接受度>了解度。公众对核电信息了解较少,电视和网络是公众获取核电信息的最主要来源。影响公众核风险感知的因素包括:性别、年龄、受教育程度、职业和家庭月收入等。对福岛核事故关注度不同的人群在了解度和影响度上存在显著差异,关注度高的公众对这2个风险感知因子的感知程度均较高,而高、低关注度的两类人群在信任度、收益度和接受度方面不存在显著差异。     

微通道中电场作用下的液滴生成过程研究

利用数值模拟方法对电场作用下的十字型微通道中的液滴生成过程开展了研究,通过CLSVOF耦合模型和电磁流体模型考察了液滴生成不同阶段的形态演变及速度、压强分布规律,分析了液滴断裂的生长、挤压和断裂机制。研究结果有助于加深对微通道中多相流动、特别是电场的影响效果的理解,为微反应器设计与控制提供理论指导与数据支撑。     

柠檬酸三钠等对三聚氰胺诱导的草酸钙晶体的影响

在二维凝胶圆盘体系中.研究了添加不同浓度的柠檬酸三钠、酒石酸钾钠等对舍有三聚氰胺诱导的草酸钙晶体形成的影响.同时利用带数码相机的生物学显微镜和XRD等测试手段对样品进行表征.结果表明:体系中有2×10-5mol/L的三聚氰胺存在时,晶体主要以不规则多边形和圆形形式存在,而在柠檬酸三钠、酒石酸钾钠等的浓度条件为0.01 mol/L和0.1 mol/L时,大大降低尿结石中主要成分COM的比例,在加上述物质的凝胶体系中的晶体除乙二胺四乙酸二钠未出现待测组分外,其余都出现了待测组分,COM,COD的晶型.加入柠檬酸三钠、酒石酸钾钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠时.待测组分和COM的所占下降很多,主要以COD和COT晶型存在.另外,这些未知组分的出现,对我们研究其促进尿结石的形成有很大的启示.