Black carbon emissions in China

Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol species because of its global and regional influence on radiative forcing and its local effects on the environment and human health. We have estimated the emissions of BC in China, where roughly one-fourth of global anthropogenic emissions is believed to originate. China's high rates of usage of coal and biofuels are primarily responsible for high BC emissions. This paper pays particular attention to the application of appropriate emission factors for China and the attenuation of these emissions where control devices are used. Nevertheless, because of the high degree of uncertainty associated with BC emission factors, we provide ranges of uncertainty for our emission estimates, which are approximately a factor of eight. In our central case, we calculate that BC emissions in China in 1995 were 1342 Gg, about 83% being generated by the residential combustion of coal and biofuels. We estimate that BC emissions could fall to 1224 Gg by 2020. This 9% decrease in BC emissions can be contrasted with the expected increase of 50% in energy use; the reduction will be obtained because of a transition to more advanced technology, including greater use of coal briquettes in place of raw coal in cities and towns. The increased use of diesel vehicles in the future will result in a greater share of the transport sector in total BC emissions. Spatially, BC emissions are predominantly distributed in an east–west swath across China's heartland, where the rural use of coal and biofuels for cooking and heating is widespread. This is in contrast to the emissions of most other anthropogenically derived air pollutants, which are closely tied to population and industrial centers.     

Impact of soil movement on carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems

Recent modeling studies indicate that soil erosion and terrestrial sedimentation may establish ecosystem disequilibria that promote carbon (C) sequestration within the biosphere. Movement of upland eroded soil into wetland systems with high net primary productivity may represent the greatest increase in storage capacity potential for C sequestration. The capacity of wetland systems to capture sediments and build up areas of deposition has been documented as well as the ability of these ecosystems to store substantial amounts of C. The purpose of our work was to assess rates of sediment deposition and C storage in a wetland site adjacent to a small first-order stream that drains an agricultural area. The soils of the wetland site consist of a histosol buried by sediments from the agricultural area. Samples of deposited sediments in the riparian zone were collected in 5 cm increments and the concentration of 137Cs was used to determine the 1964 and 1954 deposition layers. Agricultural activity in the watershed has caused increased sediment deposition to the wetland. The recent upland sediment is highly enriched in organic matter indicating that large amounts of organic C have been sequestered within this zone of sediment deposition. Rates of sequestration are much higher than rates that have occurred over the pre-modern history of the wetland. These data indicate the increased sedimentation rates in the wetland ecosystem are associated with increased C sequestration rates.     

Bottom-up uncertainty estimates of global ammonia emissions from global agricultural production systems

Here we present an uncertainty analysis of NH₃ emissions from agricultural production systems based on a global NH₃ emission inventory with a 5×5 min resolution. Of all results the mean is given with a range (10% and 90% percentile). The uncertainty range for the global NH₃ emission from agricultural systems is 27–38 (with a mean of 32) Tg NH₃-N yr⁻¹, N fertilizer use contributing 10–12 (11) Tg yr⁻¹ and livestock production 16–27 (21) Tg yr⁻¹. Most of the emissions from livestock production come from animal houses and storage systems (31–55%); smaller contributions come from the spreading of animal manure (23–38%) and grazing animals (17–37%). This uncertainty analysis allows for identifying and improving those input parameters with a major influence on the results. The most important determinants of the uncertainty related to the global agricultural NH₃ emission comprise four parameters (N excretion rates, NH₃ emission rates for manure in animal houses and storage, the fraction of the time that ruminants graze and the fraction of non-agricultural use of manure) specific to mixed and landless systems, and total animal stocks. Nitrogen excretion rates and NH₃ emission rates from animal houses and storage systems are shown consistently to be the most important parameters in most parts of the world. Input parameters for pastoral systems are less relevant. However, there are clear differences between world regions and individual countries, reflecting the differences in livestock production systems.     

The effectiveness and heterogeneity of carbon emissions trading scheme in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Some developed economies have run emission trading scheme (ETS) to mitigate carbon emissions. However, we know little about the effectiveness and...     

The relationship between renewable energy consumption,carbon emissions,output, and export in industrial and agricultural sectors: evidence from China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper examines the long-term and short-term relationships between renewable energy consumption, output and export, and CO2 emissions in China...     

Development of a local carbon dioxide emissions inventory based on energy demand and waste production

This paper describes the study that led to the development of a carbon dioxide emissions matrix for the Oeiras municipality, one of the largest Portuguese municipalities, located in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. This matrix takes into account the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to an increase of electricity demand in buildings as well as solid and liquid wastes treatment from the domestic and services sectors. Using emission factors that were calculated from the relationship between the electricity produced and amount of treated wastes, the GHC emissions in the Oeiras municipality were estimated for a time series of 6 yr (1998-2003). The obtained results showed that the electricity sector accounts for approximately 75% of the municipal emissions in 2003. This study was developed to obtain tools to base options and actions to be undertaken by local authorities such as energy planning and also public information.     

Impact of anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning on regional carbonaceous aerosols in South China

Carbonaceous aerosols were studied at three background sites in south and southwest China. Hok Tsui in Hong Kong had the highest concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols (OC = 8.7 ± 4.5 μg/m³, EC = 2.5 ± 1.9 μg/m³) among the three sites, and Jianfeng Mountains in Hainan Island (OC = 5.8 ± 2.6 μg/m³, EC = 0.8 ± 0.4 μg/m³) and Tengchong mountain over the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau (OC = 4.8 ± 4.0 μg/m³, EC = 0.5 ± 0.4 μg/m³) showed similar concentration levels. Distinct seasonal patterns with higher concentrations during the winter, and lower concentrations during the summertime were observed, which may be caused by the changes of the regional emissions, and monsoon effects. The industrial and vehicular emissions in East, Southeast and South China, and the regional open biomass burning in the Indo-Myanmar region of Asia were probably the two major potential sources for carbonaceous matters in this region.     

中国县域能源消费碳排放估算及其空间分布

将传统的碳排放因子法与人口权重分配法相结合,估算了2015年中国2 170个县域的碳排放量,并将县域分为高/低碳排放量-高/低碳排放强度的4种类型。分析表明:(1)县域的平均碳排放量为1 287×103 t,但差异较大,空间分布上整体呈现东高西低;81.58%的县域的碳排放强度在0.01～1.05t/万元,空间分布上呈现西部及西北高、东部及东南低。(2)低碳排放量-低碳排放强度类县域数量最多(占45.81%),在全国除东南沿海区域均有分布;高碳排放量-低碳排放强度类县域分布在中国部分华北地区及东部、东南沿海地区,中部也有少量分布;高碳排放量-高碳排放强度类县域主要分布在东北三省;低碳排放量-高碳排放强度类县域主要分布在中国西北的西藏自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区和青海省,同时山西省境内也有较多分布。(3)整体看,中低收入、处于发展提速的中西部县域发展仍需预留一定的碳排放空间;对于高收入的东部县域,则要提出更高的减排要求。     

Impact of economic policy uncertainty on CO2 emissions: evidence from top ten carbon emitter countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Over the last few decades, economic policy uncertainty (EPU) has surged across the globe. Furthermore, EPU affects economic activities, which may also...     

中国省际物流业碳排放的空间效应及其传导机制

物流业是我国仅次于工业、建筑业的第三大碳排放源,研究省际物流资源要素的空间效应及其传导机制可以为物流业低碳转型发展提供科学依据。运用GeoDa软件分析我国2013—2020年30个省物流业碳排放时空关联性及其局部空间差异波动性,将STIRPAT模型和EKC模型相结合探究我国省际物流业碳排放影响因素对碳排放的空间效应并明晰其传导机制。结果表明,我国物流业碳排放量呈现出“东高西低”的空间分布特征;省际物流业碳排放聚集分布的二元结构明显,呈现“高—高”和“低—低”集聚为主的空间分布特征;我国省际物流业碳排放存在空间溢出性特征,对本地区物流业碳排放产生正向促进作用的影响因素由强至弱依次为物流业的能源消耗量、产业规模、基础设施,毗邻地区对其产生正向影响的因素是物流业基础设施;物流业基础设施在直接效应与间接效应下对碳排放均产生显著的正向影响,物流业的产业规模和能源消耗量仅在直接效应下对碳排放产生正向影响。我国物流业碳排放的空间集聚、区域差异的形成与演变是在省际物流业的产业规模、能源消耗量、基础设施等多种物流业资源要素协同作用下产生的结果,据此提出省际物流业“协同降碳”建议,推动我国物流业的低碳转型。     

Spatial spillover effects of urbanization on carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To achieve a win–win situation for both urbanization and carbon emissions reduction from a spatiotemporal perspective, we need to identify the...     

Impact of emissions controls on ambient carbonyls during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Beijing,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Beijing and its surrounding areas implemented a series of stringent measures to ensure good air quality during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation...     

The impacts of carbon emissions and voluntary carbon disclosure on firm value

Investors and other stakeholders are starting to pay attention to firms’ carbon emissions and carbon disclosure. This study investigated the effects of voluntary carbon disclosure information and carbon emissions on firm value from listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen 300 (CSI 300) Index. We also apply the Probit model to predict the probability of voluntary carbon disclosure information. The results indicate that the increase in carbon emissions has a negative impact on firm value. The action that companies select to disclose carbon emissions has a positive impact on firm value. The effect of leverage ratio on VCDI is increasing year by year. What is more, the probability of the average size firm carbon disclosure was 30.73% in 2020. Company management needs to pay attention to the risks caused by carbon emissions and ensure the quality of carbon disclosure information, especially the authenticity and reliability of the information.

     

Impact of urban expansion on carbon storage under multi-scenario simulations in Wuhan,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, which is the basis of the global carbon cycle, reflects the changes in the environment due to anthropogenic...     

四川省能源消费的CO2排放状况及减排对策

根据中提供的碳排放计量方法,计算了四川省1999-2008年能源消费的CO2排放量、CO2排放强度以及能源消费各部门的CO2排放量,并根据结果分析了影响CO2排放量变化的主要因素.结果表明,1999-2008年,四川省能源消费CO2排放量总体呈上升趋势;CO2排放量受能源消费...     

上海市能源利用碳排放的分解研究

先对人均GDP、人口和能源强度与二氧化碳排放量进行相关性分析,再运用对数平均迪氏指数(LMDI)法,对上海市能源消费导致的碳排放强度和二氧化碳排放量进行了结构分解分析.结果表明,能源强度和能源结构因素引起碳排放强度下降,但能源强度的下降起主要作用;上海市二氧化碳排放量在不断的增加,其中能源结构和能源强度因素起抑制作用,常住人口和人均GDP起促进作用.因此,要减缓上海市二氧化碳排放量,应从控制人口数量、降低能源强度、调整产业结构、促进技术进步、改善能源结构等方面考虑.     

基于化石碳的污泥干化焚烧处置碳排放分析

通常认为,污泥焚烧产生的CO₂是生物成因,不计入碳排放核算清单。但石油加工化学品的广泛使用会导致污泥化石碳质量分数增加。为符合实际情况,采用放射性碳测年法测定污泥化石碳质量分数。基于浙江省某2 500 t·d⁻¹污泥能源化利用热电联产项目运营数据,以1 t干基污泥 (DS) 为核算对象,构建碳排放及碳补偿核算方法,得出污泥干化焚烧-灰渣综合利用路径的碳排放因子,并与深度脱水-应急填埋路径的理论碳排放水平比较。结果表明,污泥有机碳中化石碳质量分数为64.94%,并非100%的生源碳。因此,污泥焚烧时计入碳排放核算清单的直接碳排放会增大,同时数据准确性和可靠度也有所增加。干化焚烧-灰渣综合利用路径中,1 t干基污泥的碳排放为0.32 tCO_2eq,约为深度脱水-应急填埋路径的1/6,更具减排潜力。本研究结果可为污泥低碳化处理处置提供参考。     

Impact of droughts on industrial emissions into surface waters

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this paper, we examine the impact of droughts on industrial emissions into surface waters and transfers to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs)....     

施肥过程中的污染控制

农业生产造成的自身污染是一个不可忽略的环境问题,化肥施用不当造成植物体内硝酸盐含量增加以及水源的污染,城市活性污沁的农用处理,扩大了农田重金属污染的途径和范围,因此要提介科学种田,合肥施肥,以减轻对农业环境的污染。     

Regime-dependent effect of tourism on carbon emissions in the Mediterranean countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aims to test the effects of the number of tourist arrivals and tourism receipts on carbon emissions for the Mediterranean countries. The...