Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. Inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...     

Screening of endophytic bacteria against fungal plant pathogens

Bacterial endophytes were found from 6 plant leaves among 35 plant leaves screened. Two of the isolated bacteria showed antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens. An isolate named KL1 showed the clear inihibition against plant pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, on PDA as well as TSA plate. Supernatant of the bacterial culture also showed the clear inhibition against the fungal growth on the plate and the antibiotic substance was identified as iturin A by HPLC analysis. KL1 was identified as Bacillus sp. from the 16S rRNA gene analysis. Very thin hyphae of R. solani was miccroscopically observed when the fungus was co-cultivated with KL1.     

Isolation of antifungal bacteria from Japanese fermented soybeans, natto

An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc.     

Screening of endophytic bacteria against fungal plant pathogens

Bacterial endophytes were found from 6 plant leaves among 35 plant leaves screened. Two of the isolated bacteria showed antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens. An isolate named KL1 showed the clear inihibition against plant pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, on PDA as well as TSA plate. Supernatant of the bacterial culture also showed the clear inhibition against the fungal growth on the plate and the antibiotic substance was identified as iturin A by HPLC analysis. KL1 was identified as Bacillus sp. from the 16S rRNA gene analysis. Very thin hyphae of R. solani was miccroscopically observed when the fungus was co-cultivated with KL1.     

豆瓣菜有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制及成分初步分离

探讨了豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale)有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响,从总氮、总磷、叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、多糖含量、藻胆蛋白含量、抗氧化系酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的变化研究了其抑制机理,随后比较了不同分离相的抑藻活性.结果表明,豆瓣菜有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻具有较强的抑制效应,2 g·L~(-1)组在第10 d的抑藻率为67.62%;排出了营养的影响,认为抑制作用主要是由化感作用引起的.培养过程中,藻体中叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、多糖含量和藻胆蛋白含量下降,藻体中SOD、CAT、POD、GS和ACP活性和MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势.豆瓣菜有机提取物可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,其中存在的弱极性物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因.     

Isolation of antifungal bacteria from Japanese fermented soybeans,natto

An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc.     

一种改性微生物吸附剂的制备及其对镉离子的吸附特性

改性生物吸附剂具有更好的重金属离子去除能力,成为近年来研究热点.本研究通过向菌株拉乌尔菌Raoultella sp. X13生长培养基中添加特定盐获得改性吸附剂,并研究了其镉离子（Cd²⁺）吸附特性.研究结果表明,相比原始菌体X13,经KCl、K₂SO₄、KH₂PO₄、（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄Cl改进的生长培养基制备的吸附剂提高了对Cd²⁺吸附效果.其中,NH₄Cl改性的拉乌尔菌Raoultella sp. X13（命名为R5-1）对Cd²⁺吸附能力显著增加,达66.40 mg·g^-1,增加了47.30%.这一显著变化主要依赖于生长代谢引起的细胞表面结构变化.Cd²⁺吸附特性研究结果表明生物吸附过程受溶液pH、初始金属浓度和接触时间的影响.Langmuir等温线模型和伪二级动力学模型更加符合吸附剂R5-l对Cd²⁺的吸附数据. FTIR分析表明R5-l表面存在多种功能位点并可能参与金属离子的结合,例如—OH,—CH₂,N—H, —COO,磷酸盐或硫酸盐等官能团.模拟实验结果表明吸附剂R5-l可以有效修复废水中多种金属离子.因此,本研究获得的改性吸附剂R5-l可以作为重金属Cd²⁺的潜在微生物修复剂,并为高效,简便,环保地制备改性吸附剂提供一定的参考.     

Antifungal activity of the pygidial gland secretion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laemostenus punctatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Carabidae) against cave-dwelling micromycetes

The antifungal potential of the pygidial gland secretion of the troglophilic ground beetle Laemostenus punctatus from a cave in Southeastern Serbia against cave-dwelling micromycetes, isolated from the same habitat, has been investigated. Eleven collected samples were analyzed and 32 isolates of cave-dwelling fungi were documented. A total of 14 fungal species were identified as members of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Epicoccum, Talaromyces, and Fusarium. Five isolates were selected for testing the antifungal activity of the pygidial gland secretion: Talaromyces duclauxi, Aspergillus brunneouniseriatus, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, and Trichoderma viride. The microdilution method has been applied to detect minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs). The most sensitive isolate was Penicillium sp., while the other isolates demonstrated a high level of resistance to the tested agent. L. punctatus has developed a special mechanism of producing specific compounds that act synergistically within the secretion mixture, which are responsible for the antifungal action against pathogens from the cave. The results open opportunities for further research in the field of ground beetle defense against pathogens, which could have an important application in human medicine, in addition to the environmental impact, primarily.     

非离子型表面活性剂强化混合菌降解间二甲苯的性能研究

从焦化废水厂的活性污泥中筛选间二甲苯混合降解菌,并研究非离子型表面活性剂吐温80(C_(64)H_(124)O_(26))对混合菌降解间二甲苯的强化作用.研究结果表明:驯化后的间二甲苯混合降解菌以产黄杆菌属(Rhodanobacter sp.)为主,占比41.2%;仅存在吐温80作为单一碳源时,高浓度的吐温80对混合降解菌没有明显的抑制作用;吐温80与间二甲苯共存时,当吐温80浓度为2 CMC,反应72 h后间二甲苯的降解率达到最高,为76%;提前12 h(较混合降解菌)投加浓度为2 CMC的吐温80,最利于菌种的生长繁殖及间二甲苯的降解.     

胶网藻对水体中恩诺沙星的毒性响应及去除作用

恩诺沙星是医药及水产养殖业广泛使用的喹诺酮类抗生素,是我国地表水中残留量较多的抗生素种类之一;然而有关该抗生素对水体中浮游植物毒理作用以及后者对其去除作用的研究还鲜见报道.本研究以绿藻门的胶网藻(Dictyosphaerium sp.)为对象,通过12 d室内培养实验,分析在不同浓度(0、 5、 25、 50和100 mg·L~(-1))恩诺沙星暴露的条件下,胶网藻的生长、光合作用活力和胞外多糖的响应变化及其对不同浓度恩诺沙星的去除效率.结果表明,各处理组中胶网藻的生物量和光合色素含量均随培养时间的增加而升高,但与对照组相比,恩诺沙星对胶网藻的生长和光合色素积累均产生显著抑制作用(P0.01).通过拟合分析,计算出恩诺沙星对胶网藻96 h半数致死浓度(LC_(50))为(241.29±7.33) mg·L~(-1),表明胶网藻能够适应高浓度的恩诺沙星胁迫.同时发现,当恩诺沙星浓度5 mg·L~(-1)时,能够促进胶网藻的最大光合速率(F_v/F_m),但浓度5 mg·L~(-1)时则对胶网藻具有抑制作用(P0.01);实际光合速率(Yeild)和最大电子传递速率(ETR_(max))在12 d内呈现先降后升的变化趋势,胶网藻在6 d后可逐渐适应胁迫环境而恢复一定的光合活力.此外,恩诺沙星可刺激胶网藻释放胞外多糖,水溶性多糖(RPS)和胞外胶鞘多糖(CPS)含量均随恩诺沙星浓度升高而增加.实验结束时, 4个无藻对照组(5、 25、 50和100 mg·L~(-1))中恩诺沙星的去除率分别为7.27%、 5.56%、 5.30%和4.88%,而添加胶网藻的处理组其去除率分别为对照组的3.21、 3.01、 2.69和2.83倍,表明胶网藻对于恩诺沙星的去除具有显著的促进作用(P0.01).本研究结果为理解喹诺酮类抗生素对水体初级生产者的生态毒性提供了新资料,同时也为水体抗生素残留的生态去除和淡水微藻的生物资源化利用提供了新的思路.     

2株苯胺降解的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从处理印染废水的活性污泥中分离得到2株苯胺降解菌,从菌落、细胞形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因扩增测序等方面对2株菌进行了鉴定,并比较分析2株菌在好氧与缺氧条件下的苯胺降解、偶氮染料脱色及苯胺脱氨氧化酶基因tdnQ和黄素还原酶基因(fre)的携带情况.结果表明,2株菌属于Pseudomonas属和Shewanella属,分别命名为Pseudomonas sp.AN30和Shewanella sp.DN425.AN30菌株在振荡好氧条件下72h内对250mg/L苯胺的降解率为96.1%,DN425菌株的降解率为13.8%;在静置缺氧条件下AN30菌株的苯胺降解率为39.6%,DN425菌株的降解率仅为8.6%.DN425菌株在静置缺氧条件下4h内可将初始浓度为50 mg/L的偶氮染料酸性大红彻底脱色,而AN30菌株对酸性大红不具有脱色能力.以总DNA为模板,分别用tdnQ基因和fre基因特异性引物进行扩增,2株菌均能扩增出大小分别为380bp和630bp左右的目标条带,显示2菌株均携带有苯胺脱氨氧化酶基因和黄素还原酶基因.     

产色链霉菌(Streptomyces chromogenes)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)转化NO3-的研究

筛选出２株真菌,产色链霉菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｃｈｒｏｍｏｇｅｎｅｓ）和立枯丝核菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａ ｓｏｌａｎｉ）具有转化ＮＯ３＾－的活性。它们的生比枯草芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ）还强。产色链霉菌和立枯丝核菌将ＮＨ４＾＋转化为ＮＯ３＾＿的机理也不同于真菌尖孢镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ）必需有ＮＯ３＾－或ＮＯ２＾－的诱导才具有活性,它们可直接将硫     

膨胀污泥中丝状菌的分离鉴定与特性分析

为了阐明膨胀污泥中的丝状菌种类和特性,利用培养法、显微镜检和分子生物学分析技术从城市污水处理厂的膨胀污泥中分离鉴定丝状菌,并对典型丝状菌进行特性分析.利用高氏一号培养基和淀粉培养基分离出的丝状菌可归入18个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyce)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium)属于放线菌门,其余均属于真菌.青霉菌属(Penicillium)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、毛孢子菌属(Trichosporon)在培养基上的出现频次较高.毛孢子菌、链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都能在pH中性或偏酸性条件下良好生长.高浓度的Na Cl能够抑制毛孢子菌和链霉菌,但对青霉菌和链格孢菌的抑制作用不明显.除毛孢子菌外,链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都可有效地利用蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素,碳源浓度增加会促进它们的生长.r DNA-ITS区高通量测序结果表明膨胀污泥中存在大量未知真菌.     

Cluster formation in liverwort-associated methylobacteria and its implications

Pink-pigmented methylotropic bacteria of the genus Methylobacterium inhabit the surfaces of plant organs. In bryophytes, these methylobacteria enhance cell growth, but the nature of this plant–microbe interaction is largely unknown. In this study, methylobacteria were isolated from the upper surface of the free-living thalli of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. Identification of one strain by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other data show that these microbes represent an undescribed species of the genus Methylobacterium (Methylobacterium sp.). The growth-promoting activity of these wild-type methylobacteria was tested and compared with that of the type strain Methylobacterium mesophilicum. Both types of methylobacteria stimulated surface expansion of isolated gemmae from Marchantia polymorpha by about 350%. When suspended in water, the liverwort-associated bacteria (Methylobacterium sp.) formed dense clusters of up to 600 cells. In liquid cultures of Methylobacterium mesophilicum, single cells were observed, but no clustering occurred. We suggest that the liverwort-associated methylobacteria are co-evolved symbionts of the plants: Cluster formation may be a behavior that enhances the survival of the epiphytic microbes during periods of drought of these desiccation-tolerant lower plants.     

北京市室外空气真菌分布特征

通过定点取样研究北京市空气真菌的种类组成,浓度特征及其动态变化规律.监测结果表明,北京市空气真菌平均浓度为(1164.8±73.2)CFU.m^-3,浓度变异很大,变化范围为23.6～13959.5CFU.m^-3.空气中优势真菌为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和无孢菌(non-sporing),其中枝孢属是绝对优势真菌,浓度约占真菌总浓度的1/3以上.文教区和公园绿地空气真菌浓度夏季和秋季较高,春季和秋季较低,而交通干线空气真菌浓度4季变化趋势不明显.文教区和公园绿地空气真菌浓度明显高于交通干线(p<0.05),文教区和公园绿地之间则没有显著差异.     

Trametes sp.LS-10C产漆酶发酵培养基优化及其漆酶对偶氮染料的脱色性能

为了提高菌株Trametes sp.LS-10C的漆酶产量并初步研究该酶对偶氮染料的脱色性能,本文通过单因素实验及均匀设计对菌株Trametes sp.LS-10C产漆酶培养基进行了优化,获得最优培养基配方为:葡萄糖14.4 g·L~(-1)、豆渣10.1 g·L~(-1)、麸皮100 g·L~(-1)、NH_4Cl_3g·L~(-1)、KH2PO41.4g·L~(-1)、CuSO_4’5H2O 1 g·L~(-1)、NaCl 1 g·L~(-1)、MgSO_40.8 g·L~(-1)、CaCl_20.5 g·L~(-1).菌株发酵至8 d时漆酶产量为595.15 U·m L~(-1),约是优化前的35.66倍.进一步研究表明,该漆酶-介体系统对酸性红GR、酸性蓝40和酸性铬蓝K等3种偶氮染料脱色10 h后脱色率分别高达96.86%、91.28%和86.31%.相比公开发表的文献,本研究所报道的Trametes sp.LS-10C利用优化培养基发酵产漆酶达到了较高水平,具有酶活力高和发酵时间短等特征,且该漆酶在处理偶氮染料废水脱色领域中具有进一步研发和应用价值.     

无机碳源对栅藻LX1生长及油脂积累特性的影响

以二级出水为培养基,比较了对照组和补充碳源（Na2CO3、NaHCO3和CO2）组栅藻LX1的生长和油脂积累特性.培养14d,4组试验中栅藻LX1的生长及油脂积累特性均无显著差别,藻细胞生物量、油脂及三酰甘油酯产量分别为0.70～0.77、0.27～0.34和0.029～0.033 g.L-1,单位藻细胞油脂含量约为3...     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

Indigenous bacteria may interfere with the biocontrol of plant diseases

Prodigiosin is a reddish antibiotic pigment that plays an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases by the bacterium Serratia marcescens. However, its activity is unstable under agricultural conditions; further, it can be degraded by various environmental factors. To examine the effect of epiphytic microbes on the stability of prodigiosin used for biological control processes, we collected a total of 1,280 bacterial isolates from the phylloplane of cyclamen and tomato plants. Approximately 72% of the bacterial strains isolated from the cyclamen plants and 66% of those isolated from the tomato plants grew on minimal agar medium containing 100 μg ml⁻¹ prodigiosin. Certain isolates obtained from both plant species exhibited prodigiosin-degrading activity. We compared the 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from the isolates with sequences in a database. The comparison revealed that the sequences determined for the prodigiosin-degrading isolates were homologous to those of the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Rhizobium, Sphingomonas, Janthinobacterium, Novosphingobium, and Rathayibacter. These results indicate that indigenous epiphytic microorganisms may interfere with the interaction between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents by degrading the antibiotics produced by the agents.     

伯克氏菌Y4对水稻幼苗镉损伤和镉吸收的影响

为探明伯克氏菌Y4(Burkholderia sp.Y4)对镉(Cd)胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长和Cd吸收积累的影响及其作用机制,以水稻低Cd积累品种湘早籼24(X24)和高Cd积累品种T优705(T705)为材料,通过水稻种子萌发和幼苗试验,利用非损伤微测技术和原子吸收等检测方法,研究外源施加伯克氏菌Y4对Cd胁迫下水稻生...