汾河表层沉积物PCBs和OCPs含量、来源及生态风险

利用GC-ECD方法测定了汾河太原段30个表层沉积物样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,同时对沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的来源和生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,研究区PCBs和OCPs的含量分别为n.d.~50.95μg/kg和2.19 ~25.24μg/kg.Aroclor检出率最高为Aroclor1260和Aroclor1254,这可能与我国主要生产和使用的PCB有关.OCPs中p,p￠-DDE含量占优势,研究区HCH和DDT来源于工业和农业输入.生态风险评价结果表明,γ-HCH、DDT(total),o,p￠+p,p￠-DDT,p,p￠-DDE,七氯环氧化物,PCBs总量可能会对研究区水生生态环境造成潜在影响,但整体风险水平不高.     

珠三角电子垃圾和城市地区家庭灰尘中多氯联苯的来源及暴露风险

本研究对珠三角电子垃圾和城市地区家庭灰尘中多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了分析.结果表明,清远电子垃圾区灰尘中PCBs的含量为12.4～87765 ng·g-1,平均10167 ng·g-1.室内和庭院灰尘中PCBs的含量无显著差别.电子垃圾区灰尘中PCBs组成模式(以3、5、6、4氯代PCBs为主),与我国工业品中PCBs的组成并不相似,并且室内外灰尘中的组成没有明显的差别.采用化学质量平衡受体模型进行源解析显示,电子垃圾区灰尘中PCBs主要来自Aroclor 1262(36.7%)、Aroclor 1254(26.7%)、Aroclor 1242(21.4%)和Aroclor 1248(18.5%).电子垃圾区婴幼儿、儿童/青少年、成人通过灰尘对PCBs的平均日暴露量分别为42、17和2.9 ng·(kg·d)-1.风险评估显示,婴幼儿、儿童和青少年通过灰尘暴露PCBs的总非癌症危害商数(HQ)均高于1,可对身体健康产生危害,人群终生平均致癌风险为4.5×10-5,处于美国EPA可接受的致癌风险范围.广州地区家庭灰尘中PCBs的平均含量仅为48.7 ng·g-1,这与PCBs并未在我国大范围使用一致.广州地区人群通过家庭灰尘暴露PCBs的风险很低.     

海洋环境样品中PCBs的测定

建立了ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ测定海洋环境样品中ＰＣＢｓ的分析方法，通过毛细管ＧＣ／ＭＳ－ＳＩＭ和ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ对ＣＢｓ的分析，得出了的检出限，回收率线性范围以及Ａｍｅｌｏｒ－１２５４和环境样品中的含量。     

二噁英对非洲爪蛙细胞色素P450表达的影响

二噁英(代DD)是一类毒性较强的环境污染物质.试验使用印记法定量检测了非洲爪蛙芳烃基受体(从R)及其核内的转录因子(Amt),细胞色素P450(CYP)中的CYP1A6 mRNA及CYP1A7 mRNA;用免疫反应检测了CYP1A蛋白质的表达.结果表明:TCDD的染毒没有引起AhR和Arnt表达量的增加,但引起CYP1A6 mRNA及CYP1A7 mRNA表达的极显著增加,以及CYP1A蛋白质的强烈表达;TCDD强烈诱发非洲爪蛙CYP1A,且存在质量浓度依存性,使用CYP1A作为环境危险性评价具有一定的可探讨性.      

用多元线性回归分析法定量判别PCBs污染物类型

应用多元线性回归分析法处理多氯联苯(PCBs)标准样品和实际样品的气相色谱数据,定量判别PCBs污染物类型,该法简便易行,可以避免由主观判断引入的偏差.对于PCBs标准样品Aroclor 1248及PCBs配制样品,污染物组成计算结果与实际值吻合,绝对误差小于2%.实际土壤样品的分析计算结果表明:北京土壤样品PCBs污染物是Aroclor 1242;兰州土壤样品PCBs污染物是49.0%的Aroclor 1242和51.0%的Aroclor 1254的混合物.应用多元线性回归分析法处理气相色谱分析数据,还可以作为一种质量控制的手段来识别干扰物.      

混合发酵法降解多氯联苯的试验研究

利用混合发酵法可有效地降解多氯联苯。模拟实验表明,Aroclor 1016和Aroclor 1254在木屑与活性污泥或餐厅残渣的混合物中,经七周发酵均有一定程度的降解,最高可达60％。     

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in environmental samples

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太湖表层沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的分布及风险评价

采用GC-EI-MS联用技术分析了太湖18个表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量.共检出28种PAHs,其总浓度范围为90.6~1.04×103ng/g,其中16种优控PAHs的浓度范围为63.1~885ng/g,最高浓度出现在竺山湖;56种PCBs的浓度范围为1.35~13.8ng/g,最高浓度出现在新塘港.利用分子比和因子分析/多元线性回归模型分析PAHs的来源,结果显示,太湖PAHs主要来源于燃烧,其中木柴、煤炭燃烧和油料燃烧的贡献率分别为45%和50%.PCBs同族体组成分析结果表明,PCBs的同系物组成呈现Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1254的混合来源特征.太湖表层沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的二 毒性当量(以TCDD计)范围为0.64~3.35pg/g,风险评价结果表明,太湖沉积物中的PAHs和PCBs尚未对周围环境造成不利影响.     

黄河中下游流域表层土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄河中下游流域18个国家控制断面处表层土壤（0～15cm）样品中的多氯联苯含量进行测定,分析其残留特征、可能的污染源和生态风险.结果表明,黄河中下游表层土壤中∑PCBs变化范围为0.43～39.83ng/g dw,均值为3.72ng/g,和其他地区研究结果相比,黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs 含量水平较低.类二英类PCBs的毒性当量DL-TEQ变化范围为1.85～27.22pg/g dw,均值为15.24pg/g dw,远低于其他国家相应的限值,极少存在生态风险. PCB18、PCB33、PCB49、PCB44、PCB52的检出率和残留量均比较高,是黄河中下游流域表层土壤中的优势污染物.二氯联苯、三氯联苯和四氯联苯是主要的同族体,分别占总量的10.71%.13.48%、63.43%,说明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中主要是低氯联苯污染.主成分分析表明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs主要是来自Aorclor1242、1248、1254、1260系列PCBs产品和国产变压器油的混合污染源.     

现代黄河三角洲土壤中多氯联苯来源解析研究

对现代黄河三角洲22个表层土壤样品中类二英类多氯联苯（PCBs）进行双毛细管柱GC-ECD结合MS测试,并对所得数据进行主成分分析,在同系物水平上解析了现代黄河三角洲土壤中PCBs污染的类型、来源、贡献率和同系物组成.结果表明,现代黄河三角洲土壤中PCBs污染存在4类污染源：第1类污染是由地表径流带来的非点源污染,来自黄河沿岸企业的工业生产和使用,其贡献率为49.6％,同系物组成与国产PCBs相似,且与Aroclor1221相对应;第2和第3类同属点源污染,来自沿海地区的油田开采活动,贡献率分别为15.0％和10.1％,第2类同系物组成与Aroclor1221和Aroclor1242叠加的结果类似,第3类与Aroclor1260相似;第4类污染是由大气污染导致的非点源污染,来自大气的干、湿沉降,其贡献率为8.4％,同系物组成与Aroclor1242、Aroclor1248和Aroclor1260叠加的结果类似.     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and its correlation with cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP (10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively) or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively) every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second ip injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites (100 ng/L) was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity (1000 ng/L). The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase （EROD） activity and its correlation with cytochrome P4501A （CYP1A） protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP （10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively） or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP （0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively） every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second intraperitoneal injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites （100 ng/L） was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity （1000 ng/L）. The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH） metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

珠江入海口水体中多氯联苯的分布特征及其来源分析

为评估珠江三角洲水体中PCBs(多氯联苯)的污染水平及其生态环境影响,于2005年3月—2006年2月,采集并分析了珠江八大入海口水体中PCBs的残留状况. 结果显示,珠江八大入海口水体中ρ(PCBs)为0.19～7.04 ng/L,其中三氯联苯和四氯联苯占PCBs总量的70%以上,约40%的水样(主要为7—12月样品)ρ(PCBs)高于或接近我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的限值(2 ng/L). 组成分析及主成分分析结果表明,珠江入海口水体中PCBs的分布特征与我国#1PCBs及国外Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1016产品相近,低氯产品#1PCBs及Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1016可能是水体中PCBs污染的主要来源,而废弃电容器、沉积物再悬浮、大气沉降及废水处理厂排放等输入源是水体的重要贡献者.      

气相色谱法测定变压器油中的多氯联苯

利用固相萃取法提取变压器油中的多氯联苯,采用浓硫酸净化、气相色谱法进行分析,根据峰型和保留时间,以多氯联苯的商业用混合物的形式进行定性、定量,可以定量检出变压器油中2mg/kg以下的多氯联苯。     

用气相色谱法测定污染土壤中的多氯联苯

利用超声波萃取法提取土壤中的有机组分,采用浓硫酸净化、气相色谱法进行分析,根据峰型和保留时间,以多氯联苯的商业用混合物的形式定性、定量,可以检出污染土壤中0．005mg／kg的多氯联苯。     

Bioaccumulation and the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 genes in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to difenoconazole

This study was conducted to assess the effects of difenoconazole (DFZ), a triazole fungicide, on the hepatic biotransformation system and its bioaccumulation in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Fish were exposed to DFZ (1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/L) for 180 days. The results showed that: (1) The mRNA levels of hepatic CYP1A1, CYP1B, CYP1C1, CYP27B and CYP3A40 were up-regulated, but those of CYP3A38 and CYP27A1 were down-regulated. (2) The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver were increased in the DFZ-treated groups, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was increased in the 100 and 1000 ng/L groups. (3) DFZ was accumulated in the muscle and the biological concentration factors in the 10, 100, and 1000 ng/L groups were respectively 149, 81 and 25. These results suggested that long-term exposure to DFZ at low concentrations would result in a bioaccumulation of this compound and disturb the biotransformation system.     

One century record of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in core sediments from the southern Yellow Sea

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured at a 2-cm interval in a core sample from the middle of the southern Yellow Sea for elucidating their historical variations in inflow and sources. The chronology was obtained using the 210Pb method. PAHs concentrations decreased generally with depth and two climax values occurred in 14–16 cm and 20–22 cm layers, demonstrating that the production and usage of PAHs might reach peaks in the periods of 1956–1962...     

电路板蚀刻废液及其回收铜盐产品中PCBs污染特征

POPs(持久性有机污染物)是近年来广受关注的一类环境污染物. 为研究工业过程中POPs的运转迁移,针对电路板蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的铜盐产品中7种指示性PCBs(多氯联苯)及CB-209进行分析. 结果表明,PCBs在碱性废液和微蚀废液中未检出,而在酸性废液中有不同程度检出,ρ(∑₈PCBs)在0.41~60.80 ng/L之间,其中ρ(∑₇指示性PCBs)在0.24~58.00 ng/L之间. 3种铜盐产品〔CuCl₂、Cu₂(OH)₃Cl和CuSO₄〕中,CuSO₄中w(∑₈PCBs)相对较高,在2.75~284.00 ng/kg之间;而CuCl₂中w(∑₈PCBs)在6.95~31.50 ng/kg之间;Cu₂(OH)₃Cl中w(∑₈PCBs)在7.31~9.42 ng/kg之间. 污染物指纹特征表明,酸性蚀刻废液及其铜盐产品中的PCBs具有十分相似的分布特征,CB-28是最主要的检出单体,并且w(CB-209)相对较高,表明铜盐产品中的PCBs主要来源于生产原料(酸性蚀刻废液)的携带,而酸性蚀刻废液中污染物来源须待进一步分析研究.      

鲫鱼肝脏中CYP1A1的诱导作为沉积物中二的毒理学指标的研究

在实验室内用鲫鱼分别暴露于含有PCDD/Fs和PCBs严重污染的沉积物和未受污染的沉积物中,测定鱼肝脏中细胞色素P4501A1（CYP1A1）依赖的7－乙氧基－3－异吩唑酮－脱乙基酶（EROD）的活性。结果表明,鲫鱼暴露于受二类化合物污染沉积物中1周后,肝脏中EROD的活性是对照组的83倍,而未被污染的沉积物暴露试验中EROD的活性和对照组没有明显差别。在此沉积物－水实验系统中二类污染物的TCDD等当量浓度（TEQ/L）与肝脏EROD的活性有较好的相关性。较长时间暴露,得到肝脏EROD的活性随时间的变化关系。还获得了试验温度对EROD活性诱导的影响。此实验表明,用实验室鲫鱼暴露于沉积物－水系统中,鱼肝脏EROD活性诱导可作为沉积物毒性评价指标,用于受二类化合物污染的沉积物样品的筛选,并有希望成为此类污染物的半定量检测方法。