Treatment of food industry waste by bench-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket-anoxic-aerobic system.

An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-anoxicaerobic system was used for treatment of tomato and bean processing wastewater. At various hydraulic retention times, ranging from 0.7 to 5 days, excellent removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen was achieved with final effluent BOD/TSS/NH4N concentrations of less than 15/15/1 mg/L. Biogas yield in the UASB reactor varied from 0.33 to 0.44 m3/kgCODremoved. The kinetics of anaerobic treatment were investigated. The yield coefficient was 0.03 gVSS/gCOD; maximum specific growth rate was 0.24 day(-1); Monod half velocity constant was 135 mgCOD/L; and specific substrate utilization rate was 3.25 gCOD/gVSS x d. Nitrification and denitrification kinetics were studied in batch experiments, and the rates were comparable with those in the continuous flow system.     

Seasonal performance of an outdoor constructed wetland for graywater treatment in a temperate climate

The seasonal treatment efficiency of a pilot-scale constructed wetland system located outdoors in a semi-arid, temperate climate was evaluated for graywater in a comprehensive, 1-year study. The system consisted of two wetland beds in series--a free water surface bed followed by a subsurface flow bed. Water quality monitoring evaluated organics, solids, nutrients, microbials, and surfactants. The results showed that the wetland substantially reduced graywater constituents during fall, spring, and summer, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (92%), total nitrogen (85%), total phosphorus (78%), total suspended solids (TSS) (73%), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants (94%), and E. coli (1.7 orders of magnitude). Except for TSS, lower removals of graywater constituents were noted in winter--BOD (78%), total nitrogen (64%), total phosphorus (65%), LAS (87%), and E. coli (1.0 order), indicating that, although wetland treatment slowed during the winter, the system remained active, even when the average water temperature was 5.2 +/- 4.5 degrees C.     

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and clarification in a pseudoliquified activated sludge system.

This paper describes results from a pilot study of a novel wastewater treatment technology, which incorporates nutrient removal and solids separation to a single step. The pseudoliquified activated sludge process pilot system was tested on grit removal effluent at flowrates of 29.4 to 54.7 m3/d, three different solid residence times (SRT) (15, 37, and 57 days), and over a temperature range of 12 to 28 degrees C. Despite wide fluctuations in the influent characteristics, the system performed reliably and consistently with respect to organics and total suspended solids (TSS) removals, achieving biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and TSS reductions of > 96% and approximately 90%, respectively, with BOD5 and TSS concentrations as low as 3 mg/L. Although the system achieved average effluent ammonia concentrations of 2.7 to 3.2 mg/L, nitrification efficiency appeared to be hampered at low temperatures (< 15 degrees C). The system achieved tertiary effluent quality with denitrification efficiencies of 90 and 91% total nitrogen removal efficiency at a total hydraulic retention time of 4.8 hours and an SRT of 12 to 17 days. With ferric chloride addition, effluent phosphorous concentrations of 0.5 to 0.8 mg/L were achieved. Furthermore, because of operation at high biomass concentrations and relatively long biological SRTs, sludge yields were over 50% below typical values for activated sludge plants. The process was modeled using activated sludge model No. 2, as a two-stage system comprised an aerobic activated sludge system followed by an anoxic system. Model predictions for soluble BOD, ammonia, nitrates, and orthophosphates agreed well with experimental data.     

化学强化-复合人工湿地组合工艺对东莞运河污水的处理效果

通过采用混凝法的化学强化预处理单元和以水平潜流-折流型潜流复合人工湿地作为后续深度处理单元,对东莞运河进行了为期半年以上的示范工程运行实验研究。实验结果表明,经过化学强化法的作用,去除了大量的颗粒悬浮物,对进水水体中的COD、BOD5和TP有明显去除,其去除率分别为28.23%、20.65%和30.41%~72.16%,但对NH4+-N、TN的处理不够理想;经过复合人工湿地后COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+-N和TN的总去除率分别达到65.53%、57.55%、88.66%、60.94%和29.48%,说明该组合工艺对COD、BOD5、TP和NH4+-N均有较好的处理效果,但对TN的去除率仍不高,主要原因是湿地系统溶解氧较高,限制了反硝化去除TN的作用。从总体处理效果来看,化学强化-复合人工湿地组合工艺对东莞运河污水有良好的处理效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

准好氧矿化垃圾反应床＋超声／芬顿联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物浓度高、可生化性差等特点,采用准好氧矿化垃圾反应床＋超声／芬顿联用技术对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理。准好氧矿化垃圾床处理后渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷、色度的去除率分别为80％、85％、92％和85％。通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了超声／Fenton法最佳工艺条件。经该组合工艺后,渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷和色度的最高去除率分别可达96％、86％、94％和95％,且出水无臭,颜色为淡黄色,BOD5／COD从0．16增至0．35左右,可生化性基本满足后续生物处理需要,且COD、总磷这2个指标达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889—2008）规定的排放标准。     

Water quality performance of a batch-type stormwater detention basin.

The objective of this research was to modify an extended detention basin to provide batch treatment of stormwater runoff. An automated valve/controller was developed and placed on the outlet of a detention basin in Austin, Texas, which allowed the water quality volume to be retained in the basin for a preset length of time. The influent and effluent of the modified basin were monitored for total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total and dissolved metals. Statistically significant removal of total metals, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and TSS was observed, with a discharge event mean TSS concentration of 7 mg/L and a TSS removal efficiency of 91%. The modified basin has substantially better pollutant removal than conventional extended detention basins and is comparable with that of Austin sand filters, which are a common structural stormwater treatment system in the Austin area. The valve also can be used to isolate hazardous material spills.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification with anoxic phosphorus uptake in a membrane bioreactor system.

The performance of an innovative membrane bioreactor (MBR) process using anoxic phosphorus uptake with nitrification and denitrification for the treatment of municipal wastewater with respect to operational performance and effluent quality is addressed in this paper. The system was operated at steady-state conditions with a synthetic acetate-based wastewater at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hours and on degritted municipal wastewater at a total system HRT of 6 hours. The MBR system was able to achieve 99% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N); 98% total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN); and 97% phosphorus removal, producing effluent BOD, COD, NH4+-N, TKN, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and phosphate-phosphorus of <3, 14, 0.2, 0.26, 5.8, 0.21, and <0.01 mg/L, respectively, at the 6-hour HRT. The comparison of the synthetic and municipal wastewater run is presented in this paper. Steady-state mass balance on municipal wastewater was performed to reveal some key features of the modified MBR system.     

上海市污水处理厂进水水质特征的统计学分析

针对上海市50座城市污水处理厂进水水质,利用实际运行数据,系统分析了水质特征以及有机物、氮、磷和悬浮物之间的概率分布和相关关系。结果表明,上海市污水中BOD5、COD、SS、NH3-N、TN和TP全年浓度分布均呈正偏态分布,月中间值分布范围分别在110~150 mg/L、260~325 mg/L、140~175 mg/L、20~30 mg/L、29~37 mg/L和3~5 mg/L。水质指标BOD5和COD、TN和TP及TN和TP之间存在显著的一元线性相关关系。进水BOD5/COD值分布在0.4~0.6之间的概率为64.6%,表明进水中生化性较好。BOD5/TN分布在4~6之间的概率为35.8%,表明进水反硝化碳源不足。BOD5/TP的平均值为32.6,且大于20的累积概率为84.1%,表明污水在处理中可以满足生物除磷的需求。TN/TP比值范围在1~25,平均值为8.6,且TN/TP>5的概率为88.1,表明进水基本满足微生物生长对氮、磷的需求。     

淄博市某城市污水处理厂运行效果分析

淄博市是我国重要的石油化工基地,工业废水与生活污水多混合排放到城市污水处理厂处理,污水成分复杂,处理难度大。根据淄博市某污水处理厂的长期运行数据,评价了悬浮性固体(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)等水质指标的去除效果。结果表明:该厂实际水量高于设计水量,处于超负荷运行状态,且进水SS浓度较高,BOD5/COD2O工艺,设计停留时间较长,并将二沉池污泥部分回流到初沉池,提高对污染物去除效果,使出水SS、COD、BOD5、NH3-N和TP等指标达到一级A排放标准。进水中偶尔含有冲击性高浓度挥发酚,使污水厂硝化菌功能受抑制,出水NH3-N浓度异常升高,此时该厂通过投加活性污泥进行硝化菌接种,帮助系统尽快恢复正常运行;同时,高盐度工业废水会加速污水厂设备腐蚀。     

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for swine wastewater treatment

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was evaluated for its ability to remove carbon and nitrogen from swine wastewater. The SBR was operated on four, six-hour cycles each day, with each cycle consisting of 4.5 hours of "React," 0.75 hours of "Settling", 0.75 hours for "Draw" and "Fill." Within each cycle, an amount of wastewater equivalent to about 5% of the reactor volume (5,500 litres) was removed and added. The SBR system was able to remove 82% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and more than 75% of nitrogen. Even though the SBR effluent, with an average effluent BOD5 of about 588 mg L(-1), did not meet the discharge criteria, it enabled a reduction of the land base required for land application of swine wastewater by about 75%. Results indicated that the SBR system was a viable method for the treatment of swine wastewater.     

Carbon and nutrient removal from on-site wastewater using extended-aeration activated sludge and ion exchange.

The need to improve on-site wastewater treatment processes is being realized as populations move into more environmentally sensitive regions and regulators adopt the total maximum daily load approach to watershed management. Under many conditions, septic systems do not provide adequate treatment; therefore, advanced systems are required. These systems must remove significant amounts of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids, and substantially nitrify, denitrify, and remove phosphorus. Many existing advanced on-site wastewater systems effectively remove BOD, suspended solids, and ammonia, but few substantially denitrify and uptake phosphorus. The purpose of this research was to design and test modifications to an existing on-site wastewater treatment system to improve denitrification and phosphorus removal. The Nayadic (Consolidated Treatment Systems, Inc., Franklin, Ohio), an established, commercially available, extended-aeration, activated sludge process, was used to represent a typical existing system. Several modifications were considered based on a literature review, and the option with the best potential was tested. To improve denitrification, a supplemental treatment tank was installed before the Nayadic and a combination flow splitter, sump, and pump box with a recirculation system was installed after it. A recirculation pump returned a high proportion of the system effluent back to the supplemental treatment tank. Two supplemental treatment tank sizes, three flowrates, and three recirculation rates were tested. Actual wastewater was dosed as brief slugs to the system in accordance with a set schedule. Several ion-exchange resins housed in a contact column were tested on the effluent for their potential to remove phosphorus. Low effluent levels of five-day biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and total nitrogen were achieved and substantial phosphorous removal was also achieved using a 3780-L supplemental treatment tank, a recirculation ratio of 5:1, and a fine-grain activated aluminum-oxide-exchange media. Good results were also obtained with an 1890-L supplemental treatment tank and a recirculation ratio of 3:1. The most significant benefit of the supplemental treatment tank, in combination with the recirculation system, appears to be the low nitrogen concentration dosed to the Nayadic. By reducing the nitrogen concentration and spreading out its mass over time during no-flow periods, the Nayadic's inherent low-level denitrifying capacity was more closely matched and effective treatment was achieved.     

宽叶香蒲表面流人工湿地脱氮除磷效果研究

以运行A/O工艺的生化反应器出水为处理对象,在中试规模上研究了宽叶香蒲表面流人工湿地的脱氮除磷效果及影响因素.结果表明,在工况Ⅰ条件下,COD去除率为43.2%,COD面积负荷去除率为4.79 g/(m2·d),COD面积负荷去除率常数为0.18 m/d,SS、NH4+-N和NO-3-N的去除率分别为41.2%、9.4%、3.4%,TN去除率为11.8%,TN面积负荷去除率为1.36g/(m2·d),TN面积负荷去除率常数为0.04 m/d,TP去除率为30.1%,TP面积负荷去除率为0.29 g/(m2·d),TP面积负荷去除率常数为0.13 m/d;在工况Ⅱ条件下,COD去除率为18.7%,COD面积负荷去除率为1.19 g/(m2·d),COD面积负荷去除率常数为0.06 m/d,SS、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N的去除率分别为31.6%、29.8%、65.0%,29.2%.TN去除率为31.4%,TN面积负荷去除率为2.33 g/(m2·d),TN面积负荷去除率常数为0.12 m/d,TP去除率为29.4%,TP面积负荷去除率为0.22 g/(m2·d),TP面积负荷去除率常数为0.11 m/d.在COD面积负荷去除率,TN面积负荷去除率、TP面积负荷去除率分别为4.90～9.80、2.76～8.83、0.57～1.39 g/(m2·d),水力停留时间(HRT)为0.4～1.1 d条件下,随HRT,水温、(NO2+-N+NO3--N)/TN的增加,表面流人工湿地的TN面积负荷去除率线性增加.     

深圳某水质净化厂A/A/O微曝氧化沟深度脱氮除磷工艺效果分析

为探究A/A/O微曝氧化沟深度脱氮除磷工艺的性能,根据深圳市某水质净化厂长期监测数据,分析了进水污染物浓度、生物池沿程脱氮除磷性能和微生物相。结果表明：进水可生化性一般,生物脱氮可行,但生物除磷效果有限,需借助化学除磷增强除磷效果,投药浓度与进水BOD₅/TP值变化趋势呈负相关;生物池好氧段微生物的氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率能满足硝化反应的正常进行;但缺氧段反硝化速率较低,是生物脱氮的限制因素,可通过降低内回流DO和增加缺氧段碱度来增强微生物的反硝化速率;生物池中有大量的累枝虫、钟虫、盾纤虫和轮虫,且成熟期菌胶团数量较多,结构紧密;深度处理对TP和SS的去除率分别为60.3%和33.71%。物料平衡分析结果显示,被同化的氮含量和反硝化的氮含量各占43%和57%,通过微生物合成和吸附被去除的磷含量和与除磷药剂形成化学沉淀的磷含量各占49.06%和50.94%。本研究结果为水质净化厂深度脱氮除磷提供了思路,可为提高出水水质标准提供参考。     

生物絮凝-AAAO中试系统污染物去除特性及反硝化除磷菌的培养

为降低污水处理成本并实现出水稳定达标,采用中试规模生物絮凝-AAAO工艺处理城镇生活污水,并模拟生物絮凝污泥厌氧消化所产生的碳源,用于强化反硝化除磷菌(DPAO)驯化效果。实验结果表明：生物絮凝系统抗冲击负荷能力较强,化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均去除率可达67.23%、27%与68.93%。将模拟厌氧消化后产生的碳源投加至厌氧池促进DPAO的驯化后,AAAO系统对COD、TN和TP去除率分别提升31.53%、37.67%和26.37%,反硝化吸磷率最高可达62.97%,二沉池出水COD、TN均满足一级A出水标准,TP可低于0.30 mg·L⁻¹。生物絮凝-AAAO工艺脱氮除磷效果较好,可为污水处理厂节能降耗运行奠定基础并有望得到广泛应用。     

Stormwater runoff quality from different surfaces in an urban catchment in Beijing, China

Urban stormwater runoff quality, widely investigated around the world, has been monitored less in Beijing, China, which impedes the municipal government to use best management practices to protect surface water. In this study, rainwater and stormwater runoff samples from roofs, roads, and a lawn on the campus of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES) (Beijing, China) and from a ring road, with heavy traffic, have been sampled and analyzed for 31 storm events from June 2004 to August 2005. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in rainwater and runoff ranged over 2 or more orders of magnitude, meaning that the highest concentration of a certain pollutant did not always occur in a certain kind of runoff. Runoff contained significantly higher concentrations of pollutants than rainwater. On the campus of RCEES, TSS and total phosphorus in runoff samples from the lawn and roads were significantly higher than those from roofs, while the COD, BOD5, and total nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different in runoff among surfaces. Compared with runoff from the roads on campus, runoff from the ring road contained more COD and total nitrogen, but less TSS, BOD5, and total phosphorus. All pollutants measured in runoff from roofs on campus and from the ring road showed a peak concentration in starting runoff, which then decreased sharply. The peak concentrations of COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the roof runoff increased with the increase in time of the antecedent dry period. Thus, urban stormwater pollution control, especially for first-flush control, is of great importance for the full use of rainwater and prevention of water pollution.     

外加植物碳源强化人工湿地处理农田退水效能分析

人工湿地作为一种高效处理农田退水的工程设施,其污染物去除效果会因系统内碳源缺失而降低。为了探究外加碳源强化人工湿地处理农田退水的效果,本研究选用芦苇、水葱作为外加碳源,分析了简单处理、碱泡处理、碱热处理3种预处理方式下植物碳源的静态释碳规律,并筛选优质碳源,探究了外加碳源对垂直流人工湿地净化农田退水的促进作用。结果表明,碱热处理后的芦苇具有持续析出碳源的能力,可显著提高人工湿地的脱氮除磷效能,其总氮和总磷平均去除率可达75.67%和91.37%;碱热处理后的芦苇自身析出的氮、磷含量较低,对湿地系统产生污染较小。此外,植物碳源添加的最适碳氮比为5,可实现同步强化脱氮除磷;在碳源充足的情况下,总氮、总磷在人工湿地底层的去除效果好于人工湿地中上层,底层微生物反硝化作用强,可促进系统脱氮,氧气可能是脱氮效果的限制因素之一。     

Treatment of domestic wastewater by an hydroponic NFT system

The objectives in this work were to investigate a conceptual layout for an inexpensive and simple system that would treat primary municipal wastewater to discharge standards. A commercial hydroponic system was adapted for this study and the wastewater was used to irrigate Datura innoxia plants. Influent and effluent samples were collected once a month for six months and analysed to determine the various parameters relating to the water quality. The legal discharge levels for total suspended, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were reached with the plant system after 24 h of wastewater treatment. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus reduction were also obtained. NH4(+)-N was reduced by 93% with nitrification proving to be the predominant removal process. Significant nitrification occurred when the BOD5 level dropped 45 mg/l. Similar results were obtained for six months although the sewage composition varied widely. D. innoxia develops and uses the wastewater as the unique nutritive source.     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物，研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响。结果表明，所选用的5种陆生花卉，甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果，它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92．04％以上，对TP的去除率甚至可达到97．77％以上。而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统。     

两级混合稳定表流湿地处理生活污水

为了提高一级稳定表流湿地(stable surface flow wetland,SSFW)的出水水质,在单级稳定表流湿地后串联一级潜流人工湿地,构成两级混合稳定表流湿地(two steps hybrid stable surface flow wetland,TSHSSFW),研究气候变化对其净化效果的影响,并同一级潜流人工湿地(one step subsurface flow wetland,OSSFW)进行对比。研究表明,气候变化对TSHSSFW的COD和总磷去除率影响较小,去除率均在80%左右;而对氨氮和总氮的去除率影响比较大,夏季TSHSSFW的氨氮和总氮去除率分别为87.77%和77.74%,而冬季氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为54.07%和48.84%。相比单级潜流人工湿地(OSSFW),有SSFW作为前处理的潜流人工湿地对氨氮和总氮的去除率较高。     

Treatment of high-strength pet food wastewater using two-stage membrane bioreactors.

A two-stage membrane bioreactor was used to treat dissolved-air-flotation pretreated, high-strength pet food wastewater characterized by oil and grease concentrations of 50 000 to 82 000 mg/L and total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations of 100 000 and 80 000 mg/L, respectively, to meet stringent surface discharge criteria (i.e., BOD5, total suspended solids [TSS], and ammonium-nitrogen [NH4(+)-N] of < 10 mg/L at an overall hydraulic retention time of 6.3 days). Organic contaminants were removed primarily in the first stage, followed by almost complete removal of ammonia in the second stage. Despite a rise in poorly biodegradable COD in the second stage, overall removal of TSS, BOD5, COD, and ammonia was 100, 99.9, 95.2, and 99.7%, respectively, thus readily achieving the required criteria. Consistent nitrite accumulation over a period of more than 100 days, even at dissolved oxygen concentrations of more than 2.5 mg/L, was remarkable. A residual alkalinity requirement for nitrification was quantified. Membrane performance was extensively studied in this work.