通风量对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度和氨气排放的影响

以厨余垃圾和玉米秸秆作为堆肥原料,采用好氧堆肥的方法,探讨了不同通风量对堆肥氨气和腐熟度的影响。结果表明:从温度、pH、固相C/N、电导率(EC)和发芽率指数(GI)来看,只有A1处理的堆肥没有达到完全腐熟,其余2个处理均达到腐熟;从氨气的排放来看,通气量越小,NH3排放越少,氮的损失越低;反之,通气量越大,NH3挥发量越高,氮的损失越高。综合考虑堆肥无害化、最终产品的腐熟度、营养元素的保留以及动力成本,厨余垃圾堆肥(以添加质量为15%的玉米秸秆作为调理剂)的适宜通风量为0.2 L/(kg·min)。     

沸石粉和硝化抑制剂投加对污泥堆肥过程中氮素保存和温室气体排放的影响

沸石粉能够通过对氨氮的物理吸附作用,降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失;硝化抑制剂(如3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐,DMPP)能够抑制氨氧化细菌的活性,阻止硝化反应中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,从而从源头减少反硝化作用而造成的氧化亚氮温室气体的排放.目前国内针对沸石粉和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)作为添加剂对污泥堆肥过程中的保氮作用研究较少,其是否能够实现污泥堆肥过程中温室气体减排也值得深入探讨.本研究以脱水污泥作为研究对象,以蘑菇渣为辅料,设置空白对照、沸石粉和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)添加组,进行21 d的堆肥试验,研究沸石粉和DMPP的添加对污泥堆肥过程的氮素损失和温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,1%的沸石粉添加(湿重)不仅可以减少5%的温室气体排放,而且能够减少2.9%的总氮损失;而DMPP的添加虽然可以减少N_2O的排放,但会显著增加CH_4及NH_3的排放,从而导致温室气体排放和氮素损失的增加.     

堆肥腐熟度的研究进展

评价腐熟度是有关堆土地安全利用最重要的问题之一，腐熟度指标可分为三类，物理学指标，化学指标及生物学指标，物理学指标易于检测，常用于描述堆肥过程所处的状态；化学指标得到了广泛研究和应用，堆肥过程是一个生物过程，腐熟度与未腐熟堆肥中植物毒性物质有关，可采用生物学方法进行了评价，现在没有一种公认的堆肥腐熟度指标。采用化学和生物指标综合评价腐熟度是目前最为常用的评价方法。     

通风方式对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响

以大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,玉米秸秆为调理剂,按照通风方式设置4个处理,以考察通风方式对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响。综合厨余垃圾堆肥的无害化指标和对堆肥产品的毒性检验,本实验条件下以2.2 m3/(m3·h)进行全天强制通风最有利于堆肥腐熟。     

不同碳源农林废弃物与厨余垃圾协同堆肥对腐熟度和臭气排放的影响

针对北京市生活垃圾分类后厨余垃圾含水率高,在堆肥过程中存在酸化严重、升温慢、渗滤液产率高、产品品质差和臭气排放严重等问题,研究了玉米秸秆、园林剪枝和西瓜秧作为外加碳源对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响,其中3种辅料添加比例均为15%,采用机械强制连续通风,通风速率为0.5 L/（kg DM·min）。堆肥周期为16 d,每4 d翻堆1次。结果表明:纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥酸化严重,未升温,添加辅料高温期（>55℃）持续时间超过10 d。碳源辅料影响有机质降解难易程度,西瓜秧添加在堆肥前期升温迅速,园林剪枝在堆肥中期温度较高,玉米秸秆在堆肥中后期温度较高。添加玉米秸秆、园林剪枝和西瓜秧可分别减少95%、39%和17%的渗滤液生成。秸秆和西瓜秧处理的种子发芽率指数（GI）第12天达到100%,比园林剪枝缩短4 d。与西瓜秧相比,添加秸秆减少了66.6%硫化氢（H₂S）和86.3%甲硫醚（Me₂S）排放,园林剪枝减少了82.3% Me₂S排放。影响厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的主要理化因素为pH和温度。     

牛粪生物堆肥有机酸变化及对腐熟度的影响

利用外源微生物(发酵菌,EM)进行牛粪工厂化堆肥,堆肥期间,分析了小分子有机酸及大分子腐殖酸动态变化。结果表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥前期小分子有机酸含量,在堆肥后期又呈明显降低的趋势;腐殖酸呈先降低而后趋于稳定的趋势,胡敏酸呈先降低而后增加的趋势,富里酸呈一直下降的趋势。对堆肥过程中有机酸、腐殖化指数分析表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥的腐熟度,但与微生物添加量有关。     

城市污水污泥堆肥控制因素和腐熟度评价

堆肥化处理是城市污水污泥减量化、无害化和资源化的一种较为理想的处理方法,通过有效控制通风量、初始含水率、温度、C/N比、pH值和辅料的选择等影响因素,可以最终解决污泥的处置和利用问题,因此合理调整控制因素是污泥堆肥化处理的关键。国内外的腐熟度评价指标和方法很多,但目前仍未形成一种公认的腐熟度指标,国内以李承强等的堆肥腐熟度指标应用最为普遍,它把堆肥腐熟度指标划分为物理学指标、化学指标和生物学指标,腐熟度评价方法的正确选择和评价指标的合理确定将为污泥堆肥产品的农田利用提供强有力的技术支持。     

通风速率对厨余垃圾堆肥NH3和H2S排放及腐熟度影响

为了减少厨余垃圾堆肥过程中NH3和H2S产生,该研究以通风速率0.16m3/h的纯厨余堆肥作为对照,以添加15%玉米秸秆(湿基)的厨余垃圾堆肥作为处理,并设置3个不同的通风速率(0.08、0.16和 0.24m3/h),研究通风速率对NH3和H2S排放及堆肥腐熟度的影响.结果表明:纯厨余垃圾堆肥总氮含量有所下降,添加秸秆后总氮量都有不同程度的提高,通风速率为0.16m3/h的处理效果最好,总氮含量可提高39.05%.与纯厨余堆肥相比,添加秸秆可减排14%~53% 的NH3 和67%~80%的H2S.随着通风速率的增加,NH3累计排放量呈对数增长趋势;H2S排放无明显规律,但过低和过高的通风速率,都会导致较高的H2S排放.堆肥结束后, 4个处理均可达到无害化标准和腐熟要求.综合NH3和H2S控制效果,厨余垃圾堆肥合适通风速率为0.16m3/h.     

添加剂对堆肥温室气体排放和碳素转化的影响

该文针对好氧堆肥过程中的二次污染以及堆肥产品质量问题,以牛粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥材料,采用密闭式强制通风系统进行好氧堆肥试验,探究了添加过磷酸钙（SP）和硫酸（AS,20%V/V）对牛粪-小麦秸秆好氧堆肥时期温室气体排放和碳素转化的影响。研究结果表明,硫酸的添加对堆肥升温过程产生一定的影响,延长了堆体进入高温期所需的时间;添加过磷酸钙和硫酸实现了堆肥温室气体的减排,其中以硫酸添加剂减排效果最佳。加入添加剂后显著减少了好氧堆肥碳素的损失,不同的是相较于过磷酸钙的添加,硫酸添加剂能够显著减少好氧堆肥以气体形式损失的碳素量;添加剂的加入促进了堆肥可溶性碳以及胡敏酸的生成与积累。结构方程模型结果表明,富里酸与胡敏酸之间存在一定的转化关系,而相较于硫酸的添加,添加过磷酸钙更有利于富里酸向胡敏酸的转化;与对照相比,添加过磷酸钙能够显著促进好氧堆肥木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解,而硫酸添加剂显著抑制了木质纤维素的降解。添加过磷酸钙和硫酸均能提高堆肥产品腐熟度,并且其中以添加过磷酸钙后的堆肥产品质量最佳。     

城市生活垃圾外源微生物堆肥对有机酸变化及堆肥腐熟度的影响

利用外源微生物(美商复合菌,MS;中加发酵菌,ZJ)进行城市生活垃圾工厂化堆肥,在堆肥过程中,分析了小分子有机酸及大分子腐殖酸动态变化.结果表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥前期小分子有机酸含量,在堆肥后期又呈明显的降低趋势.而腐殖酸与胡敏酸则呈现先降低而后增加的趋势.通过对堆肥过程中有机酸、腐殖化指数分析表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥的腐熟度,并且ZJ发酵菌优于MS复合菌,而2种外源菌混合接种具有协同促进作用.     

双氰胺、氢醌与含磷添加剂联合使用对堆肥温室气体排放的影响

为实现堆肥过程N2O、CH4和NH3的同步减排,在双氰胺和氢醌的基础上进一步研究磷石膏和过磷酸钙添加对猪粪堆肥温室气体和NH3排放的影响.以猪粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,设置3个堆肥处理:只添加双氰胺和氢醌(HD)、添加双氰胺、氢醌和磷石膏(HD+P)和添加双氰胺、氢醌和过磷酸钙(HD+S),在60L的发酵罐中进行40d的...     

Nitrogen transformations during pig manure composting

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Effect of phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide as additives on NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions during composting

A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide (DCD, C2H4N4) as additives on gaseous emissions and compost quality. Besides a control, there were three amended treatments with different amounts of additives. The results indicated that the phosphogypsum addition at the rate of 10% of mixture dry weight decreased NH₃ and CH₄ emissions significantly during composting. The addition of DCD at the rate of 0.2% of mixture dry weight together with 10% of phosphogypsum further reduced the N₂O emission by affecting the nitrification process. Reducing the phosphogypsum addition to 5% in the presence of 0.2% DCD moderately increased the NH₃ emissions but not N₂O emission. The additives increased the ammonium content and electrical conductivity significantly in the final compost. No adverse effect on organic matter degradation or the germination index of the compost was found in the amended treatments. It was recommended that phosphogypsum and DCD could be used in composting for the purpose of reducing NH₃, CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Optimal conditions and dose of DCD additive during composting should be determined with different materials and composting systems in further study.     

Turnover and loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of food wastes

Few people have so far explored into the research of the dynamics of various nitrogenous compounds (including water-soluble nitrogen) in composting of food wastes. This study aimed to investigate the solid-phase nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, nitrogen loss together with ammonia volatilization in the process of food wastes composting. A laboratory scale static aerobic reactor in the experiment was employed in the composting process of a synthetic food waste, in which sawdust was used as the litter amendment. In the experiment, oxygen was supplied by continuous forced ventilation for 15 days. The results have shown that the concentrations of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen decrease significantly in the composting process, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N concentration increases together with little fluctuation in NO₃ ⁻-N. After composting, the total content of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds in the compost greatly increased, the total nitrogen loss amounted to 50% of the initial nitrogen, mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. 56.7% of the total ammonia volatilization occurred in the middle and late composting of the thermophilic stage. This suggested that the control at the middle and late composting of thermophilic stage is the key to nitrogen loss in the food waste compost. __________ Translated from Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 29(12): 54–56, IV–V [译自: 环境科学与技术]     

去电子水对牛粪秸秆好氧堆肥进程及细菌群落的影响

通过对普通水进行去电子处理,得到可利用性较强的去电子水,但其对好氧堆肥进程的影响还不明确．在牛粪秸秆好氧堆肥过程中添加去电子水,分析堆肥腐熟进程,并通过细菌群落结构变化揭示其作用的微生物学机理．研究结果表明去电子水处理堆肥的电导率（EC）、腐熟度（E4/E6）和C/N分别比对照组降低了48.7%、43.2%和27.9%,堆肥最高温度和种子发芽指数（GI）分别升高了17.5%、30.6%．同时去电子水提高了Glycomyces、Ammoniibacillus、Flavobacterium、Actinomadura和Geobacillus等优势属的相对丰度,改变了细菌群落的分布．冗余分析表明堆肥不同阶段的细菌优势菌属驱动着堆肥温度、pH、EC的变化,提高GI,促进堆肥腐熟．总之,加入去电子水有利于调节堆肥环境,缩短堆肥周期,并增加优势属的相对丰度,提高堆肥产品的稳定性．     

超高温预处理对猪粪堆肥过程碳氮素转化与损失的影响

以猪粪、砻糠为原料,利用自行设计的超高温预处理装置,开展了为期56d的模拟堆肥试验,比较了超高温预处理好氧堆肥（HPC）和常规高温好氧堆肥（CK）过程中碳、氮素转化及损失.结果表明,CK有机质最大降解度（42.58%）比HPC堆体（49.29%）小,但降解速率常数（0.1d^-1）高于HPC（0.07d^-1）,两种堆肥工艺碳素降解率差异不显著.HPC堆体NH₄⁺-N、TN质量分数平均比CK高143.9%、11.2%,而NO₃^--N质量分数则比CK低58.8%.HPC堆肥后期胡敏酸含量及腐殖质聚合程度分别比CK高45.2%~56.8%、59.1%~65.3%.在预处理阶段以及后续堆肥阶段,HPC、CK有机碳损失率分别为48%、51%,氮损失率分别为18%、27%.说明超高温预处理不仅有利于堆肥过程的保氮,而且促进富里酸向胡敏酸的转化,提高了堆肥产品腐殖化水平.     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.