生物炭对土壤新烟碱类农药环境行为的影响

当前大量施用的新烟碱类农药已对土壤环境造成了潜在危害,添加生物炭是一种阻控该类农药在土壤中流动,并降低其生态风险的有效方法,因此厘清生物炭对土壤中新烟碱类农药环境行为的影响具有重要的现实意义.该文梳理并总结了新烟碱类农药在生物炭土壤中的主要环境行为,重点阐释了不同制备材料和热解温度、不同添加量的生物炭及其他主控因子对土壤新烟碱类农药吸附、解吸及降解行为影响;进而分析现阶段研究中的不足,对未来的研究方向进行展望,可为土壤中生物炭调控技术的发展提供参考.     

氟虫腈对斑马鱼和小菜蛾毒性的手性选择性研究

手性农药分子的不同对映体在环境中的降解速率和对于生物的毒性可能存在很大的差异,因此拆分并使用对靶标生物毒性较高或对非靶标生物毒性较低的单一或浓缩的对映体配方可以有效地降低杀虫剂的环境风险.本文用手性柱拆分了一种广泛使用的手性农药,氟虫腈的两种对映体,研究了这两种对映体和消旋体对靶标生物小菜蛾和非靶标生物斑马鱼的急性毒性.结果表明氟虫腈对受试靶标和非靶标生物的毒性均无手性选择性,说明无法通过对氟虫腈进行手性拆分并使用单一对映体配方来降低氟虫腈的环境风险.这一结论间接支持了农业部新近出台的禁止氟虫腈用于防治农田害虫的政策.     

新烟碱类农药在土壤中环境行为的研究进展

目前新烟碱类农药已占据了世界最大的杀虫剂市场份额,同时土壤是该类农药进入环境系统的源头,厘清其在土壤中的环境行为对探索新烟碱类农药的环境归趋和生态评价均具有重要的意义.本文总结并梳理了新烟碱类农药在土壤中主要环境行为的研究现状,包括吸附、解吸及降解行为;分析了农药本身性质、土壤成分及类型、pH值、温度、含水量等因子对该类农药吸附和解吸的影响机制;同时探讨了降解土壤新烟碱类农药的微生物菌群、光解和水解机理,并对新烟碱类农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望.     

植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境生物安全性评价

评价农药对环境中非靶标生物的毒性是新农药开发应用的重要环节.依据国家环境保护局"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则",测定了78%川楝素原粉和0.5%川楝素乳油对生态环境中非靶标生物的毒性,并进行了安全性评价.结果表明,川楝素原粉对鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫、蝌蚪等非靶标生物均为低毒;川楝素乳油对家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫等均为低毒,对家蚕的生长发育具有一定的影响,对鹌鹑中毒,对蝌蚪高毒.可见,植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境非靶标生物毒性低、较为安全,但在水田及桑园应慎用0.5%川楝素乳油.     

3种新烟碱类杀虫剂对人间充质干细胞基因表达谱的影响

啮齿类动物毒理学的初步研究结果提示新烟碱类化学品暴露可能对人体健康造成危害,但健康效应、毒性机制和分子毒理学靶标尚不清楚.选用人骨髓间充质干细胞体外模型,将其暴露于吡虫啉(IMI)、烯啶虫胺(NIT)和啶虫脒(ACE)3种典型新烟碱类杀虫剂,利用基因加权共表达网络分析细胞基因表达谱的变化.基因加权共表达网络分析将基因分...     

非均性多孔介质中生物炭胶体的迁移行为研究

生物炭颗粒在多孔介质中的迁移行为不仅决定了其在环境中的归趋,也极大地影响了被吸附污染物的环境行为.以往的研究主要集中在生物炭胶体在均性多孔介质中的迁移行为,但实际环境介质通常是非均性的,目前对生物炭胶体在非均性多孔介质中的迁移行为知之甚少.本研究采用两种不同粒径的石英砂构建了上下两层非均性填充柱（上层细颗粒,下层粗颗粒）,研究了生物炭胶体在非均性多孔介质中的迁移和截留行为,考察了溶液离子强度和pH对生物炭胶体迁移能力的影响.研究结果表明在非均性多孔介质中,生物炭胶体具有很高的迁移能力,在离子强度为1~50 mmol·L^-1,pH为4.0~11.0条件下,生物炭胶体的迁移率达40.2%~88.0%.非均性介质中生物炭胶体的截留曲线表现为非单调型曲线,截留量峰值往往出现在细-粗石英砂的交界面处（细石英砂侧）,这与非均性介质中显著的电荷异质性、介质尺寸异质性和迁移过程中传质通量异质性有关.生物炭胶体在上层细石英砂中的截留量显著大于其在下层粗石英砂中的截留量,表明上层细石英砂是影响生物炭胶体迁移行为的关键层.随着溶液离子强度增加,生物炭胶体自团聚作用增强,其与石英砂介质间界面作用能垒降低,因而生物炭胶体的迁移能力减弱.由于生物炭胶体与细石英砂间的物理张力作用趋于显著,增加离子强度提高了生物炭胶体在上层细石英砂中的截留比率.中性和碱性条件下生物炭胶体的迁移能力较强,而在酸性条件下,生物炭胶体表面电负性显著降低,团聚体粒径增大,生物炭胶体的迁移能力较弱.降低溶液pH增加了生物炭胶体在上层细石英砂中的截留比率.本研究的结果将有利于人们更好地了解生物炭胶体在复杂多孔介质中的迁移行为,为全面评估生物炭的潜在环境风险提供理论支持.     

新污染物多环芳烃衍生物的来源、分布与光化学行为

环境中多环芳烃衍生物(SPAHs)来源广泛,具有“三致”效应,毒性与PAHs母体相当甚至高于母体,是一类具有较高风险的新型有机污染物.大气和表层水体等环境介质中,光化学降解是其重要的消减方式.在梳理文献的基础上,发现SPAHs在来源、分布、行为和风险研究方面与传统污染物PAHs相比有了新的突破.通过总结新污染物SPAHs的环境分布特征与光化学行为研究的最新进展,介绍了3类SPAHs的来源和形成机制,重点评述了不同环境介质中的存在状况与分布特征,讨论了水、冰等介质中SPAHs光化学转化动力学、反应路径以及影响因素,最后对SPAHs的环境行为和风险研究进行了展望.     

基于斑马鱼胚胎毒性与非靶化学分析的典型工业园区废水处理效率研究

工业园区废水中污染物种类复杂、毒性大、去除难,在处理出水水质达标的情况下仍可能存在生态健康风险,因此,有效评估园区废水的处理效率具有重要意义.采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性实验和基于液相色谱-质谱的非靶标污染物筛查方法分析了两家典型工业园区污水处理厂的处理效率.研究结果表明,生物毒性检测和非靶标化学分析可从不同侧面解释废水中毒害污染物在水处理过程中的沿程变化情况,两者的研究结果相互支撑.两类分析方法都发现,生化处理工艺无法有效去除工业废水中斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性物质.高级氧化技术、吸附技术和膜生物反应器技术等可以进一步有效削减污染物丰度及毒性,市政污水的混入提升了工业废水中毒害污染物的去除率及生物毒性的削减率.本研究结果证实了斑马鱼胚胎毒性与非靶化学分析可用于确定工业废水处理的效率,对工业废水处理过程的设计和调控具有指导意义.     

基于筛选层面的北京地区典型二噁英类的生态风险评价

以二 类为研究对象,利用风险评估识别排序模型在稳态假设下对北京地区环境中二 类的潜在生态风险进行模拟计算和评估,并根据计算结果对污染物按风险进行归类.模拟结果表明:当二 以估算的实际排放比例和排放量进入到大气、水和土壤介质中时,以环境介质中的阈值进行分析时,2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-对-二 (2,3,7,8-TCDD)的风险评价因子(RAF)值为235,归为A类化合物,八氯二苯并-对-二 (OCDD)的RAF值为0.246,归为C类化合物.以生物介质中的阈值进行评价时,2,3,7,8-TCDD和OCDD的RAF值分别为6.70×10-3和1.11×10-3,均归为D类化合物.其余二 类同族体化合物的生态风险介于这二者之间.     

有机污染物界面行为调控技术及其应用

污染物的多介质/多界面行为影响其赋存状态、迁移转化及生物生态效应.阐明污染物界面行为及其调控技术原理,是准确认识污染物源汇机制、预测其生物有效性、发展污染控制新材料与新技术的重要基础.本文介绍了典型有机污染物的多介质界面行为及其微观机制,表面活性剂调控有机污染物固-液界面分配行为及生物有效性的基本原理,重点阐述了污染物界面行为调控技术在难降解有机废水吸附处理、土壤有机污染缓解与修复中的应用.     

Effectiveness of different spraying systems in winter wheat and biological effects on target and non-target organisms

Different spraying systems (charged rotary atomisers, uncharged rotary atomisers or hydraulic sprayers) were used to deliver a complete range of chemicals (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) to 8 × 30-m plots of winter wheat. Except with herbicides, rotary atomisers (particularly when charged) gave the greatest chemical deposits and greatest biological effects against target organisms. Effects on non-target insects were slight and transient, except for Diptera and Thysanoptera and also for aphid parasites and predatory beetle larvae, whose numbers followed the numbers of aphids.     

Intranasal administration of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) induces neurobehavioral changes in neonatal Sprague Dawley rats

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives are now being highly concerned due to their emerging environmental occurrence and deleterious effects on non-target organisms. Considering the potential neurotoxicity of TBBPA derivatives which has been demonstrated in vitro, what could happen in vivo is worthy of being studied. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) (TBBPA-BHEE), a representative TBBPA derivative, was selected for a 21-day exposure experiment on neonatal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through intranasal administration. The neurobehavioral, histopathological changes, and differentially expressed genes based on RNA microarray were investigated to evaluate the neurological effects of this chemical. The results indicated that TBBPA-BHEE exposure significantly compromised the motor co-ordination performance and the locomotor activities (p < 0.05). The neurobehavioral phenotype could be attributed to the obvious histopathological changes in both cerebrum and cerebellum, such as neural cell swelling, microglial activation and proliferation. A total of 911 genes were up-regulated, whereas 433 genes were down-regulated. Gene set enrichment analysis showed multiple signaling pathways, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and wingless-int (Wnt) signaling pathway etc. were involved due to TBBPA-BHEE exposure. The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed the basic cellular function and the neurological processes like synaptic transmission were influenced. The toxicological effects of TBBPA-BHEE observed in this study suggested the potential neuronal threaten from unintended exposure, which would be of great value in the biosafety evaluation of TBBPA derivatives.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.     

Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter

In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60 days using a real farmer''s pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.     

水环境中有机磷酸酯的污染现状及其生物毒性

为有效评估有机磷酸酯（OPEs）潜在的生态健康风险,综述了OPEs在全球水和沉积物中的污染现状,并重点关注OPEs对水生生物的毒性效应,根据浮游生物、游泳生物和底栖生物等不同生物类群的特点分析其潜在的毒性作用机制,进而展望本领域未来的研究方向和科学问题,以期有效评估OPEs的生态效应和健康风险,推动我国OPEs食品安全监控和生态毒理学研究,为规范其绿色应用提供参考.     

灭幼脲类农药对非靶生物的影响及其在生物体内的代谢

综述国内外近年来有关灭幼脲类农药施用后对非靶生物可能造成的影响和其在生物体内吸收代谢方面的研究成果。分别阐述了施药区中,蜜蜂、家蚕、鸟类等陆生生物,鱼类、甲壳类和节肢类等水生生物可能受到的影响;以及灭幼脲类农药对家禽、家畜的影响和在它们体内的吸收代谢情况。指出,灭幼脲类农药的使用对陆生生物蜜蜂和鸟类,以及家禽、家畜等不产生明显的毒害和污染,对水生生物鱼类也没有什么影响,但对家蚕、以及水生甲壳类动物和节肢类动物(尤其是其幼体)的毒害较大。     

Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis

Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked.We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The e ects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures a ect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.     

黄河水体沉积物对水胺硫磷和辛硫磷的吸附

以黄河水及沉积物为研究对象 ,探讨了有机磷农药水胺硫磷和辛硫磷在黄河水体中的迁移规律 ,同时还研究了 pH值和离子强度等因素对迁移规律的影响。结果表明 ,沉积物对水胺硫磷和辛硫磷均有一定程度的吸附 ,且对辛硫磷的吸附量大于水胺硫磷 ,即辛硫磷在黄河水体中的迁移性小于水胺硫磷 ;其吸附等温线呈线性 ,是分配作用的结果。降低pH值和增加离子强度均使沉积物对水胺硫磷和辛硫磷吸附量减小。     

应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险

介绍了利用物种敏感性分布（SSD）进行生态风险评价的原理与步骤,构建了淡水生物对DDT和林丹的物种敏感性分布.在此基础上,计算了DDT和林丹对不同类别生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for 5% the species)阈值,预测了不同浓度DDT和林丹对生物可能造成的危害,并比较了不同类别生物对DDT和林丹的敏感性,以及DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.结果表明,DDT和林丹对淡水生物的HC5值分别为1.70μg·L-1和5.96μg·L-1 ,DDT对生态系统的危害大于林丹.当DDT或林丹的浓度为5μg·L-1时,对生态系统仅有轻微影响,而当DDT或林丹的浓度为500μg·L-1时,将有81.5%的物种受到DDT的危害,或有68.1%的物种受到林丹的危害.不同类别生物对DDT的敏感性从甲壳类、昆虫和蜘蛛类到鱼类依次降低,对林丹的敏感性大小依次为昆虫和蜘蛛类、甲壳类、鱼类.与林丹相比,DDT对淡水脊椎动物与无脊椎动物以及甲壳类和鱼类的生态风险较大,而对昆虫和蜘蛛类,林丹与DDT的生态风险差别不大.