不同土壤腐蚀性评价方法对接地网腐蚀判断的比较及差异性分析

采用多项指标综合评价法和埋片失重法分别对变电站土壤进行腐蚀性评价,比较评价结果并分析产生差异的原因;对不同性质的土壤选择适当的土壤腐蚀性评价方法提出指导性建议。     

甘肃典型地区电力接地网腐蚀规律与防腐对策研究

根据甘肃省地域气候、环境状况特点,选取典型变电站进行土壤理化性能测试,评价土壤的腐蚀性,并根据金属试片埋片失重法进行腐蚀速率及腐蚀性评价的验证,提出典型地区设计、施工、运营时的防腐措施。     

腐蚀性空气环境的分级及检测方法

介绍了国外有关腐蚀性空气环境的分级标准及其检测方法。环境中的腐蚀性气体可对电子元器件及自动控制设备产生腐蚀，影响其性能。根据腐蚀性的严重程度，美国仪器学会标准中将腐蚀性空气环境分为四级。环境腐蚀性置于腐蚀性环境中的铜试条进行检测。     

陕北某采油厂石油污染土壤的修复示范工程

调查了陕北某采油厂油井周边石油污染土壤的基本污染情况,采用铜绿假单胞菌-黑麦草联合修复技术对其进行了现场修复示范工程,取得了较好的现场修复效果.调查显示,该油井周边土壤的含油量最高为9020 mg/kg.90 d的修复周期结束后,土壤的含油量降至402 mg/kg,去油率高达95.5％,并且不同采样位置的土壤含油量检测...     

关于有机化学污染物与有机化工废水的生物毒性与生物降解性的初步研究(下)

六、脱氢酶活性测定法评价有机污染物的生物毒性利用脱氨酶测定微生物活性的方法最初是 Lenbaro 等人在测定土壤和天然水体底泥的生物活性与自净能力的关系时提出的,后来应用于评价活性污泥的活性。苏联文献报道,利用大肠杆菌脱氢酶法评价化学污染物质的生物毒性的研究也获得了较满意的结果,并提出了评价多种有机化学污染毒物同时存在时对生物脱氢酶活性的共同作用问题。该实验结果证明,多种有毒物质的共同毒性作用与污染毒物的性质和浓度有明显的相关性,可反     

水泥-赤泥-电石渣-磷石膏固化镉污染土壤

为修复镉污染土壤,同时资源化利用工业废渣,以水泥、赤泥、电石渣、磷石膏为原料制备了镉污染土壤固化剂。考察了龄期对固化土无侧限抗压强度、渗透系数、浸出液pH、浸出毒性的影响,并采用SEM-EDS技术观察固化土微观形貌、Tessier五步连续提取法分析重金属形态。实验结果表明,水泥、赤泥、电石渣、磷石膏的最佳掺量(以干土壤质量计)为9%,5%,1%,1%。工业废渣固化土的抗压强度和抗渗性随龄期延长而提高,浸出液pH呈先上升后平稳再下降的趋势,毒性浸出液中未检测到Cd²⁺。对比同等掺量的水泥固化土,工业废渣固化土的渗透系数和腐蚀性均更低。固化土中有钙矾石和水化硅酸钙生成,镉的稳定态含量较高。     

铜接地网对变电站周围环境的铜污染研究

对安徽省某500 kV变电站周围土壤中的铜含量进行了测试,结果表明,该变电站周围土壤中的铜含量的中值和平均值均超过安徽地区土壤环境的平均值,但其含量均未超过二级标准值.按照单因子指数法进行评价,远小于1；按照内梅罗综合指数法进行评价,仅为0.3235,明显低于0.7的安全值,两者均表明该变电站周围土壤是清洁的,并未受到铜污染.     

土壤氰化物污染生物修复技术研究进展

综述了植物修复、微生物修复和生物联合修复等土壤氰化物污染生物修复技术的降解机理、降解途径及降解影响因素的研究进展,探讨了氰化物生物修复技术的发展趋势和应用前景。指出基于提高修复时效和针对土壤复合污染类型的多技术融合研究、基于提高微生物耐受性和降解效率的菌株固定化及菌根真菌-植物联合技术研究以及基于工程化应用为导向的现场试验研究是未来研究的重点领域,为土壤氰化物污染的综合治理和修复提出了新思路。     

区域土壤环境重金属污染评价的Hamming贴近度评价法

探讨了一种新的模糊评价模型－Ｈａｍｍｉｎｇ贴近度评价模型，将其应用于某地区土壤重金属污染的综合评价，获得了良好的效果。     

层次分析模糊群体决策法评价大气环境质量

提出了层次分析模糊群体决策评价方法以层次分析法作定权方法,采用模糊群体决策法中的Ｂｏｒｄａ法为评价方法,对大气环境质量进行评价,并将评价结果与灰色聚类法,模糊综合评判法所得评价结果进行对比,结果令人满意。     

Application of a Proposed Generic LLW Waste Package Analysis With Changing Infiltration in a Humid Environment

Corrosion of carbon steel boxes filled with low‐level radioactive waste and buried within a near surface disposal facility in a humid environment was evaluated using an integrated systems approach framework. The time to hydraulic failure from initial burial to development of holes through the wall of a given waste package from pitting corrosion was calculated for four corrosion scenarios under two different corrosion cases. The two corrosion cases chosen were a constant rate of corrosion and a slowing rate of corrosion. Corrosion rates were estimated for carbon steel buried in soil from several historical studies and related to the corrosivity and aeration profile of the soil. The scenarios were chosen to represent a range of possible conditions at current and future U.S. Department of Energy disposal facilities. For each scenario, once the time to hydraulic failure had been estimated, the amount of liquid present in each waste package at the time of failure was calculated as an estimate of leachate available for subsurface transport. The Savannah River E‐Area Engineered Trench was used as a basis for the hypothetical disposal facility. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Soil properties and water regime of reclaimed surface dumps in the North Bohemian brown-coal region--a field study

This paper attempts to characterise the water regime of reclaimed surface dumps in connection with their soil physical properties. The results of a research project based on field measurements of moisture content and hydraulic conductivity, supported by analyses of undisturbed soil samples, led to recommendations regarding technological procedures for such dumps. A dielectric soil moisture meter, in an improved version, was successfully used for field monitoring and further evaluation of moisture content. Hydraulic conductivity was also measured in the field (by repeated borehole infiltration) using the Guelph permeameter method. Laplace-Gardner analysis was used for evaluating the field saturated hydraulic conductivity results.     

Lead in soil by field‐portable x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry—an examination of paired In Situ and laboratory ICP‐AES results

A major aspect of lead hazard control is the evaluation of soil lead hazards around housing coated with lead‐based paint. The use of field‐portable X‐ray fluorescence (FPXRF) to do detailed surveying, with limited laboratory confirmation, can provide lead measurements in soil (especially for planning abatement activities) in a far more cost‐efficient and timely manner than laboratory analysis. To date, one obstacle to the acceptance of FPXRF as an approved method of measuring lead in soil has been a lack of correspondence between field and laboratory results. In order to minimize the differences between field and laboratory results, RTI International (RTI) has developed a new protocol for field drying and sieving soil samples for field measurement by FPXRF. To evaluate this new protocol, composite samples were collected in the field following both U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines and ASTM International (ASTM) protocols, measured after drying by FPXRF, and returned to the laboratory for confirmatory inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) analysis. Evaluation of study data from several diverse sites revealed no statistical difference between paired FPXRF and ICP‐AES measurements using the new method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hydraulic properties and leachate level analysis of Kimpo metropolitan landfill, Korea

Hydraulic properties of waste and cover soil from Kimpo Metropolitan Landfill were experimentally measured by laboratory tests. The degree of compaction was changed to identify the effect on hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. Properties were utilized in developing a reliable numerical tool for leachate analysis. HELP, a simulation model for hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance, was adopted for that purpose. For calibration, results from simulation using the parameter values measured by laboratory tests were compared against the field data. The model was applied to predict the leachate level change according to the degree of compaction and cover soil thickness variation. It was found that the increase in the degree of compaction for intermediate cover soil and waste results in the decrease of field capacity and hydraulic conductivity, hence, the increase of leachate level. The effect of cover layer thickness on the leachate level was minor. Based on the findings from laboratory and numerical experiments, a guideline for reclamation practice was recommended.     

废催化裂化催化剂的危险性及污染特征

为考察我国废催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的危险性及污染特征,以国内典型FCC装置的废催化剂为研究对象,分析其易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、浸出毒性、毒性物质含量及急性毒性。研究发现:废FCC催化剂无易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、急性毒性危险;未检测出具有致癌致突变性的有机污染物;废FCC催化剂的特征污染物为Ni及其化合物,Ni的浸出浓度低于国家标准限值,Ni的存在形态为Ni Al2O4尖晶石,而非具有致癌性的Ni O形态。     

A simple and convenient empirical survey method with a soil electrical conductivity meter for incineration residue-derived soil contamination

To facilitate field surveys for identifying areas of incineration residue-derived soil contamination, a simple and convenient method with a soil electrical conductivity meter was examined. First, the leaching test specified by Notification No. 13 of the Ministry of the Environment, 1973, was conducted on 506 samples of 11 types of wastes and compost, and the relationship between the concentrations of toxic elements [total Hg (T-Hg), Cd, Pb, Cr⁶⁺, and As] and values of electrical conductivity (EC) was examined. The results showed that bottom ash and fly ash were wastes with high EC values and that these wastes indicated higher levels of toxic elements. Second, an estimation method for the soil EC value of contaminated soil (ECc) was proposed based on the EC values of noncontaminated soil, and its usefulness was examined. The results of field surveys conducted at sites whose soils were suspected of contamination by dioxins and other pollutants derived from incineration residues showed that the contaminated spots and areas were identified by using ECc values. Moreover, comparison of the elemental contents of soils in terms of Cr, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and others, in addition to the above-mentioned toxic elements (excluding Cr⁶⁺), with those of the potential sources of pollution was verified to be effective for identifying the source of soil contamination.     

Estimation on Biodegradability of Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V) and Numbers of Aerobic PHB/V Degrading Microorganisms in Different Natural Environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading PHB/V, the film-MPN method proposed previously was modified to estimate the numbers of PHB/V degrading microorganisms (degraders) in various environments. The First-Order Reaction (FOR) model was used to determine the appropriate incubation period for the method. Numbers of aerobic PHB/V degraders were estimated in garden soil, paddy field soil, farm soil, river bank soil, infertile garden soil, river water, activated sludge, and seawater by the film-MPN method. Results were compared with those estimated by the clear-zone technique and showed that the film-MPN method was suitable for estimating the numbers of PHB/V degraders in the environments tested. On the other hand, biodegradability of injection molded PHB/V samples was investigated in several kinds of environments. The changes of weight were studied and results showed that biodegradability of PHB/V related to the numbers of PHB/V degraders in similar ecosystem in different regions. In different environments the biodegradability of PHB/V not only related to the number of PHB/V degraders, but also depended on whether there were conditions for the PHB/V degraders to grow and proliferate easily in the environment.     

典型磷矿区表层土壤重金属空间分布特征研究

以开阳磷矿区为对象,结合地统计学普通克里金插值法以及单因素分析法,研究了矿区表层土壤重金属的空间分布特征,并对其进行了污染评价。结果表明：以矿区当地土壤重金属背景值为标准,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,As含量均存在超标情况;5种元素含量的变异程度均为高度变异,Pb,Cd,As的变异系数远大于Cu,Zn的变异系数;土壤重金属空间分布特征为Cd,As含量在东北部的积累程度大于西南部,东北—东南方向Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,As的富集程度远大于西北—西南方向;不同土地利用类型对重金属的积累没有显著影响,这很可能与其他因素如背景值、风向、人类干扰（如化工产业）等有关。