外焰加热条件下液化气储罐爆炸原因的定性分析

本文依据ＰＬＧＳ（ＰｒｅｓｕｒｅＬｉｑｕｅｆｉｅｄＧａｓＳｉｍｕｌａｔｏｒ）仿真程序的结果,定性分析了外焰加热条件下液化气储罐爆裂的原因。即储罐内压力在安全阀打开后的上升,储罐壁内的热应力及高温引起储罐壁材料的软化。     

浅谈大型石油储罐消防设计

根据我国大型储罐设置的特点,分析了大型石油储罐在储存、转运过程中潜在的火灾危险。通过对千例石油火灾案例统计分析,获得了石油储罐发生火灾的主要原因。在此基础上,从石油储罐工艺设计、布局、防火和灭火等角度出发,分析大型石油储罐常用的类型、材料和防腐处理技术;研究储罐的布置间距;总结大型储罐消防设计中采用的防、灭火技术措施。     

外焰加热条件下液化气储罐爆炸原因的定性分析

本文依据ＰＬＧＳ（ＰｒｅｓｓｕｒｅＬｉｑｕｅｆｌｅｄＧａｓＳｉｍｕｌｔｏｒ）仿真程序的结果,定性分析了外焰加热条件下液化气储罐爆裂的原因,即储罐内压力在安全阀打开后的上升,储罐壁内的热应力及高温引起储罐壁材料的软化。     

大型石油储罐消防设计研究

根据我国大型储罐设置的特点,分析了大型石油储罐在储存、转运过程中潜在的火灾危险。通过对千例石油火灾案例统计分析,获得了石油储罐发生火灾的主要原因。在此基础上,从石油储罐工艺设计、布局、防火和灭火等角度出发,分析大型石油储罐常用的类型、材料和防腐处理技术;研究储罐的布置间距;总结大型储罐消防设计中采用的防、灭火技术措施。论文研究的成果,可供实践工程参考。     

大型储罐不均匀沉降及地震力作用下应力仿真分析

为了探究大型储罐在不均匀沉降、地震力以及二者耦合作用下的应力分布情况,利用Ansys/Workbench有限元软件对某5×10⁴ m³大型浮顶储罐进行了建模仿真。结果显示相较于理想工况下储罐的应力分布,不均匀沉降或地震力工况下储罐结构应力变化均较小,储罐相对安全;但双因素耦合作用下储罐会产生严重的应力集中,Mises应力最大值达835.03 MPa,已远大于材料强度极限值740 MPa,储罐已处于不安全状态,考虑地震力的不可抗性,大型储罐运行中应严格控制不均匀沉降变化范围。     

氯乙烯储罐安全性分析

氯乙烯是被列入高毒物品的易燃易爆气体物质,液化氯乙烯由于其常温储存下蒸气压力高于大气压而在发生泄漏时容易引起火灾、爆炸、中毒等事故.氯乙烯储罐往往因为储存的物质量大而成为重大危险源.从国内现阶段法律法规、标准要求入手,分析了对氯乙烯储罐的安全要求,并以一具体储罐及其安全设施为实例,研究分析了储罐安全阀发生排放和储罐BLEVE等事故后果.并以此为基础,提出了本实例条件下保证储罐安全的具体要求.     

大型浮顶储罐雷击火灾事故机理分析

近年来,大型浮顶储罐多次发生雷击火灾事故,严重影响了石化企业的安全运行.通过对大型浮顶储罐密封结构进行剖析,分析储罐油气泄漏规律及密封设施运行中存在的问题,提出储罐运行中可燃气分布规律.结合储罐雷击形式及火花放电危害的研究,提出了大型浮顶储罐雷击火灾事故机理,认为导静电片、机械密封是雷击火灾的主要点火源,密封设施的失效是造成可燃气积聚的主要原因,并提出防护建议,为大型浮顶储罐防雷击安全运行提供了一定的指导意义.     

多孔材料填充方式和孔隙率对储罐内LNG流动的影响

采用Fluent 6.3软件建立了多孔介质中湍流流动的二维模型,在储罐中心区分别填充不同孔隙率的多孔材料,对储罐内液化天然气的流动情况进行了数值模拟,并与无多孔材料填充时液化天然气的流动情况进行了对比。结果表明:在储罐中心区内填充不同孔隙率的多孔材料可使罐体两边的流动强度较强,中间的流动强度较弱,中间滚动圈的滞留区面积比两侧滚动圈大,同时可降低流体平均流速,减少液体蒸发量,减少下层液体积聚的能量,因此可在一定程度上抑制翻滚的发生;就减小压力出口的质量流量而言,孔隙率为0.8的多孔材料效果更好;就减小压力差而言,孔隙率为0.95的多孔材料效果更好。     

含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃理论及实验研究

含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃事故是炼油企业安全生产的重大威胁.本文对含硫油品储罐腐蚀进行了实验模拟研究,并对实验结果进行了分析,利用扫描电子显微镜对试样腐蚀表面进行了特征分析,并利用X射线仪对腐蚀产物的组成和结构进行了分析.在实验结果分析的基础上,从理论上分析了含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃机理,探讨了含硫油品储罐腐蚀的自燃影响因素.研究结果可作含硫油品储罐安全设计和含硫油品炼制工艺改进的重要参考.     

如何识别储罐爆炸因素——美国防止储罐发生灾难性爆炸的预防措施

地上常压储罐内的易燃蒸汽爆炸后.会使罐壁与罐底间的焊缝或侧缝开裂,严重时可导致罐体撕裂.有时爆炸产生的冲击波甚至会将储罐炸飞。如果储罐设计良好且维护适当.当罐内易燃蒸汽发生爆炸时.会使储罐顺着罐壁到灌顶间的焊缝开裂.在这种情况下.可能只会在受损的罐内发生着火.罐内物质一般也不会泄漏。为了防止储罐发生爆炸事故.首先要了解易发事故的储罐类型.并且在日常工作中加强对这些储罐的维护。     

地下天然气储气井的现状与前景

储气井是一种压力容器,也是地下压力容器的典型代表。由于开发储气井的理念来源于油气井,因此储气井具有常规压力容器所不具备的特性并存在很多先天不足。文章针对储气井的现状,剖析了储气井在材料、设计、制造、检验检测等各环节存在的问题,并对储气井的健康发展提出了改进建议。     

压力容器制造监督检验常见问题及改进

压力容器制造监督检验不仅仅要对技术资料、检验与试验报告进行审查,对结果进行见证（如射线底片、压力试验等）,还要对影响容器本质安全的生产制造过程进行有效的检查、监督与控制。本文讨论了压力容器制造过程质量控制及监督检验工作中发现的一些常见问题,结合《压力容器监督检验规则》（TSG R7004-2013）的相关要求,提出了一些解决方法和改进建议。     

压力容器制造监检中对若干问题的处理

针对压力容器制造监检中某些受检单位在法规标准的理解上存在误区或者疏忽、不知如何进行后续整改工作的现状,笔者结合多年压力容器监督检验的工作经验,提出自己的解决方案,以供参考,也希望广大读者在遇到类似情况时能够正确理解并执行相关法规标准.     

压力容器的可靠性分析

应用概率断裂力学的观点,讨论了压力容器各有关参数的分布特点及允许的失效概率,分析了材料韧性为两种不同分布时压力容器可靠性计算方法,说明了进行压力容器失效概率分析是全面评价压力容器的方法之一.     

HAN阻隔防爆模型研究

通过合理简化,利用多方气体状态方程,分别建立油品储运容器内可燃混合气体定容爆炸模型和装设阻隔防爆材料的油品储运容器内可燃混合气体爆炸模型,获得了阻隔防爆性能测试装置的燃爆容器抗爆设计限值,以及其在HAN阻隔防爆测试中燃爆容器试爆压力量级的控制下限值,同时,还给出HAN工程应用中容器留空率的计算方法,具有实际指导意义。     

Effects of vacuum levels,carbon dioxide,and structural sizes of linked vessels on dump vessel vented

The method of explosion venting is widely used in industrial explosion-proof design due to its simple operation, economical and practical features. A dump vessel vented platform was built. By changing the vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessels and the structural size of linked vessels, the pressure in the explosion vessel and the dump vessel was compared, and the influencing factors of explosion venting investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: In the explosion venting process, the higher the vacuum in the dump vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel, and the faster the explosion pressure is lowered. When the dump vessel is under the same vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessel is CO₂, the maximum pressure of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel is less than the maximum pressure when the containment medium is air. Under the same vacuum condition, the larger the volume ratio of the dump vessel and the explosion vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel, the faster the explosion pressure drops, and the volume of the dump vessel reaches or exceeds the explosion vessel. Increasing the volume ratio of the containment vessel to the explosion vessel facilitates protection of the explosion vessel and the containment vessel. Under the same vacuum condition, when the gas explosion in 113 L vessel vents into 22 L vessel, the longer the length of the pipe, the greater the maximum pressure in the spherical vessel. When the gas explosion in 22 L vessel vents into 113 L dump vessel, as the pipeline grows, the maximum pressure in the two vessels decreases, but the reduction is not significant. In practical application, it is recommended to use a vacuum of 0.08Mpa or more for the dump vessel vented, and the containment medium is CO_2.In terms of the structural size of the container, it is recommended that the ratio of the receiving container to the explosion container be as large as possible, and the pipe length be as long.     

Consequence modeling of explosion at Azad-Shahr CNG refueling station

Safety of people has been the most important concern since the onset of commercial use of Compressed Natural Gas¹ as a novel type of vehicle fuel. Provided a car vessel bursts, irreversible consequences will surface. The most important hazard threatening people and their properties in CNG distribution stations is pressurized natural gas in station storage vessels and car vessels. Storage vessels are far from people; however, they may damage other properties such as pipes, valves, electrical equipment, and etc. Owing to the distance between storage vessels and the hive, the risk is not considered a big concern; on the contrary, car storage vessel is very close to the passengers sitting in the car and those standing around the car. The proximity heightens the risk as the consequences caused by vessel burst can be more catastrophic than the former condition. Taken together, the car CNG vessel burst may be regarded as the most hazardous event at CNG distribution centers. It is believed that modeling the mentioned events can illustrate risky conditions. The present study was formulated in order to model one of such accidents occurring in Azad-Shahr in the winter 2010. The obtained results provided useful points and recommendations like the minimum safe distance from rupture center depending on such outcomes as overpressure, types of fire, or toxic release. The recommendations provided by the present study can prevent people from calamitous events and they can be adopted so as to reduce severity of possible events.     

反应失控型火灾爆炸事故预测

介绍了一种预测反庆失控灾害的方法,通过实验测定容器的时间常数,预测能够引起反应失控的最低环境温度,发生反应失控时的危险温度,以及达到最大反应速度反需的时间,预测结果与实际情况具有良好的一致性。     

Experimental investigation of gas explosion in single vessel and connected vessels

Gas explosion in connected vessels usually leads to high pressure and high rate of pressure increase which the vessels and pipes can not tolerate. Severe human casualties and property losses may occur due to the variation characteristics of gas explosion pressure in connected vessels. To determine gas explosion strength, an experimental testing system for methane and air mixture explosion in a single vessel, in a single vessel connected a pipe and in connected vessels has been set up. The experiment apparatus consisted of two spherical vessels of 350 mm and 600 mm in diameter, three connecting pipes of 89 mm in diameter and 6 m in length. First, the results of gas explosion pressure in a single vessel and connected vessels were compared and analyzed. And then the development of gas explosion, its changing characteristics and relevant influencing factors were analyzed. When gas explosion occurs in a single vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and pressure growth rate with ignition at the center of a spherical vessel are higher than those with ignition on the inner-wall of the vessel. In conclusion, besides ignition source on the inner wall, the ignition source at the center of the vessels must be avoided to reduce the damage level. When the gas mixture is ignited in the large vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and explosion pressure rising rate in the small vessel raise. And the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rising rate in connected vessels are higher than those in the single containment vessel. So whenever possible, some isolation techniques, such as fast-acting valves, rotary valves, etc., might be applied to reduce explosion strength in the integrated system. However, when the gas mixture is ignited in the small vessel, the maximum explosion pressures in the large vessel and in the small vessel both decrease. Moreover, the explosion pressure is lower than that in the single vessel. When gas explosion happens in a single vessel connected to a pipe, the maximum explosion pressure occurs at the end of the pipe if the gas mixture is ignited in the spherical vessel. Therefore, installing a pipe into the system can reduce the maximum explosion pressure, but it also causes the explosion pressure growth rate to increase.     

我国的劳动安全监察制度与压力容器事故预防

分析了压力容器事故的主要原因 ,介绍了劳动安全监察制度 ,研究了该制度对减少压力容器事故所起的作用 ,为预防压力容器事故 ,对劳动安全监察制度的发展 ,提出了自己的见解与看法。