生物炭降解苯和甲苯混合废气性能研究

该研究以生物炭为过滤介质 ,探讨过滤塔降解气流中苯、甲苯的生物降解性能 .实验表明 ,在总有机负荷低于 3 5 0 g/ (h·m3)、停留时间 1 5～ 90s的实验条件下 ,滤塔对苯和甲苯混合气体有较好的降解性能 ,苯、甲苯的最大削减能力分别为 1 2 0 g/ (h·m3)和 1 5 0 g/ (h·m3) ,甲苯比苯更易被微生物降解 .滤塔中CO2 生成量随苯、甲苯降解量的增加而增加 ,但实验增长速率小于理论增长速率 .菌落分析表明 ,滤塔中微生物主要有真菌、杆菌、芽孢杆菌 ,其中芽孢杆菌为优势菌种 .根据吸附 生物降解机理 ,建立了VOCs去除模型 ,并予以验证 .     

不同pH条件下三氯乙烯及其脱氯产物对苯或甲苯厌氧生物降解的影响

将零价铁渗透反应格栅和生物降解格栅联用,先利用氯代烃易还原脱氯的性质通过零价铁渗透反应格栅去除氯代烃,后利用BTEX易生物降解的性质通过生物降解格栅去除BTEX,可以有效去除地下水中由氯代烃和BTEX这两种性质迥异的污染物形成的混合污染羽.但在联合格栅技术中,零价铁渗透反应格栅后的强碱性环境(pH9)、氯代烃脱氯还原中间产物(cis-1,2-DCE)的积累和可能出现的TCE穿透均可对生物降解格栅中BTEX的生物降解产生影响.针对上述问题,本文研究了不同pH条件下TCE和cis-1,2-DCE对苯或甲苯厌氧生物降解的影响.结果发现,碱性pH条件有利于苯或甲苯的生物降解,但不同pH条件下TCE或cis-1,2-DCE的加入对苯或甲苯的生物降解均产生抑制(除pH=7.9,cis-1,2-DCE=100μg·L-1时的甲苯),且TCE对苯和甲苯生物降解的抑制要明显强于cis-1,2-DCE;不同pH条件下,TCE 100和500μg·L-1对苯生物降解的抑制作用没有明显差异,但对甲苯生物降解的抑制却随着TCE浓度的增加而增加;pH=7.9时,cis-1,2-DCE的加入有利于甲苯的生物降解,之后随着pH的增加又转变为抑制.另外,在苯或甲苯厌氧生物降解过程中,可能存在cis-1,2-DCE与苯或甲苯的共代谢生物降解,且甲苯更有利于cis-1,2-DCE的共代谢降解.     

某些芳香化合物生物降解性研究

研究了５类３２种芳香化合物生物降解性，选用城市污水场污泥富集的混合菌种做菌源，在好氧生物解实验条件下，苯甲酸类、苯酚类和甲苯是较容易降解的；苯和苯的同系物是可生物降解的；苯磺酸类和含氮芳氮芳香化合物均是难降解的。     

石化污泥对苯系化合物好氧生物降解的研究

为了探讨苯系化合物的生物降解途径,选用从石油化工污水处理场曝气池活性污泥中富集的混合菌种,在好氧条件下,研究了苯,甲苯,乙基苯,邻－,间－和对二甲苯的可生物降解性,当化合物的浓度为５０－１４０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,６种被试验化合物均可被微生物降解,从该混合菌种中筛选出１７株可降解甲苯,乙基苯,三甲苯,障－和对二甲苯的单一菌种,其中     

苯系化合物在硝酸盐还原条件下的生物降解性能

运用驯化的反硝化混合菌群进行了苯系化合物(BTEX)的厌氧降解试验.结果表明,混合菌群能够在反硝化条件下有效降解苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯.BTEX的降解规律符合底物抑制的Monod模型,当初始浓度小于50mg·L^-1时,6种受试基质的厌氧降解速率顺序为:甲苯>乙苯>间二甲苯>邻二甲苯>对二甲苯>苯.整个试验过程中NO₃^-的消耗与苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯及对二甲苯生物降解之间的摩尔比分别为:9.47,9.26,1     

苯系化合物好氧降解菌的驯化和筛选

为了筛选降解苯系化合物的优势菌种,选用城市污水处理场和石化废水处理的活性污泥作为菌源,分别以甲苯,乙苯,邻二甲苯,间二甲苯,对二甲本,１,３,５－三甲苯作为底物,在好氧条件下,驯化,筛选和分离出了能以上述６种化合物作为生长的唯一碳源和能源的微生物２５株,并对其进行了初步的鉴定,这些菌株的好氧生物降解研究结果表明,它们对苯系化合物具有良好生物降解能力。     

真菌Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr降解三苯废气性能实验

利用固相静态试验考察前期实验驯化出的真菌Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr对苯、甲苯、二甲苯的好氧生物降解性能。结果表明,在本研究的气相浓度范围内(苯47.25~1677.47g/m3,甲苯64.70~1258.50g/m3、二甲苯20.59~1707.85g/m3),3种气体的降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而增加,降解规律苯、甲苯符合Monod方程,二甲苯符合一级反应。     

BTEX在地下环境中的自然衰减

通过室内模拟柱实验研究了BTEX在地下环境中的自然衰减过程,发现BTEX通过以细砂为介质的模拟地下环境时确实发生了自然衰减,挥发和生物降解作用是其自然衰减的重要机制.以苯为例,其在水中的质量浓度为11.40 mg/L左右时,挥发和生物降解作用占自然衰减的比例分别是16.36%和4.91%;而甲苯浓度为3.30 mg/L左右时,两者所占比例分别是11.04%和41.50%.可见BTEX中各组分衰减规律不同.BTEX浓度越大,其挥发得也越快,挥发对自然衰减的作用越大.微生物降解作用对甲苯更有效,占自然衰减的41.50%,间、对二甲苯次之占8.49%,而苯和乙苯很难被降解.     

苯高效降解菌Corynebacterium sp.AL-5的筛选及其降解机理研究

在产石化企业污染场地风险防控日益受到关注,高性能生物降解菌剂是在产企业成功原位生物修复的关键.本研究从苯系物降解菌群中筛选并分离出高效苯降解菌株,经细菌形态和16S rRNA序列分析鉴定菌株,通过改变单一因素研究降解菌株的降解特性,并通过LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS检测中间代谢产物,进而推测菌株的苯降解途径.结果表明,高效苯降解菌株经鉴定命名为Corynebacterium sp.AL-5.菌株AL-5在28℃、pH=8.0、添加100 mg·L^-1酵母粉的培养条件下,10 h内可完全降解初始浓度为100 mg·L^-1的苯,并阐明了菌株AL-5通过苯酚和邻苯二酚途径降解苯.此外,菌株AL-5可在混合BTEX体系中同时降解苯和甲苯,半衰期分别为3.3 h和12.9 h,符合零级动力学方程和一级动力学方程.本研究可为在产石化企业苯污染土壤和地下水原位生物修复提供菌种资源和理论支撑.     

复合催化剂对气相苯和甲苯的光催化降解研究

研究了在无催化剂、纯锐钛矿、纯金红石以及复合催化剂时苯和甲苯的光催化降解情况,考察了反应物初始浓度以及不同催化剂组成时苯和甲苯的光催化降解. 结果表明,使用锐钛矿催化剂,苯和甲苯降解效率都有很大提高,而使用金红石催化剂,苯和甲苯降解效率提高的幅度不大,这主要与锐钛矿和金红石的晶体结构有关. 在无催化剂和以金红石为催化剂时,甲苯比苯更容易降解;以锐钛矿为催化剂时苯比甲苯更容易降解. 初始浓度对苯和甲苯的光催化降解过程有一定的影响,在低浓度时降解速率较快,而在高浓度时降解速率较慢. 在锐钛矿催化剂中掺入一定量的金红石可提高催化剂的光催化活性. 对于苯,锐钛矿80%、金红石20%的复合催化剂光催化活性最高;而对于甲苯,锐钛矿90%、金红石10%的复合催化剂光催化活性最高.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of benzene series compounds by mixed cultures based on optional electronic acceptors

A series of batch experiments were performed using mixed bacterial consortia to investigate biodegradation performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers （BTEX） under nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reducing conditions. The results showed that toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene could be degraded independently by the mixed cultures coupled to nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reduction. Under ferric iron reducing conditions the biodegradation of benzene and p-xylene could be occurred only in the presence of other alkylbenzenes. Alkylbenzenes can serve as the primary subs＇rates to stimulate the transformation of benzene and p-xylene under anaerobic conditions. Benzene and p-xylene are more toxic than toluene and ethylbenzene, under the three terminal electron acceptors conditions, the degradation rates decreased with toluene 〉 ethylbenzene 〉 m-xylene 〉 o-xylene〉 benzene 〉 p- xylene. Nitrate was a more favorable electron acceptor compared to sulfate and ferric iron. The ratio between sulfate consumed and the loss of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene was 4.44, 4.51, 4.42, 4.32, 4.37 and 4.23, respectively; the ratio between nitrate consumed and the loss of these substrates was 7.53, 6.24, 6.49, 7.28, 7.81, 7.61, respectively; the ratio between the consumption of ferric iron and the loss of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene was 17.99, 18.04, 18.07, 17.97, respectively.     

反硝化条件下微生物降解地下水中的苯和甲苯

利用实验室含水层物质微环境实验,对地下水中常见有机污染物苯和甲苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的微生物降解进行了研究．通过10种方案实验结果的分析对比表明,在强化反硝化条件下,微生物利用NO₃^-作为电子受体降解苯和甲苯;降解苯和甲苯的反硝化细菌来自于含水层物质;微生物所需要的宏量营养由苯、甲苯和硝酸盐提供,而微生物所需要的其他痕量元素来自于含水层物质;环境的酸碱条件对微生物降解具有重要影响pH值过高（pH＞10）或过低（pH＜4）均抑制微生物降解过程的进行这些结论对研究地下水有机污染及其生物治理具有一定的理论和实际指导意义     

碱性缺氧环境下地下水中苯和甲苯的生物降解

在缺氧环境下,不额外加入电子受体和营养盐,从长期受原油污染的包气带介质中分离、培养驯化得到了降解苯或甲苯的3种优势菌群:B-bacteria、T-bacteria和M-bacteria,采用批试验方法研究了高pH环境下3种菌群降解苯和甲苯的速率。结果表明:苯和甲苯的降解符合零级反应动力学,速率常数在0.22～0.68 mg/(L.d)。初始pH从8.7升高到9.6和10.6时,B-bacteria降解苯的速率降低都在10%以内;T-bacteria降解甲苯的速率降低率从pH9.6时的16.22%剧增到pH10.6时的41.23%;而M-bacteria降解苯和甲苯的速率降低从pH9.6时的30%左右增到pH10.6时的45%左右。高pH环境下微生物仍能完全降解苯和甲苯。故设计化学-生物连续反应格栅治理该类污染羽时,在两个单元中间可不构筑pH调节缓冲单元。     

6种挥发性有机物在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能

利用振荡摇瓶法测定了6种典型挥发性有机物,甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、苯和氯苯在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,在本研究的液相浓度范围内(甲苯＜174mg/L,邻二甲苯＜149mg/L,间二甲苯＜129mg/L,对二甲苯＜133mg/L,苯＜234mg/L,氯苯＜146mg/L),3种二甲苯、苯和氯苯的降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而增加,符合一级反应,这5种VOCs未对微生物产生明显的抑制或毒害作用;甲苯的液相浓度大于85mg/L时,其降解速率不随初始浓度的增大而改变,其降解规律符合Monod方程.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

Degradation of dichloromethane by an isolated strain Pandoraea pnomenusa and its performance in a biotrickling filter

A strain Pandoraea pnomenusa LX-1 that uses dichloromethane(DCM) as sole carbon and energy source has been isolated and identified in our laboratory. The optimum aerobic biodegradation of DCM in batch culture was evaluated by response surface methodology. Maximum biodegradation(5.35 mg/(L·hr)) was achieved under cultivation at 32.8°C, pH 7.3, and 0.66% NaCl. The growth and biodegradation processes were well fitted by Haldane's kinetic model, yielding maximum specific growth and degradation rates of 0.133 hr-1and 0.856 hr-1, respectively. The microorganism efficiently degraded a mixture of DCM and coexisting components(benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene). The carbon recovery(52.80%–94.59%) indicated that the targets were predominantly mineralized and incorporated into cell materials. Electron acceptors increased the DCM biodegradation rate in the following order: mixed oxygen iron sulfate nitrate. The highest dechlorination rate was 0.365 mg Cl-/(hr·mg biomass), obtained in the presence of mixed electron acceptors. Removal was achieved in a continuous biotrickling filter at 56%–85% efficiency, with a mineralization rate of 75.2%. Molecular biology techniques revealed the predominant strain as P. pnomenusa LX-1. These results clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of strain LX-1 in treating DCM-containing industrial effluents. As such, the strain is a strong candidate for remediation of DCM coexisting with other organic compounds.