车辆节能降污新型产品

NewProductofEnergy-SavingandPollution-controlforAutomobile在“’97中国国际汽车环保技术展览暨机动车污染控制技术国际研讨会”上，对下述车辆节能降污新型产品做了介绍：1．MQJJ－1．2型摩托车、MQJJ－3型助力车和MQJJ－4型单缸柴油机净化节油器其中MQJJ－1．2型和一3型分别安装在摩托车和助力车化油器前的油管距化油器约5毫米处。它能够使尾气净化率提高：汽油机尾气一氧化碳、碳氢化合物。氮氧化合物净化率达50％－70％；柴油机的烟度减少40％－70％。节油率达到5％－15％；功率在原基础上有明显提高；可大量减少或消除发…     

4－AAP萃取光度法以蒸馏水代替无酚水测定地面水中挥发酚

４－氨基安替比林（简称４－ＡＡＰ）萃取光度法测酚是灵敏度很高的标准分析方法。该方法要求使用无酚水。本文经过实验分析提出以蒸馏水代替无酚水测定地面水中挥发酚，结果表明，本方法检出限为０．０１７ｍｇ／ｌ，具有较高的精密度和准确度。本法省略了制备无酚水的程序，从而使实验分析得到简化。     

不同气温条件下室内甲醛污染特性的探讨

用酚试剂分光光度法（GB／F18204．26—2000）对装修后室内空气中的甲醛进行测定。通过一年多的实测表明：气温在13.0℃-24．0℃范围内，测试结果的超标率为27．8％，测试结果均值为0．077mg／m^3，气温在25．0℃-30．0℃范围内，测试结果的超标率为78．1％，测试结果均值为0．270mg／m^3，两个温度段超标率相差2．8倍多，测试结果均值相差3．5倍多。室内空气中甲醛浓度与室内温度呈线性关系，表明气温对室内空气中甲醛的释放量有明显的影响。     

淮南市平山头水源地水中PAEs污染情况分析

以淮南市平山头水厂水源4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）：邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）为研究对象,研究了水源地水中PAEs的污染情况。研究结果表明：DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP的检出率分别为50％、83．3％、83．3％、100％,DBP的达标率为100％;DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP对∑4PAEs污染的贡献率依次为：5．2％、3．7％、20．1％、71．1％,说明平山头水厂水源地水中PAEs污染主要以DBP为主。水源地各采样点∑4PAEs的含量范围0．632～1．623μg／L,其采样断面平均浓度顺序为：上游〉中游〉下游。     

SBR法处理炼油废水的研究

研究了SBR（程序间歇式活性污泥）法处理炼油废水的最佳工艺条件和除氮效果，以及投菌SBR法处理炼油废水中污染物的效果。确定了SBR法处理炼油废水最佳反应温度为25℃－40℃，pH值为6.0-8.5，反应时间为8－12h，活性污泥浓度为2000－4000mg/L。当反应期内好氧曝气和缺氧搅拌交替进行3－4次，脱氧率可以达到90％以上。将实验室筛选得到的除油菌投加于BR复合生物反应器中处理炼油厂隔油池出水，废水中各种污染物的去除率分别为：COD93．5％，石油类98．6％，总氮89．8％。     

壳聚糖处理印染废水的研究

在不同的壳聚糖浓度、pH和温度条件下，采用分光光度法测得吸附后染料的浓度，得到了壳聚糖对染料的最佳吸附条件，结果为：壳聚糖的投入量在红3B为2％，兰2BG和黄3GE为3％时，pH8．4在碱性范围内，温度为50℃效果最佳。其结果将为壳聚糖在印染废水处理提供一定的理论基础。     

山东省生态环境需水量的探讨

根据生态系统的分类，分别计算了山东省植被生态环境需水量、河流生态环境需水量、湖泊生态环境需水量、水库生态环境需水量和城市生态环境需水量，山东省生态环境需水量为上述各类型生态环境需水量之和。计算结果表明，山东省2000～2005年生态环境需水总量为342．64～345．01亿m^3。山东省2000～2005年生态环境需水保证率均小于50％，生态环境用水无法得到保证，且丰枯年份之间变化明显。     

气相色谱法测定大气中的丙酮、甲醇、甲苯

：使用经1．0％KOH-CH3OH处理过的405白色硅藻土担体，涂渍10％PEG-20000固定液，填充φ3mm＊3m的不锈钢色谱柱，在气相色谱仪上可直接进气体样品分析，经色谱柱分离，以FID为检测器，可以准确地测出空气工业废气中的丙酮、甲醇、甲苯，以保留时问定性，峰高定量。     

电捕集法消除空气中的氚

本文研究了一种净化空气中氚的新方法，我们用四水合磷酸轴酰氢（Hup)作消氚剂，在外加直流电场的作用下，直接消除潮湿空气中的氚，用不同面积的消氚圆片，在静态，常温，常压下，外加4－7伏直流电场，50小时左右，可使2．2升含氚空气中氚的净化率超过90％，空气中氚含量为0．2－10ppm，含水量为3000－12000ppm，我们用液闪测量了消氚后圆片中氚的含量，其结果与用电离室所测的结果一致。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中六六六残留量

采用气相色谱法毛细管色谱柱分离、电子捕获检测器检测土壤中残留的六六六含量。索氏提取和超声波提取2种方法的研究结果表明，索氏提取法加标回收率在86．93％～98．54％之间，相对标准差为1．78％～9．59％；超声波提取法加标回收率在90．23％～103．29％之间，相对标准差为2．32％～9．33％。两种方法均准确、灵敏，超声波提取法时间短、效率高。     

Effect of formulation on the behavior of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil

The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) has been identified as a partial replacement for methyl bromide (CH3Br) in soil fumigation. 1,3-Dichloropropene is formulated for soil fumigation as Telone II (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) for shank application and as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (Telone EC or InLine; Dow AgroSciences) for drip application. This study investigated the effect of formulation on the phase partitioning, transformation rate, and volatilization of 1,3-D isomers. Air-water partitioning coefficients (K(H)) were slightly higher for Telone II than for Telone EC, presumably due to the higher apparent water solubility of the EC formulation. Sorption of 1,3-D isomers in two soils was not affected by formulation. Formulation had no significant effect on the rate of 1,3-D transformation in water or soil. In general, differences in the rate of 1,3-D transformation and phase partitioning due to formulation as Telone II or Telone EC were very small. Thus, the effect of formulation on 1,3-D fate may be ignored in transformation and phase partition of 1,3-D in water and soil. Packed soil columns without plastic tarp indicated that with relatively shallow subsurface (10 cm) drip application of Telone EC, emission of 1,3-D isomers was more rapid and produced greater maximum instantaneous flux than deeper (30 cm) shank injection of Telone II. Both application methods resulted in the same cumulative emissions for both isomers, 45% for (E)-1,3-D and approximately 50% for (Z)-1,3-D. These results suggest that for drip application of fumigants to be effective in reducing emissions, the fumigant must be applied at sufficient depths to prevent rapid volatilization from the soil surface if the water application rate does not sufficiently restrict vapor diffusion.     

An Experimental Study of Heat Pipe Performance Using Nanofluids

Heat pipe cooling is widely used in computer processors. Advances in microprocessor technology have resulted in reduced heat transfer surface area. Maintaining an efficient cooling process is therefore challenging. The main goal of this experimental study is to perform a parametric study on heat pipe performance using nanofluids. Nanofluids of 1 and 3 vol% of alumina nanoparticles of 20–50 nm diameters in deionized water versus deionized water as a base fluid were considered in the present study. The nanofluids are prepared in our laboratory using two-step method. The nanofluids thermal properties are measured to confirm the properties enhancement that could indicate a corresponding performance enhancement of the heat pipe. A 10 mm inner diameter, 200 mm long brass tube with 50 mm long evaporator, and 50 mm long water cooled condenser were used. Heat pipe wall temperature is reduced with nanofluids as is the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser. The thermal diffusivity of the nanofluids is increased by 10%. The pipe pressure in case of deionized water was higher than the corresponding one for the nanofluids by 20–32%.     

Metolachlor dechlorination by zerovalent iron during unsaturated transport

Permeable zerovalent iron (Fe0) barriers have become an established technology for remediating contaminated ground water. This same technology may be applicable for treating pesticides amenable to dehalogenation as they move downward in the vadose zone. By conducting miscible displacement experiments in the laboratory with metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide; a chloroacetanilide herbicide] under unsaturated flow, we provide proof-of-concept for such an approach. Transport experiments were conducted in repacked, unsaturated soil columns attached to vacuum chambers and run under constant matrix potential (-30 kPa) and Darcy flux (approximately 2 cm d(-1)). Treatments included soil columns equipped with and without a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) consisting of a Fe0-sand (50:50) mixture supplemented with Al2(SO4)3. A continuous pulse of 14C-labeled metolachlor (1.45 mM) and tritiated water (3H2O) was applied to top of the columns for 10 d. Results indicated complete (100%) metolachlor destruction, with the dehalogenated product observed as the primary degradate in the leachate. Similar results were obtained with a 25:75 Fe0-sand barrier but metolachlor destruction was not as efficient when unannealed iron was used or Al2(SO4)3 was omitted from the barrier. A second set of transport experiments used metolachlor-contaminated soil in lieu of a 14C-metolachlor pulse. Under these conditions, the iron barrier decreased metolachlor concentration in the leachate by approximately 50%. These results provide initial evidence that permeable iron barriers can effectively reduce metolachlor leaching under unsaturated flow.     

化学方法在水质科学中的应用--水体中分散相的分离及应用

文献^[1]中提出了分散体系、分散介质、分散相的概念，前文^[2]认为水体是以水为分散介质的复合三元分散体系，本文认为水体是以水为分散介质的复合四元分散体系，分散相是：①粗分散相，②假胶体^[3]分散相，③真胶体^[3]分散相，④分子离子分散相。分散体系中分散相的分离方法的理论(方法)是给水(排水)处理理论(方法)之一。     

Nitrate and chloride loading to groundwater from an irrigated north-central U.S. sand-plain vegatable field

Groundwater pollution and associated effects on drinking water have increased with the expansion of irrigated agriculture in north-central U.S. sand plains. Controlling this pollution requires an ability to measure and predict pollutant loading by specific agricultural systems. We measured NO3 and Cl loading to groundwater beneath a Wisconsin central sand plain irrigated vegetable field using both a budget method and a new monitoring-based method. By relying on frequent monitoring of shallow groundwater, the new method overcomes some limitations of other methods. Monitoring-based and budget methods agreed well, and indicated that loading to groundwater was 165 kg ha(-1) NO3-N and 111 kg ha(-1) Cl for sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in 1992, and 228 kg ha(-1) NO3-N and 366 kg ha(-1) Cl for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in 1993. Nitrate N loading was 56 to 60% of available N, or 66 to 70% of fertilizer N. Sweet corn NO3 loading was about typical for this region, but potato NO3 loading was probably 50% greater than typical because heavy rains provoked extra fertilizer application. Our results imply that typical NO3-N loading would be 119 kg ha(-1) for sweet corn and 203 kg ha(-1) for potato, even with strict adherence to University Extension fertilizer recommendations. To keep average groundwater NO3-N within the 10 mg L(-1) U.S. drinking water standard, each irrigated vegetable field would need to be offset by five to eight times as much land supplying NO3-free groundwater recharge.     

The acetochlor registration partnership: prospective ground water monitoring program

The Acetochlor Registration Partnership conducted a prospective ground water (PGW) monitoring program to investigate acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide] transport to ground water at eight sites. The distribution of soil textures among these sites was weighted toward coarser soil types, while also including finer-textured soils that dominate most corn (Zea mays L.)-growing areas of the United States. Each site consisted of a 1.2-ha test plot adjacent to a 0.2-ha control plot. Suction lysimeters and monitoring wells were installed at multiple depths within each test and control plot to sample soil-pore water and near-surface ground water. Irrigation was applied to each site during the growing season to ensure water input of 110 to 200% of average historical rainfall. Acetochlor dissipated rapidly from surface soils at all sites with a DT(50) (time for 50% of the initial residues to dissipate) of only 3 to 9 d, but leaching was not an important loss mechanism, with only 0.25% of the 15,312 soil-pore water and ground water samples analyzed containing parent acetochlor at or above 0.05 microg L(-1). However, quantifiable residues of a soil degradation product, acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid, were more common, with approximately 16% of water samples containing concentrations at or above 1.0 microg L(-1). A second soil degradation product, acetochlor oxanilic acid, was present at concentrations at or above 1.0 microg L(-1) in only 0.15% of water samples analyzed. The acetochlor PGW program demonstrated that acetochlor lacks the potential to leach to ground water at detectable concentrations, and when applied in accordance with label restrictions, is unlikely to move to ground water at concentrations hazardous to human health.     

Water quality assessment using remote sensing techniques: Medrano Creek, Argentina

Two spectral bands of the visible spectrum [0.45-0.52 microm (Blue), 0.52-0.60 microm (Green)] of satellite images obtained by LANDSAT 7 ETM+ have been used in this study to follow the contaminated waters of Medrano Creek when it flows into Río de la Plata River. The former is one of the five fresh watercourses going through the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where 13 million people live. Previous studies have shown that the water quality of Rio de la Plata at the outlet of Medrano Creek has decreased more than 50% as a source of water for human consumption. The non-treated effluents of the textile industry probably affect the water quality. We have developed a model that predicts the water quality index (WQI) of surface waters in the study area and uses linear regression analysis. The model has been validated using a data set of 12 physicochemical parameters obtained during the last 3 years. The potentiality of using satellite images was confirmed by the results: (a) to trace the organic contamination (associated with dyes) in freshwater systems and (b) as tools for decision making in the management of water resources.     

Fate and toxicity of endosulfan in Namoi River water and bottom sediment

Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10,-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide) sorption (standardized to 1% total organic carbon and dry weight) was significantly (P < 0.05) more concentrated on the large (>63 microm) particle fraction compared with smaller size fractions (<5 microm and 5-24 microm) of bottom sediments from the Namoi River, Australia. Following completion of the particle size fractionation (6 to 12 wk) and a sediment toxicity assessment (2 wk), the sediments showed large decreases in concentrations of alpha-endosulfan that coincided with an increase in endosulfan sulfate concentrations and minimal changes in beta-endosulfan concentrations. In the Namoi River, similar patterns were observed in the composition of total endosulfan in monthly measurements of bottom sediments and in passive samplers placed in the water column following runoff from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields. The toxicity of endosulfan sulfate in river water indicated by the nymphs of the epibenthic mayfly Jappa kutera, was more persistent than the alpha- and beta-endosulfan parent isomers due to its longer half-life. This suggests that endosulfan sulfate would contribute most to previously observed changes in population densities of aquatic biota. Measured concentrations of total endosulfan in river water of up to 4 microg L(-1) following storm runoff, exceed the range of the 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values in river water for both alpha-endosulfan (LC50 = 0.7 microg L(-1); 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5 to 1.1) and endosulfan sulfate (LC50 = 1.2 microg L(-1); 95% CI = 0.4 to 3.3). In contrast, the 10-d LC50 value for total endosulfan in the sediment toxicity test (LC50 = 162 microg kg(-1); 95% CI = 120 to 218 microg kg(-1)) was more than threefold higher than the highest measured concentration of total endosulfan in field samples of bottom sediment (48 microg kg(-1)). This suggests that pulse exposures of endosulfan in the water column following storm runoff may be more acutely toxic to riverine biota than in contaminated bottom sediment.     

Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age,land use practices,and redox processes

A combination of ground water modeling, chemical and dissolved gas analyses, and chlorofluorocarbon age dating of water was used to determine the relation between changes in agricultural practices, and NO3- concentrations in ground water of a glacial outwash aquifer in west-central Minnesota. The results revealed a redox zonation throughout the saturated zone with oxygen reduction occurring near the water table, NO3- reduction immediately below it, and then a large zone of ferric iron reduction, with a small area of sulfate (SO4(2-)) reduction and methanogenesis (CH4) near the end of the transsect. Analytical and NETPATH modeling results supported the hypothesis that organic carbon served as the electron donor for the redox reactions. Denitrification rates were quite small, 0.005 to 0.047 mmol NO3- yr(-1), and were limited by the small amounts of organic carbon, 0.01 to 1.45%. In spite of the organic carbon limitation, denitrification was virtually complete because residence time is sufficient to allow even slow processes to reach completion. Ground water sample ages showed that maximum residence times were on the order of 50 to 70 yr. Reconstructed NO3- concentrations, estimated from measured NO3- and dissolved N gas showed that NO3- concentrations have been increasing in the aquifer since the 1940s, and have been above the 714 micromol L(-1) maximum contaminant level at most sites since the mid- to late-1960s. This increase in NO3- has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in agricultural use of fertilizer, identified as the major source of NO3- to the aquifer.     

Iron and arsenic release from aquifer solids in response to biostimulation

Biostimulation has been used at various contaminated sites to promote the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE), but the addition of carbon and energy donor also stimulates bacteria that use Fe(III) as the terminal electron acceptor (TEA) in potential competition with dechlorination processes. Microcosm studies were conducted to determine the influence of various carbon donors on the extent of reductive dissolution of aquifer solids containing Fe(III) and arsenic. Glucose, a fermentable and respirable carbon donor, led to the production of 1500 mg Fe(II) kg(-1), or 24% of the total Fe in the aquifer sediment being reduced to Fe(II), whereas the same concentration of carbon as acetate resulted in only 300 mg Fe(II) kg(-1) being produced. The biogenic Fe(II) produced with acetate was exclusively associated with the solid phase whereas with fermentable carbon donors as whey and glucose, 22 and 54% of the Fe(II) was in solution. With fermentation, some of the metabolites appear to be electron shuttling chemicals and chelating agents that facilitate the reductive dissolution of even crystalline Fe(III) oxides. Without the presence of electron shuttling chemicals, only surficial Fe in direct contact with the bacteria was bioavailable, as illustrated when acetate was used. Regardless of carbon donor type and concentration, As concentrations in the water exceeded drinking water standards. The As dissolution appears to have been the result of the direct use of As as an electron acceptor by dissimilatory arsenic reducing bacteria. Our findings indicate that selection of the carbon and energy donor for biostimulation for remediation of chlorinated solvent impacted aquifers may greatly influence the extent of the reductive dissolution of iron minerals in direct competition with dechlorination processes. Biostimulation may also result in a significant release of As to the solution phase, contributing to further contamination of the aquifer.