论我国合成洗涤剂的发展方向

本文作者研制，开发的无磷洗衣粉等项产品已被授予专利权和通过国家级鉴定，是唯一荣获中华绿色大奖的项目，曾先后在国际国内获１５次大奖。年前在北京举办的第三届全国环保第五届国际环保展览会议上又获金奖。文中对记叙纱列产品与含磷含铝洗涤剂在在性能，效果和实用意义上进行了分析对比，提出无磷，无铝，多功能合成洗涤剂将是我国合成洗涤剂的发展方向。     

四川北虫草菌株的比较研究

从不同来源的北虫草菌株中选育优质菌株,以菌株生长能力、出草试验、TTC酶活力为指标对北虫草菌株进行研究。结果表明,菌株A的长速相对较快,气生菌丝较多,菌落菌丝体较厚,菌落边缘整齐;菌丝出草尖时,草根没有紫红色的冷凝水珠,转色快,出草时间短,草的产量高,菌株A为筛选出的优质菌株。     

高效液相色谱法测定工业废水中阴离子洗涤剂

一、前言阴离子合成洗涤剂俗称洗衣粉,是一种高分子化合物,主要指直链烷基苯磺酸钠和烷基磺酸钠类物质。洗涤剂的污染会造成水面产生不易消失的泡沫,并消耗水中的溶解氧。近年来人们逐渐地把注意力放在直链烷基苯磺酸钠上,它不仅能使机体中毒,还能促使致癌作用,有人认为洗涤剂可在胃壁形成一层膜,使致癌物长期地紧密地与粘膜相接触,使人致癌。最近又发现直链烷基苯磺酸钠还有致畸变的危险性。直链烷基苯磺酸钠主要损害肝脏,进入血液能破坏红细胞膜,进入红细胞膜里可引起溶血,并且对酶类有很强的抑制作用。动物试剂还发现有腹泻、体重降低、运动迟钝和肝脏缩小等现象。被认为是一种中等毒性的毒物。且在人体内有一定的蓄积性。我国地面水水质一类标准规定不得超过     

污染土壤中重金属锌吸附菌株的筛选研究

主要对污染土壤中吸附重金属锌菌株的筛选、鉴定进行研究。从污染土壤样品中富集培养微生物菌株,通过吸附率测定,得到4株锌吸附能力较高的菌株,分别命名为Zn A-4、Zn E-3、Zn H-2、Zn L-2,其中Zn H-2菌株对锌的吸附率最高,达到48.30%,其次是Zn L-2,吸附率为42.95%。通过常规细菌鉴定方法,从菌落形态特征、生理生化试验两方面对4株菌进行鉴定,初步鉴定这4株菌均为芽孢杆菌属。此功能性菌株有望在土壤污染原位固定技术中作为修复菌剂。     

4株苯磺隆降解菌的分离鉴定及其生长特性

从长期受农药苯磺隆污染的土壤中通过采用富集培养分离技术得到4株以苯磺隆为唯一碳源生长的细菌,分别将其命名为B1、B2、B3和B4。通过观察这4种菌株的形态学特征,研究其生理生化特性以及分析其16S rDNA序列,初步鉴定菌株B1为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）,B2为戴尔福特菌（Delftia sp.）,B3为微杆菌（Microbacterium sp.）,B4为产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes sp.）。并通过研究温度、初始pH值、接种量、苯磺隆初始浓度、培养基体积、氮源、碳源、Mg^2＋浓度等因素对4种菌株生长情况的影响,确定了菌株的最佳生长条件。结果显示,B1菌株的最适温度为35℃,其他3株菌株均为30℃。菌株B3最适pH为8.0,其余3株菌株均为pH7.0。B1和B3菌株最适接种量为15%,B2和B4最适接种量为10%。菌株B3最适苯磺隆初始浓度为100mg·L^-1,其余菌株最适苯磺隆初始浓度均为200mg·L^-1。4株菌株最适培养基体积均为75mL,最适氮源均为硝酸铵,最适碳源均为葡萄糖。B2菌株最适Mg^2＋浓度为100mg·L^-1,其余3株菌株均为200mg·L^-1。B1和B4菌株最适NaCl浓度为20g·L^-1,B2菌株NaCl浓度为5-30g·L^-1,B3菌株最适NaCl浓度为50g·L^-1。该结果为利用微生物对农药苯磺隆污染的土壤进行原位生物修复提供理论依据。     

当心“涂脂抹粉”的瓜果蔬菜

时下,农贸市场菜贩子利用消费者青睐蔬菜、瓜果外表洁净、表皮光亮的购物心理,竟不择手段用洗衣粉、色素药、化学香剂等有毒液体对蔬菜、瓜果进行清洗或“涂脂抹粉”,这使不少市民食之得病,叫苦不迭。蘑菇是人们爱吃的佳肴,未料有些菜贩子将原先干瘪的蘑菇用洗衣粉浸泡,蘑菇个个表皮光亮饱满。黄瓜、丝瓜本色是碧绿生青,可现在许多菜市中的黄瓜、丝瓜的表皮呈暗绿色。原来,这些蔬菜在采摘前大量使用高浓度色素药,怪不得许     

一株产黄色素海洋细菌的筛选、鉴定及其发酵条件优化

从威海近海采得的藻类植物经过破碎和分离筛选,得到一株产生黄色素的海洋细菌,编号为SS16.通过对SS16菌株的菌落形态观察和16SrRNA基因序列测定,分析结果显示该菌株为拉塞尔佐贝尔氏菌(Zobellia russellii).为了提高SS16菌株黄色素产量,采用单因素实验设计对SS16菌株进行发酵条件优化.结果表明,当发酵条件为蛋白胨和牛肉膏作为碳、氮源,pH6.78,盐度低于1％,以占摇瓶1/5的培养量在28℃条件下发酵培养48h,海洋细菌SS16所产黄色素的量达到最大.     

海尔洗衣机自主创新赢得主动权

2005年11月27日，中央电视台《新闻联播》以“海尔：从应用标准到制定标准”为题，对海尔创新推出的不用洗衣粉洗衣机进行了重点报道。     

垃圾渗滤液COD降解菌株的筛选及其降解特性初探

采用不断增大垃圾渗滤液浓度的方法，筛选出3株能有效降解渗滤液的微生物DL01、DL02、DL03。以COD的去除率作为评价指标，研究常压。不同时间、温度以厦pH下优势菌株对渗滤液COD的降解特性。初步结果表明，优势菌株的接种量以7．5％（体积分数）最佳；各优势菌株对温度的适应范围较广，在20℃-40℃内具有较好的降解效果，COD的去除率均高于15．7％；3株优势茼株最适pH均为7，不同菌株耐受pH的范围不同，其中DL01对pH的适应范围最广，为6—9；在35℃，pH为7时，DL01对渗滤液COD的去除能力最强为35．5％，DL02和DL03分别为25．0％和21．5％；在此相同条件下，混合菌株比单一菌株的降解效果好，为39．3％；加入碳源有利于渗滤液COD的降解。无机氮源的加入使COD的去除率降低。     

混凝反应中确定影响因素影响力大小的研究

该文在对合成洗涤剂废水进行混凝反应实验基础上，针对影响因素影响力大小的不同问题，使用主分量分析方法。对输入输出权矩阵进行处理和分析，对各影响因素影响力大小顺序进行了研究。分析结果表明，跟传统经验吻合较好，更重要的是对影响因子赋权方面提供了有力的理论依据，对混凝反应的理论分析于实验设计提供了新的思路。     

Influence of different organic amendments on the degradation, metabolism, and adsorption of terbuthylazine

The behavior of the herbicide terbuthylazine (TA) was studied in a clay loam soil after the addition of different organic amendments (OAs). Addition of poultry compost (PC) and urban sewage sludge (USS) retarded degradation of TA with half-life values of 60.3 and 73.7 d, respectively. In contrast, addition of corn straw (CS) did not significantly alter the degradation of TA (half-life 55.5 d) compared with its degradation in nonamended soils (half-life 57.3 d). Sterilization of amended and nonamended soils resulted in a partial inhibition of TA degradation, indicating that biotic and abiotic processes are involved in TA degradation in soil. Degradation of TA led to the formation of desethyl-terbuthylazine, which was detected in low amounts (<8% of the initially applied TA) in all soils. Adsorption of TA was relatively low, with Kd values ranging from 2.31 L kg(-1) in the nonamended soil to 3.93 L kg(-1) in the soil amended with USS. In general, Kd values increased with increasing soil organic carbon content. The dissolved organic matter extracted from the OAs did not appear to interact with the pesticide or the soil surfaces, suggesting that it would not probably facilitate herbicide transport. Desorption studies indicated a slight hysteresis of TA desorption in the amended soils compared with TA desorption in the nonamended soil, which was entirely reversible. These findings might have practical implications for the environmental fate of TA in agricultural soils, where the studied OAs are commonly used.     

Watershed vulnerability predictions for the Ozarks using landscape models

Forty-six broad-scale landscape metrics derived from commonly used landscape metrics were used to develop potential indicators of total phosphorus (TP) concentration, total ammonia (TA) concentration, and Escherichia coli bacteria count among 244 sub-watersheds of the Upper White River (Ozark Mountains, USA). Indicator models were developed by correlating field-based water quality measurements and contemporaneous remote-sensing-based ecological metrics using partial least squares (PLS) analyses. The TP PLS model resulted in one significant factor explaining 91% of the variability in surface water TP concentrations. Among the 18 contributing landscape model variables for the TP PLS model, the proportions of a sub-watershed that are barren and in human use were key indicators of water chemistry in the associated sub-watersheds. The increased presence and reduced fragmentation of forested areas are negatively correlated with TP concentrations in associated sub-watersheds, particularly within close proximity to rivers and streams. The TA PLS model resulted in one significant factor explaining 93% of the variability in surface water TA concentrations. The eight contributing landscape model variables for the TA PLS model were among the same forest and urban metrics for the TP model, with a similar spatial gradient trend in relationship to distance from streams and rivers within a sub-watershed. The E. coli PLS model resulted in two significant factors explaining 99.7% of the variability in E. coli cell count. The 17 contributing landscape model variables for the E. coli PLS model were similar to the TP and TA models. The integration of model results demonstrates that forest, riparian, and urban attributes of sub-watersheds affect all three models. The results provide watershed managers in the Ozark Mountains with a broad-scale vulnerability prediction tool, focusing on TP, TA, and E. coli, and are being used to prioritize and evaluate monitoring and restoration efforts in the vicinity of the White River, a major tributary to the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.     

Notions of environment and environmental management in Akwa Ibom State, Southeastern Nigeria

In the study of environmental degradation, there has not been sufficient attention paid to the perceptions of the local inhabitants. The importance of traditional beliefs and practices has often been overlooked. This paper looks at traditional and Christian beliefs in Akwa Ibom State in South Eastern Nigeria. Interviews, observations and focus group discussions were used to collect the data. The data analysis shows that knowledge and attitudes are somewhat linked to tradition but also influenced by Christian ideas concerning genesis. There are a number of recommendations made.     

初探产业园区规划环境影响跟踪评价实施技术路线和指标体系构建

环境影响评价法颁布十年,规划环评实施进入进一步深化和拓展阶段,跟踪评价是规划环评实施重要内容之一。目前跟踪评价暂缺乏相关技术导则和规范,无法指导实际工作。本文就跟踪评价实施步骤、技术路线、指标体系构建3个方面,探讨跟踪评价在具体工作中如何实施。以产业园区规划为例,将步骤划分为已实施部分规划的回顾性评价、未实施部分规划的预测评价两部分分别分析;技术路线将规划要素与环境资源要素相互对应分析;指标体系构建以规划要素、环境要素、资源要素、管理要素4个方面进行讨论。     

关于水域富营养化及对我国洗涤剂"禁磷"的讨论

我国是世界上人口最多、洗涤剂用量巨大、水系丰富、水域富营养化问题突出的国家,也是世界上需要禁磷的国家。但由于种种原因,国内目前对洗涤剂的"禁磷"问题存在很大争议。近段时间来,太湖等水域出现了严重的环境危机。本文在介绍国内外有关洗涤剂"禁磷"概况的基础上,就防治水域富营养化及我国洗涤剂"禁磷"的问题进行了分析讨论,指出在水体富营养化的综合整治中,严格、完全禁磷是最重要的措施。     

TILE RATIONALE FOR OHIO'S DETERGENT PHOSPHORUS BAN1

ABSTRACT: Ohio signed into law a detergent phosphorus ban on March 26, 1988. This law limits the elemental phosphorus content of household laundry detergents to 0.5 percent in all 35 Lake Erie counties in Ohio by 1990. Ohio's detergent phosphorus ban will help non-compliant municipal wastewater treatment plants achieve compliance with the 1 mg/L effluent phosphorus standard. By limiting the phosphorus content of household laundry detergents, Ohio will also benefit from less phosphorus entering surface waters from combined sewer overflows, communities with treatment plant bypasses, and riparian homes with septic tanks. This is important because most of the phosphorus in laundry detergents is in the bioavailable form and Ohio's Lake Erie shoreline is particularly sensitive to Cladophora problems. When viewed in conjunction with reduced chemical costs for phosphorus removal and savings in sludge disposal costs, Ohio's detergent phosphorus ban is a pragmatic component of an international phosphorus management strategy to protect the Great Lakes.     

The profitability of the buffer stocks operated under the International Tin Agreements,1956–77

In this paper estimates are made of the profitability of the tin buffer stocks operated under the International Tin Agreements. The issue of buffer stock profitability is important because under UNCTAD's Common Fund proposals some funds will be raised from money or capital markets and commercially competitive rates of interest must be paid. If a buffer stock fails to be commercially profitable, these interest payments will have to be subsidized from governmental contributions or elsewhere. Although it does seem that the International Tin Agreements have been broadly self- financing, the limited influence that they have had on market price fluctuations still leaves open the question of their usefulness.     

Implementation of failure modes and effects analysis in detergent production companies: A case study

Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is the most important method used by production companies to identify potential risks regarding occupational and health hazards and environmental hazards. This method is also useful in defining preventive actions to reduce the effects of these risks. Detergent production companies continually encounter many occupational and health hazards and environmental hazards, the management and reduction of which requires complex assessment in real‐world applications. This paper presents a framework for application of FMEA for managing and ranking identified risks in detergent production companies. A case study is presented to show the application of an FMEA to investigate the results of its application and the outcomes from the analysis. A risk priority number (RPN) is proposed for each distinct risk. The application of FMEA in the detergent production company resulted in grouping the RPN of the identified risks into four different categories. The main corrective actions, which are determined to reduce the RPNs, are presented in this paper. Improving the RPN of the main risks is observed after executing the corrective actions.     

战术电台热带自然环境试验方法探讨

介绍了自然环境试验的概念及开展自然环境试验的目的和意义,给出了在热带条件下战术电台的自然环境试验总体方案,列举了自然环境试验与实验室试验的区别和联系,最后对进行自然环境试验应注意的问题进行了阐述。     

我国水资源管理的经济政策耦合效果仿真研究

水资源管理的经济政策效果模拟是从政策理论到政策实践的关键步骤，让决策者感知政策效果的方向和影响程度，才能更好地促进政策实践转化。本研究引入系统动力学方法，构建水资源经济政策耦合机制下水资源系统动力学（SD）模型，将我国划分为三种类型区域（干旱地区、丰水地区和过渡地区），进行三类四种水资源管理经济政策（水资源有偿使用，水价政策和水权政策；水污染收费，排污收费政策；水生态保护，水生态保护补偿政策）的耦合仿真实证研究。以我国水资源管理政策设计为目标，进行不同水管理政策耦合的生态经济效果仿真和效果定量评价，结果发现：干旱地区有偿使用的经济政策是目前经济水平下效果最好的；过渡地区有偿使用结合污水排放收费政策效果是最好的；而丰水地区必须同时实施水资源有偿使用和水污染收费两类经济政策。