水系连通改善入海闸控河流水质效果评估——以练江流域为例

为科学评估水系连通与闸站调度对平原河网水质的改善效果，以典型重污染区域练江流域为例，构建练江水系一维河网水动力-水质耦合数学模型，模拟不同水系连通、闸站调度方式对练江水质的影响，采用NH₃-N浓度变化定量评估水系连通、闸站调度对练江流域水环境质量的改善效果。结果表明：增加引水天数可显著改善练江水系水质，且随着引水时长的增加，NH₃-N浓度改善率先下降后提高最终趋于稳定；多水源联合引水与闸站调度相结合对练江水质改善起到了一定的促进作用。可为改善练江流域水质状况及水环境长效管理与科学决策提供理论依据，同时也为我国平原河网闸控河流水系连通与闸站调度提供重要参考。     

“成渝”交界濑溪河污染分析及治理方法研究

沱江位于长江上游，连接成渝双城经济圈，濑溪河是沱江左岸一级支流，濑溪河水环境状况直接影响沱江乃至长江水环境质量。采用污染物来源分析，污染负荷，三段式治理模式等方法，根据泸洲环境监测站例行监测数据，评价濑溪河(泸州段)流域水质在2011～2019年变化情况。结果表明，采用三段式治理模式的方法后，使治理后使濑溪河(泸州段)流域水质带来了突破性的改善，主流濑溪河官渡大桥和鹅项井监测断面水质分别由Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类提升到了Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类，污染较严重的支流九曲河水质也由劣Ⅴ类提升到了Ⅳ类。截止2019年，出河口污染物指标水质情况分别为：BOD₅Ⅰ类水质，DO、I_Mn、TP和NH₃-N均为Ⅲ类水质，仅COD为Ⅳ类水质。另外，主要的污染指标(COD、NH₃-N、TP)均达到了减排的目的。研究结果可为在具备相似污染物和地理条件的河流采用，三段式治理模式的提出丰富了大型流域水环境质量提升的治理方法。     

枫江流域水污染状况及防治对策

本文分析了广东省揭阳枫江水污染现状及原因,提出了整治枫江水污染的对策。     

“十三五”期间沱江流域水质及变化趋势

为了科学地提出沱江水污染防治的建议，系统地对前期水质情况进行梳理十分必要。根据“十三五”期间沱江流域断面的水质例行监测数据，利用内梅罗污染指数法、Spearman秩相关系数法，分析了2016～2020年沱江干流水环境质量及其变化趋势；阐述了2020年沱江流域水环境质量的时空分布。结果表明2016～2018年，干流断面中三皇庙水质相对较差，2019～2020年沱江干流沿程水质变化不大；“十三五”期间，整体上沱江流域水质变好，其中沱江干流大多数断面水质转好显著；2020年，沱江干流水质相对较好，水质较差断面位于支流，9～11月水质相对较好，3～5月水质相对较差。系统的对沱江流域水环境质量和变化趋势开展分析评价，可为沱江水环境改善及污染防治提供依据。     

三峡库区万州区段长江水中泥沙量对其水质的影响分析

长江三峡库区的生态环境及水质情况。随着三峡工程建设的不断深入而备受社会各界的瞩目。重庆市万州区地处三峡水库腹心地带。长江自西南向东北横穿万州区全境。过境流程83公里。万州区溪流纵横。水网密布，多数河流直接排入长江。而且在三峡库区大移民进程中有大量的移民集中在万州。在三峡大坝即将合龙之际，研究长江万州流域的水质情况无疑对指导库区的清理工作、生态环境建设等具有重大意义。本文对该地区的水污染源进行了初步考察。同时对万州区段长江流域的水质进行了探索性研究。发现该区水土流失情况较为严重，而且水中的泥沙含量与其COD水平有相关关系。江水中大部分的COD是由泥沙携带的有机物的贡献。     

金沙江对硫酸的缓冲性能分析

本文分析了金沙江对硫酸的缓冲特征，建立了江水的缓冲曲线方程，并且验证了此方程的有效性，证明用此方程预测硫酸进入金沙江后江水pH值的变化情况，其预测准确度在0.2个pH单位内。     

中小河流综合整治研究——以东江支流小金河为例

根据小金河流域水质监测结果,分析小金河水质现状特点、污染源现状特点,井进行水质评价与污染原因分析;预测小金河水质发展趋势;提出保护中小河流水质综合整治措施,即实施流域可持续发展战略。     

小珠山水库水质污染状况及趋势分析

小珠山水库作为青岛市黄岛区主要的供水水源地之一,本文根据近几年小珠山水库水质监测资料,采用污染指数法进行水库水质污染状况分析,探讨了小珠山水库水质的季节变化和年际变化规律及其成因,预测未来供水水质状况与水库水质发展趋势,并提出水资源保护对策.     

长江泰兴段水质的变化趋势

通过对长江泰兴段监测断面的水质变化分析，结合工业发展与环境管理力度，分析长江水质变化的原因，总结长江水质变化的趋势，提出保护长江水质的对策与措施。     

宜宾市主要江河水质现状及污染防治对策

本文根据对宜宾市主要河流多年的地表水质监测数据和污染源排污状况的综合分析，阐明了金沙江，岷江，长江宜浓段的水环境质量状况和污染成因，提出了水污染防治对策，为政府决策提供了科学依据。     

河流水质模型在双流县流域治理中的应用

研究利用现有的河流水质模型,构建了一个可实时模拟河流水环境质量变化状况的动态模型。模型采用一维稳态单组分水质模型对河流的CODCr、NH3-N的降解进行计算,采用多宾斯-坎普稳态模型对河流的BOD、DO变化情况进行计算。模型引入水文数据、水质监测数据、环境统计数据、社会统计公报数据,以Excel作为数据平台,可以反演出河流不同月份、不同区段的污染物降解系数。研究将该模型应用于双流县的流域治理,以在锦江双流段的应用为例进行了具体说明。根据2008年双流县河流的相关数据,研究使用该模型反演出了锦江双流段的污染物降解系数,并对其反映的流域污染状况进行了分析。随后,研究使用该模型已计算出的岷江中段河流的降解系数,模拟计算了4种情景下锦江双流段出境断面的可能水质变化,以验证拟定的双流县流域治理方案的预期效果。模型具有实用性和进一步扩展的功能。     

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF QUAL-II TO THE LOWER WINOOSKI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A modified version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II water quality simulation model is calibrated and applied to the Lower Winooski River, Vermont. The river flows through the metropolitan Burlington area and is impacted by several industrial and municipal point sources and by operation of hydropower facilities. Several structural modifications are made in the model to improve water quality simulations in rivers impacted by algal growth; these include the addition of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus compartments and provision for algal uptake of ammonia and/or nitrate nitrogen. The model is interfaced with statistical programs which facilitate tabulation, display, and analysis of observed and predicted concentrations. The model is calibrated and tested against data from two intensive water quality surveys. Applications demonstrate the factors controlling water quality and sensitivities to point source waste management strategies and flow, as influenced by hydropower operations.     

Using Regression Tree Analysis to Improve Predictions of Low-Flow Nitrate and Chloride in Willamette River Basin Watersheds

The use of regression tree analysis is examined as a tool to evaluate hydrologic and land use factors that affect nitrate and chloride stream concentrations during low-flow conditions. Although this data mining technique has been used to assess a range of ecological parameters, it has not previously been used for stream water quality analysis. Regression tree analysis was conducted on nitrate and chloride data from 71 watersheds in the Willamette River Basin to determine whether this method provides a greater predictive ability compared to standard multiple linear regression, and to elucidate the potential roles of controlling mechanisms. Metrics used in the models included a variety of watershed-scale landscape indices and land use classifications. Regression tree analysis significantly enhanced model accuracy over multiple linear regression, increasing nitrate R ² values from 0.38 to 0.75 and chloride R ² values from 0.64 to 0.85 and as indicated by the ΔAIC value. These improvements are primarily attributed to the ability for regression trees to more effectively handle interactions and manage non-linear functions associated with watershed heterogeneity within the basin. Whereas hydrologic factors governed the conservative chloride tracer in the model, land use dominated control of nitrate concentrations. Watersheds containing higher agricultural activity did not necessarily yield high nitrate concentrations, but agricultural areas combined with either small proportions of forested land or greater urbanization generated nitrate levels far exceeding water quality standards. Although further refinements are recommended, we conclude that regression tree analysis presents water resource managers a promising tool that improves on the predictive ability of standard statistical methods, provides insight into controlling mechanisms, and helps identify catchment characteristics associated with water quality impairment.     

IS支持下水质模型的应用

地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ） 是集计算机科学、地球科学、信息科学为一体的高新技术。目前,ＧＩＳ技术已广泛用于资源管理、环境监测、环境评价、灾害评估、区域流域环境规划等众多领域,已成为国内外环境管理的有效决策支持工具。本文介绍了ＧＩＳ技术在金华江流域水污染控制决策方面的应用, 其中重点介绍了在ＧＩＳ支持下,金华江流域水污染决策模型（ 水质模型） 的建立、程序设计和实现     

PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT LAKE WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: The Hallett Quarry gravel pit lakes are an active sand and gravel extraction operation located 0.4 km north of the City of Ames, Iowa. During periods of drought, these lakes serve as a supplemental water supply for Ames. A modified version of the Vollenweider input-output model was used to predict future water quality under various watershed land use, drainage, and lake configurations. The dominant factor controlling the future water quality of the lakes was found to be the nutrient input. It is recommended that a management plan to protect the future water quality should be oriented towards reducing the sources of phosphorus to the lakes.     

四川省出川断面主要污染物通量及来源研究

以2001～2007年实测水文、水质数据为基础,计算了四川省主要出川断面高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮(NH3-N)污染负荷通量;利用断面水质目标约束,通过污染负荷历时曲线,分析了区域水环境承载力;在基流分割的基础上,利用水文分割法,识别了区域污染物的主要来源,为从源头上开展三峡水库水环境保护提供数据支撑。分析结果表明,各出川断面干流主要污染物(CODMn、NH3-N)大致在可接受的范围内,2001年以来,出川断面CODMn通量呈降低的趋势,有效的减缓了输入三峡库区的污染物总量,氨氮通量整体稳定。嘉陵江、涪江、渠江流域污染物来源主要为非点源,应重点加强面源的污染防控;长江干流为点面源混合型,简单的削减点源已不能保证高功能水体要求,应加强点源和面源污染的综合防控。     

Assessing pollution prevention program by QUAL2E simulation analysis for the Kao-Ping River Basin, Taiwan

Wise and sustainable uses of water resources are essential for an effective river-basin-management planning. Recent management strategy further addresses the fact that quantity and quality of water are closely interrelated, and both must be considered simultaneously for all water resources and water quality management practices. The aim of this paper is to explore the impacts of water resources redistribution and pollution prevention actions between and within river basins simultaneously in South Taiwan. Much emphasis will be placed on assessing the impacts of water transfer over natural boundary to satisfy the needs of industrial development in the Tseng-Wen River system and its resultant influence on the water quality in the downstream area of the Kao-Ping River system where the pollution prevention program is to be implemented. The Kao-Ping River was further characterized hydraulically and environmentally, based on a full investigation of discharges and withdrawals in the river reaches. QUAL2E was successfully calibrated and validated using data collected between 1998 and 1999, and the model was capable of predicting the concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total phosphate-phosphorus, and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) for the entire river system. With the aid of QUAL2E simulation model, it shows eliminating the pig farming activities and constructing the sewer systems in the upstream area of Kao-Ping River cannot guarantee the full compliance with water quality standards in the downstream area and water transfer in the upstream area further increases negative impacts on the water quality in the wet season. The predicted situation of water quality in the dry season may even present worse condition. Additional water pollution control policy, such as the use of economic instruments, for controlling and reducing the waste-load of biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen is needed in the Kao-Ping River system in the long run.     

Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS

The 1991 EU Nitrate Directive was designed to reduce water pollution from agriculturally derived nitrates. England and Wales implemented this Directive by controlling agricultural activities within their most vulnerable areas termed Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. These were designated by identifying drinking water catchments (surface and groundwater), at risk from nitrate pollution. However, this method contravened the Nitrate Directive because it only protected drinking water and not all waters. In this paper, a GIS was used to identify all areas of groundwater vulnerable to nitrate pollution. This was achieved by constructing a model containing data on four characteristics: the quality of the water leaving the root zone of a piece of land; soil information; presence of low permeability superficial (drift) material; and aquifer properties. These were combined in a GIS and the various combinations converted into a measure of vulnerability using expert knowledge. Several model variants were produced using different estimates of the quality of the water leaving the root zone and contrasting methods of weighting the input data. When the final models were assessed all produced similar spatial patterns and, when verified by comparison with trend data derived from monitored nitrate concentrations, all the models were statistically significant predictors of groundwater nitrate concentrations. The best predictive model contained a model of nitrate leaching but no land use information, implying that changes in land use will not affect designations based upon this model. The relationship between nitrate levels and borehole intake depths was investigated since there was concern that the observed contrasts in nitrate levels between vulnerability categories might be reflecting differences in borehole intake depths and not actual vulnerability. However, this was not found to be statistically important. Our preferred model provides the basis for developing a new set of groundwater Nitrate Vulnerable Zones that should help England and Wales to comply with the EU Nitrate Directive.     

A Sensitivity and Error Analysis Framework for Lake Eutrophication Modeling1

ABSTRACT: A framework for sensitivity and error analysis in mathematical modeling is described and demonstrated. The Lake Eutrophication Analysis Procedure (LEAP) consists of a series of linked models which predict lake water quality conditions as a function of watershed land use, hydrolgic variables, and morphometric variables. Specification of input variables as distributions (means and standard errors) and use of first-order error analysis techniques permits estimation of output variable means, standard errors, and confidence ranges. Predicted distributions compare favorably with those estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to data from Lake Morey, Vermont. While possible biases exist in the models calibrated for this application, prediction variances, attributed chiefly to model error, are comparable to the observed year-to-year variance in water quality, as measured by spring phosphorus concentration, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate, summer chlorophyll-a, and summer transparency in this lake. Use of the framework provides insight into important controlling factors and relationships and identifies the major sources of uncertainty in a given model application.     

A WATER QUALITY‐BASED APPROACH FOR WATERSHED WIDE BMP STRATEGIES1

ABSTRACT: Watershed management strategies generally involve controlling nonpoint source pollution by implementing various best management practices (BMPs). Currently, stormwater management programs in most states use a performance‐based approach to implement onsite BMPs. This approach fails to link the onsite BMP performance directly to receiving water quality benefits, and it does not take into account the combined treatment effects of all the stormwater management practices within a watershed. To address these issues, this paper proposes a water quality‐based BMP planning approach for effective nonpoint source pollution control at a watershed scale. A coupled modeling system consisting of a watershed model (HSPF) and a receiving water quality model (CE‐QUAL‐W2) was developed to establish the linkage between BMP performance and receiving water quality targets. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was utilized to develop alternative BMP strategies at a watershed level. The developed methodology was applied to the Swift Creek Reservoir watershed in Virginia, and the results show that the proposed approach allows for the development of BMP strategies that lead to full compliance with water quality requirements.