徐州市近年来大气硫酸盐化速率的时空变化研究

硫酸盐化速率反映大气中二氧化硫及硫的化合物的污染状况,文章以徐州市区11年大气中硫酸盐化速率监测数据为依据,分析研究了煤烟型城市环境空气中硫酸盐化速率的变化规律及污染状况。结果表明：徐州市硫酸盐化速率变化有明显的时空特征,与环境空气质量也密切相关。提出削减污染源,加快清洁能源推广步伐,完善城市规划,进行产业结构调整是解决徐州市大气污染的有效途径。     

乌鲁木齐市硫酸盐化速率浓度水平的时空分布特征

以2005-2009年乌鲁木齐市城市硫酸盐化速率数据为依据,研究了乌鲁木齐市城市硫酸盐化速率的浓度水平和变化规律,并用Arc-Gis绘出了乌鲁木齐市硫酸盐化速率的空间分布图,分析探讨了防治措施。     

硫酸盐化速率在永川城区的时空分布规律及防治对策

本文通过对永川城区大气硫酸盐化速率的测定,在分析监测数据的基础上,对硫酸盐化速率的时空分布规律进行了全面探索,为城区大气污染防治提供了科学的依据。     

乌鲁木齐市大气二氧化硫与硫酸盐化速率相关性讨论

以 1 996-1 999年 4年的SO2 和硫酸盐化速率监测数据 ,对乌鲁木齐市大气污染物SO2 及硫酸盐化速率作了相关性分析 ,得出SO2 与硫酸盐化速率两种污染物的变化趋势具有高度的正相关。由此 ,我们可以通过 2 4小时连续监测SO2 来较为快速、准确的反映出乌鲁木齐市硫的污染水平。     

石河子市自然降尘,硫酸盐化速率与气象因子的相关分析

根据1991年－1995年自然降尘监测结果和1993年－1995年硫酸盐化速率监测结果分析,石河子市的自然降尘和硫酸盐化速率具有明显的季节性变化特征,在此基础上得出它们与气象因子的复相关系数,及其与各气象因子的相关系数和相关性检验,为大气污染预报和大气污染治理提供了科学的依据。     

绵阳市城区空气优化布点的模糊聚类分析

本文介绍了通过硫酸盐化速率测定,运用模糊聚类分析,进行空气中SO_2监测布点优化研究的方法。     

西宁市硫氧化物污染分布规律

空气是人类赖以生存的必不可少的物质之一 ,空气中硫氧化物污染对人体健康和人民生活会带来严重危害 ,硫酸盐化速率是反映空气中硫氧化物污染状况的监测项目。本文探讨了其在西宁市的分布规律。     

电活化过硫酸盐氧化修复石油烃污染土壤研究

石油烃污染土壤修复研究已成为当前关注的热点与重点，但目前的修复方法存在处理成本高、修复时间长、污染物矿化不彻底等问题，本研究采用电活化过硫酸盐氧化技术修复石油烃污染土壤，通过循环伏安曲线分析验证电活化，考察了pH值、过硫酸盐浓度、水土比和电场强度对土壤中石油烃降解速率的影响。结果表明，在9000～27000 mg/kg的浓度范围内，电活化过硫酸盐氧化对石油烃的降解率为83.3%～98.7%,最佳条件为pH=7.0、过硫酸盐初始浓度为1mol/L、水土比1∶2、电场强度1.5V/cm。该方法能够实现土壤石油烃的快速高效修复，为石油烃的降解及有机污染土壤的原位快速修复提供了重要的基础理论和参考借鉴。     

低温干化床污泥干化特性及优化方案

由于污泥热干化所需能耗较高,而传统的太阳能干化周期较长,采用集热式太阳能干化能够有效降低干化成本,提高干化效率。为了获得该方式下低温干化床污泥干燥特性,设计了模拟实验装置,分析了在不同污泥层厚度、翻泥频率、干化床温度等条件下污泥干化床的表现。实验结果表明,干化床单位面积的干燥能力随着污泥层厚度的增加而减少,污泥层的最佳厚度为10 cm;在干化过程中,翻泥能够促进污泥内部水分的扩散与蒸发,为节约翻泥能耗,以12 h的翻泥间隔为最优;温度对污泥干化速率的影响明显,水温70℃时其干化速率明显高于50℃、60℃时,但是需要较多额外辅助能源,为充分利用太阳能,适宜采用60℃作为干化床温度。     

硫酸盐废水厌氧处理中限制因子的探讨

归纳分析了两种硫酸盐废水的厌氧处理相关的研究数据和结果，着重阐述了碳硫比值、硫酸盐负荷率、pH等因子对系统的影响。     

Estimating the economic burden from illnesses associated with recreational coastal water pollution--a case study in Orange County, California

A cost-of-illness framework was applied to health and income data to quantify the health burden from illnesses associated with exposure to polluted recreational marine waters. Using data on illness severity due to exposure to polluted coastal water and estimates of mean annual salaries and medical costs (adjusted to 2001 values) for residents of Orange County, California, we estimated that the economic burden per gastrointestinal illness (GI) amounts to 36.58 dollars, the burden per acute respiratory disease is 76.76 dollars, the burden per ear ailment is 37.86 dollars, and the burden per eye ailment is 27.31 dollars. These costs can become a substantial public health burden when millions of exposures per year to polluted coastal waters result in hundreds of thousands of illnesses. For example, exposures to polluted waters at Orange County's Newport and Huntington Beaches were estimated to generate an average of 36,778 GI episodes per year. At this GI illness rate, one can also expect that approximately 38,000 more illness episodes occurred per year of other types, including respiratory, eye, and ear infections. The combination of excess illnesses associated with coastal water pollution resulted in a cumulative public health burden of 3.3 million dollars per year for these two beaches. This paper introduces a public health cost variable that can be applied in cost-benefit analyses when evaluating pollution abatement strategies.     

Estimates of health benefits due to reductions in ambient NO2 levels

A method is presented here by which the actual numbers of individuals in the U.S. population who would be expected to suffer respiratory illness as a result of exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations in excess of the Federally-designated ambient air quality standard can be estimated. At the same time we have attempted to quantify how these adverse health effects would be alleviated by various degrees of reductions in current ambient concentrations. In addition, the health benefit expected to be derived by various NO_x emission control strategies will be examined utilizing the health benefit estimation method presented.It is estimated that there were approximately 33.2×10⁶ excess cases of respiratory illnesses in the U.S. in 1973 associated with ambient NO₂ concentrations in excess of the national ambient standard. A reduction of approximately 50 to 60 percent below 1973 NO₂ levels is needed to essentially eliminate excess respiratory illness associated with ambient NO₂ concentration.     

秦皇岛市空气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响

通过分析秦皇岛市2011—2012年每日的API值及大气PM10、 SO2、 NO2的日平均浓度变化与同时期的呼吸系统疾病日门诊人数资料,建立了时间序列分析数学模型,分析了秦皇岛市主要大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病发病的关系。发现秦皇岛市大气污染物的浓度与居民呼吸系统疾病之间存在着一定的正相关性,污染物浓度升高,居民呼吸系统疾病的就诊人数随之增加。     

Risk-based evaluation of Escherichia coli monitoring data from undisinfected drinking water

Drinking water regulations in the United States and elsewhere are based on the occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria. Though not meeting all the criteria of an ideal indicator, nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are used worldwide as an indicator of potential fecal contamination for drinking water and for distribution systems. This is, in part, because real illnesses are related to human pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7, whose presence may be predicted better by E. coli than by total coliform bacteria. Our objective was to estimate the number of E. coli O157:H7 illnesses attributable to drinking water exposures in the United States and the feasible relationships between positive occurrences of the indicator bacteria E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water. Results of the modeling indicate that in undisinfected drinking water systems, the ratio of bacterial indicator E. coli positives to E. coli O157:H7 organisms is estimated to be between 6:1 and 90:1 with few model parameters accounting for the vast majority of the uncertainty. These results provide context for considering the potential public health implications of a positive E. coli result from routine monitoring of undisinfected drinking water.     

机动车尾气对人体健康的危害

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增加,机动车尾气已经成为影响我国城市大气环境的主要问题之一。本文以儿童和交通警察两类人群为例,分析了机动车尾气污染给人体呼吸系统、免疫系统、心脑血管系统等造成的危害。结果表明,由于儿童的呼吸带与机动车尾气排放带非常接近,交警在机动车尾气环境中暴露事件太长,导致这两类人群的呼吸系统极易遭到破坏,发生支气管炎等疾病的概率大大增加;而免疫球蛋白水平和血压发生改变导致了抵抗能力的下降。最后建议通过采取发展公共交通、加强城市交通管理、完善检查维修制度等有效措施加强机动车尾气治理,减少对人体健康产生的危害。     

Cadmium: Simulation of environmental control strategies to reduce exposure

The effects of selected environmental control strategies on human dietary and respiratory exposure to environmental cadmium (Cd) have been simulated. For each control strategy, mean Cd dietary and respiratory exposures are presented for a twenty-year simulation period.Human exposures related to cadmium are associated with both process waste disposal and product disposal. Dietary exposure is by far the dominant mechanism for Cd intake. Dietary exposure related to aqueous discharges is primarily a result of municipal sludge landspreading, whereas that associated with emissions to the atmosphere derives mainly from the deposition on cropland of airborne particulates from product incineration. Only relatively small dietary exposure reductions are possible through restrictions on anysingle Cd use. Combinations of waste management and environmental control measures promise greater reductions in dietary and respiratory exposure than those achievable through use restrictions.Work supported by Office of Toxic Substances U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

Food Law,Ethics, and Food Safety Regulation: Roles,Justifications, and Expected Limits

Recent food emergencies throughout the world have raised some serious ethical and legal concerns for nations and health organizations. While the legal regulations addressing food risks and foodborne illnesses are considerably varied and variously effective, less is known about the ethical treatment of the subject. The purpose of this article is to discuss the roles, justifications, and limits of ethics of food safety as part of public health ethics and to argue for the development of this timely and emergent field of ethics. The article is divided into three parts. After a short introduction on public health ethics, all levels of food safety processes are described and the role that ethics play in each of these levels is then analyzed. In the second part, different models describing the function of food law are examined. The relationship between these models and the role of ethics of food safety is assessed and discussed in the final part, leading to some relevant comments on the limits of the role and effect of ethics of food safety.     

“Life just keeps throwing lemons”: the lived experience of food insecurity among Aboriginal people with disabilities in the West Kimberley

This paper reports findings of a qualitative study conducted in collaboration with Aboriginal people with disabilities and their carers residing in the rural and remote Kimberley region of Western Australia, specifically the impact of chronic food insecurity on their daily lives. Nutritious food is important to maintaining health, particularly for Aboriginal people with disabilities who are at the greatest risk of a range of chronic health conditions, illnesses and secondary disability. In the remote areas of the West Kimberley, the high cost of living, including food expenses and the generally low incomes of residents mean that food insecurity is common. A large portion of the population living in remote and rural areas of the Kimberley is Aboriginal, and chronic illness and disability are twice as likely among this group. Lack of access to nutritious food has a cyclical interaction with disability, resulting in secondary impairments and ill health, which leads to greater economic exclusion and further food insecurity. Participants in this research consistently reported that they coped with food insecurity by fishing and crabbing on their traditional lands, “in country”. This link between land sovereignty, food sovereignty and food security for Aboriginal Australians has echoes with global food sovereignty movements.