连续流动分析仪与分光光度法测定海水氰化物

按国际标准方法 ISO 14403:2002与《海洋监测规范》GB 17378.4-2007的原理,对海水氰化物的实际样品与加标样品分别使用连续流动分析法和分光光度法同时进行测定。结果显示,两种方法对海水氰化物的测定没有显著差异,但采用连续流动分析法的加标回收率在92.9%~95.6%之间,优于分光光度法(85.9%~91.9%),由此说明连续流动分析法对海水氰化物测定的准确度和精密度优于分光光度法,可以代替常规方法用于海水氰化物的测定。     

废水中氰化物测定方法的探讨

异烟酸—吡唑啉酮比色法检测水中氰化物的标准方法中使用的有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺具有一定毒性且显色条件为水浴恒温,操作较繁琐。改进方法为用无水乙醇替代N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为溶剂且显色条件为室内恒温。通过实验室分析,对比标准方法与改进方法对水中氰化物的测定。结果表明,改进方法的精密度和准确度均满足测定分析要求,同时避免了试剂的二次污染对人体的危害,又在一定分程度上简化了实验操作。     

膜技术处理氰化废水的应用

采用膜技术分离、浓缩氰化废水中的氰化物，既可以回收废水中的氰化物和贵重金属，提高企业经济效益和竞争力，又可以减少污染，确保环境安全。本文以某工程实例介绍了膜技术处理氰化废水的应用情况。     

工业废水中氰化物测定方法的改进

叙述了测定工业废水中氰化物的改进方法。从结果看，终点颜色明显，有突变。与硝酸银容量法比较，准确度达99．6％，符合工业生产定量分析的要求。     

连续流动分析仪测定氰化物和挥发酚使用混合标准曲线对标准样品测定结果的影响及探讨

氰化物和挥发酚是地表水与地下水监测的重要指标,用连续流动分析仪测定样品时,两个项目放样位置太临近,如分析人员对分析通道不熟练,会存在样品放反的情况,导致无法出峰,影响样品的分析。为了减少分析人员错误率,提高工作效率,通过改变挥发酚保存剂,将氰化物与挥发酚的质控样配制成混标,使用连续流动分析仪测定氰化物和挥发酚时,分别进行单标和混标线性、检出限、精密度和准确度的测定,混标曲线与单标曲线相比,都具有方法线性好,相关系数r≥0.999 5,灵敏度高,检出限低,准确度好,标准物质的测定均在允许的误差范围内,结果说明采用氢氧化钠共同保存氰化物和挥发酚的标准样品方法可行,结果令人满意,可为现场采样工作提供参考。     

毛细管色谱测定运行标本中烷基苯的残留量

利用毛缰管色谱测定样品中的烷基苯取得令人满意的分离效果，结合ＧＣ－ＭＳ对样品中烷基苯进行定性鉴定。     

碱熔－蒸馏－离子选择电极法测定废钻井液中全氟

废钻井液是油气勘探开发的废弃物，目前多采用就地掩埋方式处置。准确测定废钻井液中氟化物的含量，对于评价其对环境可能造成的影响是十分必要的。选用离子选择电极法测定废钻井液中的氟时，对预处理方法进行了试验研究：试验了蒸馏－离子选择电极法、碱熔－离子选择电极法、碱熔－蒸馏－离子选择电极法。结论是：碱熔－蒸馏预处理法综合了碱熔法和蒸馏法各自的优点，能将氟从钻井液中最大程度地蒸馏出来，消除了基体对氟测定的干扰。因此，此法以回收率表示的废钻井液全氟准确度为最高并达到了文献要求，方法可靠。     

水中总氰化物测定方法的改进与应用

针对现行的水质总氰化物测定方法需要用剧毒物质氰化钾绘制标准曲线而存在的管理严格、人员安全防护风险大、对渣液处理要求高等不利因素,建立了采用络合氰化物标样取代剧毒氰化钾绘制工作曲线的新途径,该方法测定结果的准确度满足质控要求,加标回收率90%~110%,测定结果与哈希试剂法测定结果无显著差异。该方法已在实际监测分析过程中得到了充分验证和成功应用。     

不经蒸馏直接测定天然水中氰化物

本文采用EDTA掩蔽天然水中常见的干扰组份,可不经蒸馏直接测定天然水中的氰化物。在加入5％EDTA5ml进行测定时,方法的摩尔系数为6.0×10~4l/mol·cm。对含氰为4.0～6.0ppb的天然水的测定,回收率为92.6～104.8％,相对标准偏差为4.5～11.3％。     

高配合力玉米自交系南21—3的选育和应用

用国外优良玉米杂种交种作，通过多代自交分离选择，育成了自交系南２１－３，对该系主要经济性状的一般和特殊配合力进行测定，并与国内外优良自交系进行了比较，表明南２１－３主要经济性状的配合力都接近或超过国内外优良自交系。我所应用该系作亲本组配的优良玉米要交种有４个，累计推广面积已达８０万ｈａ，获得了显著的经济效益。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.