堆肥中生物表面活性剂脂肽产生菌的筛选

从农业堆肥样品中提取出4株可将发酵液的表面张力降到40mN/m以下的菌株,对该四株菌的发酵液进行薄层层析(TLC)分析,结果表明其中3株产生的生物表面活性剂可能为脂肽。选取其中一株B2对其所产的生物表面活性物质进行提纯,经过红外光谱(FT-IR)分析,证明该产物为一环脂肽类似物。该脂肽纯品可将纯水的表面张力由72.3mN/m降到29.9mN/m,CMC值为0.139g/L。实验结果表明,堆肥过程中存在能够产生生物表面活性剂脂肽的菌种,且具有良好的表面活性。     

发酵培养法筛选堆肥中产表面活性物质的菌种

微生物在城市生活垃圾堆肥中起着重要的作用 ,而某些微生物在一定条件下产生的生物表面活性剂有望改善堆肥的微环境 ,提高堆肥的效率。从不同温度的堆肥过程中 (45℃和 55℃ )筛选产生物表面活性剂的细菌 ,生物表面活性剂的产生通过测定其发酵液的张力值来判断。实验结果表明 ,堆肥过程中的确存在产生物表面活性剂的细菌 ,枯草芽孢杆菌是其主要菌之一。实验通过一系列培养条件的优化 ,使所筛选到的细菌产生活性较强、浓度较高的生物表面活性剂     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及其对土壤重金属铅的活化作用

结合油平板和血平板方法从重金属8处复合污染的土壤样品中筛选出15株能产生物表面活性剂的细菌菌株,其中J119菌株不仅具有良好的产生物表面活性剂的性能,而且能在含铅、镉浓度分别为100～200 mg·L-1、25～100 mg·L-1的平板中生长.同时对J119菌株所产的生物表面活性剂与3种不同类型化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效能进行了比较.结果表明,在400 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液与化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效果相当;与对照相比,在800 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液处理使土壤中有效性铅的浓度增加51.1%,而3种化学合成表面活性剂CTAB、SDS、Tween-80处理土壤中有效态铅浓度仅比对照增加28.7%、26.2%和16.0%.另外,J119菌株产生的生物表面活性剂与供试3种化学合成表面活性剂对土壤中铅的活化作用之间存在显著差异.     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及产剂性能研究

从长期被汽油污染的土壤中,筛选出了一株表面活性剂产生菌BSZ-07,初步确定其为铜绿假单胞菌。通过正交试验,优化出了BSZ-07的最优产剂条件。BSZ-07在48h内可使发酵液的表面张力降至34.2mN/m,且乳化性能稳定,是一种较优良的生物表面活性剂产生菌。经FTIR分析及元素分析,初步确定其所产表面活性剂为鼠李糖脂。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

采用富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板筛选和发酵液排油活性测定的方法,从沈阳蜡化厂活性污泥中分离筛选到一株产表面活性剂菌株,并通过摇瓶发酵实验对该菌株产表面活性剂的培养条件进行了优化.结果表明:该菌株产表面活性剂的最佳碳源为废油,氮源为尿素,初始pH值为7.0,接种量为5％,培养温度为35℃,培养72 h后发酵液排油圈直径可达6....     

一株产生物表面活性剂菌株的筛选

从被长期受石油污染的特定环境中取样,经富集培养和平板法筛选得到9株乳化性能较好的菌株.采用排油圈法对这9株菌进行表成活性测定,其中菌株SF-6表面活性最强,通过形态观察和部分生理生化试验初步鉴定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa),其所产生物表面活性物质初步鉴定为鼠李糖脂.     

生物表面活性剂在农业废物好氧堆肥中的应用

以稻草秸秆和麸皮为堆肥原料,本实验室制取的鼠李糖脂为促进剂,进行了控温条件下堆肥一次发酵的实验研究.堆肥采用好氧静态堆肥技术,含水率控制在60%～70%,通气量采用时间控制方式,发酵周期18d.实验分析了堆肥过程中有机质、pH值、水溶性有机碳、微生物种群密度、半纤维素酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶活、半纤维素和纤维素含量等指标随时间的变化特征.实验结果表明,堆肥过程中,实验组的有机质降解率比对照样高13.4%,水溶性有机碳的平均含量提高了2.2g/kg,同时半纤维素和纤维素的降解率分别增加了5.7%、10.7%.研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,增强聚合物的水合程度,促进有机质降解,从而加快堆肥进程,提高堆肥产品品质.     

产表面活性剂解烃菌的筛选及其降解条件研究

以原油为唯一碳源和能源,从新疆克拉玛依油田土壤中筛选出1株能产生物表面活性剂的高效解烃菌XJBM,经形态观察、生理生化特征和Biolog分析,初步鉴定该菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa)。薄层色谱分析结果表明,XJBM产糖脂类生物表面活性剂,在最适发酵条件下,生物表面活性剂的产量可达2.25 g/L,可将发酵液表面张力从68.20 m N/m降低到32.50 m N/m,乳化指数(E24)达到81.8%。采用单因素试验对影响XJBM降解率的因素进行了研究,得出最适降解条件为p H 7.5,温度30℃,盐浓度5 g/L,接种量10%。在此条件下,菌株对1%石油烃的7d降解率为63.78%。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离鉴定及碳氮源优化

采集炼油厂内长期石油污染土壤,经富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板筛选和发酵液表面张力测定等方法,从油泥中筛选出产生物表面活性剂的土著微生物1株,命名为S2,并对其进行生理生化性能测定与产物特性及结构研究.结果表明,该菌鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa,测定证明其发酵液表面张力稳定,最佳条件下发酵液表面张力可由75mN·m-1降至35mN·m-1,临界束胶浓度（CMC）值为0.25g·L-1,远远低于一般化学表面活性剂的CMC值.发酵液乳化性能优于对照的十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)及十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)等常用的化学表面活性剂.对培养基成分进行优化,选定的最佳碳源为菜油,最佳氮源为硝酸钠,优化培养条件后,产物最大产量达到了4.7g·L-1.     

一株海洋柴油降解菌的分离筛选鉴定及其生物表面活性剂特性分析

从中国浙江省舟山渔场油污染的海水和海洋沉积物中分离筛选产生物表面活性剂的柴油降解菌株。经富集培养、形态观察、测定单菌噬油斑、柴油降解率大小初筛到3株柴油降解菌。然后对初筛到的3株菌进行液滴坍塌实验、发酵液的表面张力、排油圈和乳化稳定性的大小测定进一步复筛,最终筛选出1株产生物表面活性剂的柴油降解菌,经18s rRNA鉴定为海洋解脂耶罗威亚酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica）。其柴油降解率为80%,发酵液液体表面张力可从73.4 mN/m降至23.56 mN/m,乳化效率E₂₄为60%。通过薄层色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、GC/MS鉴定,其产生的表面活性剂是由C₁₄、C₁₅β-羟基脂肪酸组成的脂肽。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离及特性研究

从石油污染土壤中分离筛选获得一株产生生物表面活性剂菌株Y8A,经生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析等将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）.Y8A能在22h内将发酵液的表面张力从68.3mN·m-1降到23.5 mN·m-1.经TLC和傅立叶红外光谱分析, 菌株Y8A产生的生物表面活性剂为脂肽类.20mg·L-1 Ca2+和Fe2+能显著促进其生长和表面活性剂的产生;菌株Y8A在20～30℃,pH 5～12范围内产生表面活性剂的能力较强;LB培养基中添加1%乳糖对生长的影响不大,但能够明显促进Y8A产生生物表面活性剂,而葡萄糖、蔗糖抑制表面活性剂的产生.Y8A能够促进石油降解菌Y1D和F11对石油的降解和功夫菊酯降解菌ZZH对功夫菊酯的生物降解.     

Isolation of antifungal bacteria from Japanese fermented soybeans, natto

An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc.     

Isolation of antifungal bacteria from Japanese fermented soybeans,natto

An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc.     

Isolation and characterization of gasoline-degrading bacteria from gas station leaking-contaminated soils

The effects of culture conditions in vitro and biosurfactant detection were studied on bacterial strains capable of degrading gasoline from contaminated soils near gas station. The main results were summarized as follows. Three bacteria （strains Q10, Q14 and Q18） that were considered as efficiently degrading strains were isolated and identified as Pseudomonas sp., Flavobaeterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp., respectively. The optimal growth conditions of three bacteria including pH, temperature and the concentration of gasoline were similar. The reduction in surface tension was observed with all the three bacteria, indicating the production of biosurfactant compounds. The value of surface tension reduced by the three strains Q10, Q14 and Q18 was 32.6 mN.m, 12.4 mN. m and 21.9 mN.m, respectively. Strain Q10 could be considered as a potential biosurfactant producer. Gasoline, diesel oil, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene （BTEX） could easily be degraded by the three isolates. The consortium was more effective than the individual cultures in degrading added gasoline, diesel oil, and BTEX. These results indicate that these strains have great potential for in situ remediation of soils contaminated by gas station leaking.     

产生物表面活性剂耐盐菌的筛选鉴定及其对石油污染盐渍化土壤的修复作用

为得到高效产生物表面活性剂耐盐菌,从黄河三角洲石油污染盐渍化土壤中分离出41株细菌,经测定发酵液排油活性、表面张力和乳化值（EI24）,得到1株高效产生物表面活性剂耐盐菌BF40.通过形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌为沙雷氏菌（Serratia sp.）.通过液体培养试验,研究了BF40的耐盐特性和降解原油能力,并通过室内土壤培养试验研究了BF40及其产生的生物表面活性剂对石油污染盐渍化土壤的修复作用.结果表明,在含5~70 g·L^-1NaCl液体培养基中BF40生长良好,属中度耐盐菌.BF40能有效利用原油,在含10 g·L^-1NaCl液体培养基中培养7d,原油降解率达到56.7%.添加BF40产生的生物表面活性剂或接入BF40能明显促进盐渍化土壤石油烃的降解,修复60 d,土壤石油去除率与对照相比分别提高了24.6%和13.4%.接种BF40能降低土壤溶液表面张力,明显提高土壤脱氢酶活性,更能有效促进沥青质降解.添加生物表面活性剂土壤脱氢酶活性与对照相比没有显著差异,但更能有效降低土壤溶液表面张力,促进饱和烃降解,表明接种BF40和添加生物表面活性剂可能对促进石油污染盐渍化土壤的生物修复存在不同作用机制.     

Effect of bio-surfactant on municipal solid waste composting process

Bio-surfactant is a new type of surfactant that is produced in microbial metabolism. Adding bio-surfactant during composting process, especially to those contain some toxic substances, has been proved to be a promising way. In this study, Strains Ⅲ(2), a bacterial with high activity to produce bio-surfactant, were isolated firstly. Following comparison experiments with and without adding Strains Ⅲ(2), namely Run 1 and Run R, were conducted, respectively. The experimental results showed that, by adding Strains Ⅲ (2),the surface tension could reduce from 46.5 mN/m to 39.8 mN/m and the corresponding time to maintain the surface tension under 50 mN/m could prolong from 60 h to 90 h. The oxygen uptake rate and total accumulated oxygen consumption with Stains Ⅲ (2) were both higher than those without Strains Ⅲ (2), while the accumulation of H2S in outlet gas was reduced to around 50% of Run R. Moreover, two additional experiments were also carried out to examine the effects of strains coming from different systems. One is adding Strains Ⅲ (2)with a dose of 0.4% (Run 2), and the other is seedling commercial Strains at the same conditions, the composting experiments showed that: Run 2 was more effective than Run 3, because the commercial Strains can be suppressed significantly in a complex composting system with different pH, high temperature and some of metals. The bio-surfactant was also added into the solid waste, which contained some toxic substances, the corresponding results showed that the remove rate of Hg and sodium pentachlorophenolate(PCP-Na) could be improved highly. Thus, the microenvironment, reactionrate and composting quality could be enhanced effectively by adding bio-surfactant to the composting process.     

臭氧预氧化-堆肥去除污染土壤中菲实验研究

分别将菲的丙酮溶液喷洒入未被污染的表层红壤和次表层红壤制成含菲的模拟土样,通过监测堆体温度、有机物含量、菲的残留率和种子发芽指数试验研究了臭氧预氧化-堆肥法去除污染土壤中菲的可行性.结果表明,臭氧预氧化-堆肥是一种有效去除土壤中菲污染的方法,污染土壤经处理后减弱了菲污染对植物的毒害作用,且加入的有机物经堆制腐熟后促进了植物的萌发.臭氧预氧化能够加快后续堆肥处理的启动过程并可使堆料中菲的残留率进一步降低,而土壤中有机质含量显著影响臭氧氧化的效率.臭氧处理100min时,有机质含量分别为7.73%和3.64%的表层土壤和次表层土壤中菲的去除率分别达到52.1%和76.4%.堆肥31d,经臭氧预氧化的表层土壤和次表层土壤菲的残留率分别为1.1%和0.9%,而未经臭氧预氧化样品的菲的残留率分别为15.0%和14.5%.各堆制样品种子发芽指数均可达到130%以上.