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1.
The use of transparency as camouflage in the epipelagic realm is complicated by the presence of ultraviolet radiation, because
the presence of UV-protective pigments decreases UV transparency and may reveal transparent zooplankton to predators and prey
with UV vision. During July 1999, September 1999, and June 2000, transparency measurements (from 280 to 500 nm) were made
on living specimens of 15 epipelagic (collection depth: 0–20 m, average: 11 ± 1 m) and 19 mesopelagic (collection depth: 150–790 m,
average: 370 ± 40 m) species of transparent zooplankton from Oceanographer Canyon and Wilkinson Basin in the Northwest Atlantic
Ocean. In addition, measurements of downwelling irradiance (from 330 to 500 nm) versus depth were made. The tissues from epipelagic
zooplankton had lower UV transparency than those from mesopelagic zooplankton, while the average visible transparency (at
480 nm) of the two groups was not significantly different. Percent transparency was positively correlated with wavelength
over most of the measured range, with a rapid decrease below a certain cutoff wavelength. In mesopelagic tissues, the cutoff
wavelength was generally 300 nm. In epipelagic tissues, the cutoff wavelength was between 300 and 400 nm. Twelve out of 19
epipelagic tissues had transparencies at 320 nm that were half or less than their 480 nm transparency values, versus only
4 out of 21 mesopelagic tissues. The effects of UV absorption on UV visibility and minimum attainable depth were modeled using
contrast theory and the physics of light attenuation. Because UV absorption was generally significantly greater in the UVB
than in the UVA spectrum (where UV vision occurs), and because the highest UV absorption was often found in less transparent
individuals, its modeled effects on visibility were slight compared to its effects on minimum attainable depth.
Received: 14 April 2000 / Accepted: 16 November 2000 相似文献
2.
Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim is widely distributed in polar waters, and forms massive near-surface blooms in the marginal ice-edge zone around Antarctica during spring and summer. UV irradiance in the Antarctic marine environment is reportedly as high in October and November as in mid-summer due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Because of the location and timing of theP. pouchetii bloom, this prymnesiophyte will be exposed to high levels of UV-B (280 to 320 nm) radiation. Colourless water-soluble compounds, produced by the colonial stage in the life cycle of this alga, absorb strongly between 250 and 370 nm, with absorbance maxima at 271 and 323 nm. The concentration of these compounds in culturedP. pouchetii depends on the strain, stage in the life cycle, and presence of bacteria. As well as conferring substantial protection to this alga, these substances may also provide UV protection to other organisms present in the water column. 相似文献
3.
UV-fluorescence spectroscopy method with synchronous mode of scanning was used to characterize the types of aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments. the sampling stations were located on two transverses between Yugoslavian and the Italian coasts in the middle of the Adriatic Sea. the preparation of sediment samples was made according to IOC/UNESCO (1982). Synchronous excitation/emission scanning were done at wavelengths from 236/260 to 516/540 nm. Since the wavelength of maximum emission is a function of fused aromatic rings in a molecule, the fluorescence spectra of each sample were divided into three intervals: 300-340, 340-400, over 400 nm, corresponding to compounds with 2, 3 and 4,5 and more rings respectively.
Large qualitative differences were established between sediment samples. PAH with 5 and more rings are more prevalent near the Italian coast. 相似文献
Large qualitative differences were established between sediment samples. PAH with 5 and more rings are more prevalent near the Italian coast. 相似文献
4.
探讨不同离子浓度与不同无机溶液的混合对紫外光吸收的影响,结果表明,盐酸盐在较高浓度下吸收值迅速增大,吸收峰向红区移动,而硫酸盐在远紫区有一定程度的吸收,KH2PO4与NH4F接近无吸收。多数情况下,无机溶液对紫外光的吸收主要决定于阴离子类型,而与阳离子无关.不同类型溶液的混合基本不改变溶液的吸收特性,硝酸盐在低浓度下对紫外的吸收极为稳定,基本不受共存离子的干扰。0.01mol/LCuSO4与2mol/LKCI吸收峰与硝酸盐吸收峰重叠,但饱和CaSO4与硝酸盐吸收峰不重叠。 相似文献
5.
UV-fluorescence spectroscopy method with synchronous mode of scanning was used to characterize the types of aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments. the sampling stations were located on two transverses between Yugoslavian and the Italian coasts in the middle of the Adriatic Sea. the preparation of sediment samples was made according to IOC/UNESCO (1982). Synchronous excitation/emission scanning were done at wavelengths from 236/260 to 516/540 nm. Since the wavelength of maximum emission is a function of fused aromatic rings in a molecule, the fluorescence spectra of each sample were divided into three intervals: 300–340, 340–400, over 400 nm, corresponding to compounds with 2, 3 and 4,5 and more rings respectively. Large qualitative differences were established between sediment samples. PAH with 5 and more rings are more prevalent near the Italian coast. 相似文献
6.
A surfactant mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure has been developed to remove color from wastewater containing
malachite green using Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant. The effects of the concentration of the surfactant, temperature
and salt concentration on the different concentrations of dye have been studied and optimum conditions were obtained for the
removal of malachite green. The concentration of malachite green in the dilute phase was measured using UV–Vis spectrophotometer.
It was found that the separation of phases was complete and the recovery of malachite green was very effective in the presence
of NaCl as an electrolyte. The results showed that up to 500 ppm of malachite green can quantitatively be removed (>95%) by
CPE procedure in a single extraction using optimum conditions. 相似文献
7.
W. F. Wood 《Marine Biology》1987,96(1):143-150
During spring and summer, 1982–1986, experiments were carried out near Marmion Reef, Western Australia. In summer, nearly 30% of the surface solar ultraviolet radiation (280 to 400 nm) penetrates offshore waters to 5 m depth. Experimental removal of the mature Ecklonia radiata kelp canopy in summer results in tissue damage, photopigment destruction, reduced growth, and low survivorship of subcanopy kelp sporophytes. These effects do not occur with canopy removal in winter. Laboratory experiments revealed that the UV component of radiation, rather than intense photosynthetically active radiation, was responsible for the inhibition of growth and photodamage. UV radiation probably affects survival of the settlement stages of E. radiata sporophytes, thus excluding them from otherwise suitable substrata in shallow waters. UV radiation is implicated in the reduction of canopy productivity in summer. 相似文献
8.
黄精多糖对果蝇寿命的影响 总被引:30,自引:1,他引:30
水提法从黄精属的一种(Pdygonatum sp.)分离得到一种含糖为96.25%的黄精多糖(Polygonatum polysaccharide,简称PP)。PP经UV-240紫外分光光度计扫描,其特征吸收率为200nm,无蛋白质(280nm)和核酸(260mn)的特征吸收峰。浓度分别为0.05%、0.5%、2%的PP哺养果蝇(60d)的实验结果表明:三种浓度组两性果蝇的平均寿命和最高寿命均明显 相似文献
9.
Muhammad Farooq Saleem Khan Jing Wu Cheng Cheng Mona Akbar Chuanyang Liu Bo Liu Jian Shen Yu Xin 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(3):42
10.
采用选择性培养基从有效微生物群(EM)中富集出酵母菌,通过向对数增长期的混合藻液中加入酵母菌、葡萄糖、酵母菌+葡萄糖、经酵母菌发酵除菌后的葡萄糖溶液分别考察了其对水华藻的抑制效应.结果表明,混合酵母菌自身对于水华藻没有抑制作用,单独添加葡萄糖的水华藻甚至出现快速增殖;而在添加葡萄糖+酵母菌或酵母菌发酵液的实验中水华藻近似被完全抑制,最大抑制率达97%.据此可知,抑制水华藻增殖的并非酵母菌自身,而是具有高热稳定性的胞外分泌物.HPLC-SEC与三维荧光光谱分析表明,酵母菌发酵液中含有明显的芳环类羧酸及蛋白质物质,但由于其在高温灭菌后仍有良好的抑藻活性,因而进一步确定其抑藻活性物质为含苯环的有机酸.此外,依据对实验中水华藻细胞形态的显微镜观察,该酸性胞外物可能是通过破坏藻细胞的叶绿体结构来达到抑藻效果的. 相似文献
11.
采用水热合成-浸渍法制备锌掺杂TiO2纳米管(Zn-TiO2纳米管),透射电镜照片显示Zn-TiO2纳米管为两端开口形貌均一的中空管状结构,管径约6~8 nm,壁厚约1 nm,长度约50~200 nm。研究了Zn-TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化性能,结果表明:掺杂适量锌提高了TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化降解性能,0.4%Zn-TiO2纳米管的光催化性能最佳。同时还探讨了Zn-TiO2纳米管用量和初始pH值等因素对光催化降解甲基橙的影响,结果显示Zn-TiO2纳米管能有效地降解甲基橙。随着光催化反应进行,CODCr去除率和脱色率变化规律不完全相同,可能是由于芳基和烷基降解速率不同所致。 相似文献
12.
R. Krishna Prasad 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(2):149-155
The electrocoagulation studies of distillery spentwash using copper anodes were utilized to demonstrate the usefulness of
Box–Behnken experimental design of response surface analysis to derive a statistical model and the optimum parameters for
color removal. The current intensity (1.5 A), dilution (10%) and time of electrolysis (5 h) had been found to be the optimum
conditions for maximum 77.11% color removal. The actual color removal at optimized conditions was found to be 78.26%, which
is to the predicted response using response surface methodology. The energy consumption and current efficiency were determined
from reduction in chemical oxygen demand. 相似文献
13.
Many tropical cnidarians living in shallow water contain a class of ultraviolet-A (UV-A, 320 to 400 nm) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280 to 320 nm) absorbing compounds known as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). These compounds may provide protection from the deleterious effects of solar UV radiation. Using a novel application of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, we find that the temperate sea anemoneAnthopleura elegantissima (collected in 1988 from Bodega Bay, California, and in 1991 from Santa Barbara, California) contains four major MAAs: shinorine, porphyra-334, and two new compounds, mycosporine-taurine and mycosporine-2 glycine. Analysis of zooxanthellate (containing zooxanthellae) and naturally apozooxanthellate (lacking zooxanthellae) specimens acclimated in the presence and absence of UV for 28 d in the spring of 1988 suggests that this anemone, unlike some other anthozoans, does not regulate the concentration of its MAAs in response to UV radiation. The presence of similar concentration of MAAs in apozooxanthellate and zooxanthellate specimens indicates that symbiosis with algae is not required for these compounds to be present in the anemone. The total concentration of MAAs in the zooxanthellae is only about 12% of that in their host's tissues. 相似文献
14.
采用15种不同的微生物菌剂,以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水等为基质,分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率,以单位菌剂对不同基质的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷活性为指标,比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性.根据测定结果选择活性高的菌剂,在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验.结果表明,不同菌剂对同一种废水的好氧或厌氧活性不同,同种菌剂对不同废水的好氧和厌氧活性不同.废水的连续处理试验取得良好的处理效果.No.8菌剂处理葡萄糖配水,系统有机负荷最高可达(COD)10.8 g L-1d-1,COD去除率可达90%以上;采用No.10菌剂处理氨氮配水,好氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )1.42 g L-1d-1,厌氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )0.3 gL-1d-1,系统NH4-N 去除率可达90%以上.图2表3参8 相似文献
15.
16.
In this study, zerovalent iron nanoparticles (Fe0) were synthesized by chemical reduction method using ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3?·?6H2O) as a starting material. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was used as a reducer. The synthesized nanozerovalent iron (NZVI) was separated using magnets. The X-ray diffraction pattern of iron (Fe) nanoparticles showed that the presence of intensive diffraction peak at 2θ value of 45.33° from the lattice plane of face-centered cubic Fe unequivocally indicates that the particles are made of pure Fe. The size of the synthesized NZVI was found to be 16.64?nm. The scanning electron micrograph revealed that the particles have a hexagonal and spherical shape in nature. EDX showed the surface atomic distribution and chemical composition of NZVI. The decolorization efficiency rose with increasing concentration of nanoparticles as well as with time. Maximal color removal efficiency was 90.72% when using 0.5?g/100?mL Fe nanoparticle for acridine orange. Data revealed that the function of NZVI on color removal efficiency was statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between NZVI concentration and time showed a strong negative correlation for dyes used in the experiment. 相似文献
17.
Jinhui Liang Yuchen Luo Benhang Li Shiqi Liu Liansheng Yang Peng Gao Li Feng Yongze Liu Ziwen Du Liqiu Zhang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(10):126
18.
Correlation of bioluminescence emissions with ventral photophores in the mesopelagic squidAbralia veranyi (Cephalopoda: Enoploteuthidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Specimens of the squidAbralia veranyi were collected off the Bahamas in 1989. The bioluminescence of the ventral photophores was recorded on videotape at 11 to 12°C and 24°C, in conjunction with measurements of the spectral emission at the same temperatures. At 11 °C, the spectrum was unimodal, peaking at 490 nm with a narrow bandwidth. At the higher temperature a shoulder at about 440 nm appeared in the emission spectrum. The short, bright flashes from the subocular photophores had a broader bandwidth and a shorter wavelength emission maximum (475 nm) than that of the ventral photophores. Video recordings at the two temperatures showed no changes in either the identities of the luminescing photophores or their relative intensities. One structurally distinct type of photophore was not illuminated. We conclude that the observed spectral changes were produced within one group of photophores, and that recruitment of the unilluminated photophores would produce an additional spectral component, previously reported from another species ofAbralia (A. trigonura). 相似文献
19.
In this study, kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of phenolic wastewater in immobilized photocatalytic reactor was investigated. Immobilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano powders on concrete surfaces were accomplished with epoxy concrete sealer. Kinetics of photocatalytic reactions has been proposed to follow the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model in different initial phenol concentration, pH, and UV lamp intensity. First-order reaction kinetics with respect to the pollutant concentration was obtained for the reaction. Effect of UV lamp intensity showed that kinetic constants were proportional to the power of 0.73–1 of the photonic flow. In all cases kinetic constant increases as pH of the system reached up to 12 units. Several reaction intermediates were identified using the GC/Mass analysis. Products at the initial stage of the reaction were aromatic compounds, contained hydroquinone, benzoquinone, and catechol. These intermediates underwent further photocatalytic oxidation to aliphatic compounds and finally into CO2 and H2O after 4?h. Kinetic constants of intermediate compounds were determined using mathematical–chemical equations and nonlinear regression. Data showed that the differences between the mathematical model and Langmuir–Hinshelwood model for the kinetic constant was less than 5%. 相似文献
20.
高硫高铁土壤全硫提取和测定方法的改进 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
硫酸钡分光光度比浊法是大批量测定土壤环境样品硫含量的常用方法,但影响测定结果的因素较多,如稳定剂的选择、酸度的控制、BaCl:的形态和用量等均可对测定结果产生影响。在多金属硫化物矿区,由于长期的采矿冶炼活动,造成周边土壤中硫、铁含量增加,用比浊法测定硫含量时,铁的含量也对测定结果产生显著影响。针对这些影响因素,本研究在用硝酸.高氯酸湿法对土壤进行消解后,优化了硫酸钡分光光度比浊法测定高硫高铁样品的实验条件和实验步骤,并对多金属硫化物矿区的土壤样品进行了测定,得到了较好的结果。实验证明,称取0.50g土壤样品,消解后过滤,取滤液7mL,加入1mL研(1+2)甘油.乙醇]=6%的甘油.乙醇为稳定剂,1mL浓磷酸掩蔽Fe3+与cl-反应所显的黄色,定容到10mL,加入w(BaCl2)=10%的氯化钡溶液10mL,电磁搅拌1min,静置20-40min,在波长440nm处,比浊法测定土壤全硫含量,相对误差〈10%,取得良好的测定结果。此方法简单、快捷、方便,适合大批量环境样品的测定。 相似文献