重庆渝北双龙湖泥磷释放强度影响因素正交试验研究

双龙湖是浅水型城市湖泊，一度为重富营养化湖泊。综合治理后底泥产生的内源污染可能成为湖泊营养物的主要自荷。研究双龙湖限制性营养元素——磷在底泥的释放规律，对于修复水体、保持水质具有重要意义，为湖泊内源治理、水环境保持提供科学依据。本文试验分析双龙湖不同环境因子（温度、pH值、溶解氧、水动力）对底泥总磷释放的影响；通过底泥正交模拟试验测定分析认为温度、溶解氧、pH值、水动力均是影响双龙湖底泥磷释放的显著因素，显著性排序依次为溶解氧〉温度〉pH值〉水动力。     

长荡湖底泥污染特征及水体富营养化状况

根据长荡湖底泥和水体实测资料,分析了底泥的污染及营养物质释放特征,发现底泥释放再悬浮产生的污染负荷占到入湖污染负荷总量的比例分别是:高锰酸盐指数为16%,TN为25%,TP为21%,是引起近年来长荡湖水体富营养化加剧的重要因素,特别是湖西区和湖南区达到富营养水平,湖心区水体含氮磷浓度也较往年有明显增大。为控制长荡湖底泥污染及水体富营养化的加剧,提出了长荡湖水环境保护的相关对策措施。     

太湖湖体富营养化治理工程方案初步研究

太湖湖体富营养化治理工程主要有大型水生植被恢复，底泥疏浚，水源地水质保护的物理－生态工程，人工养殖污染控制，藻类收集与利用，环湖绿化生态保护，五里湖，梅梁湖截污和换水等。上述工程的实施每年约需投资１０１３４万元，每年可从水体中去除氮１２７６．６ｔ，磷１８２．６ｔ；从底泥中去除氮３１９６ｔ，磷３４０８ｔ；拦截湖周地表径流携入的氮２３５０．８ｔ，磷４２．１７ｔ。太湖水体富营养化得到明显改善，水源保护区     

风浪扰动下的太湖悬浮物实验与模拟

采用太湖湖区底泥,根据波浪水槽实验总结了各种扰动强度下太湖底泥的起动切应力.波浪水槽可以系统地模拟太湖常见的波浪强度.通过实验确定了太湖底泥的临界切应力为0.050 Pa,采用国外先进的FVCOM模型计算模拟了太湖流场和悬浮物分布并和太湖实测资料进行了对比,结果较为合理,证明了模型的有效性.由于目前太湖的野外监测资料存在较明显的时空不一致性.模型参数率定的精度受到了较大影响,太湖悬浮物与太湖底泥的内源释放以及水体的透明度有较大关系,因此通过室内实验研究太湖的悬浮物规律对太湖的富营养化治理具有重要意义.     

太湖底泥营养要素动态释放模拟和模型计算

采用太湖湖区底泥,根据环型水槽实验总结了各种扰动强度下太湖底泥的起动、悬浮和营养盐释放规律.环型水槽内水体流速均匀且能够通过控制水槽的转速精确控制水槽的水体流速.通过考察水槽中水体TN、TP浓度的变化,建立起了底泥TN、TP释放率(y)与水体流速大小(x)的定量化关系.根据实验确定的各种参数,采用ECOMSED模型计算模拟,并和太湖实测资料进行了对比,结果较为合理.由于目前太湖的野外监测资料存在较明显的时空不一致性,模型参数率定的精度受到了较大影响,通过室内实验模拟底泥的内源释放对太湖的富营养化治理具有重要意义.     

太湖流域水环境污染现状与治理的新建议

太湖流域是我国经济最发达的地区之一,流域社会经济发展迅速,经济总量在全国占重要地位。由于长期以来主要依靠增加资源和劳动力投入,过度消耗自然资源和破坏生态环境来发展经济,已导致生态环境急剧恶化,特别是水体污染与富营养化日趋严重。通过对太湖流域主要湖泊、主要入湖河道及出湖河道野外采样化验分析,掌握了太湖流域河湖水质的最新状况,河湖富营养化的空间分布、河网之间、河湖之间相互关系。研究表明,太湖流域河流、湖泊富营养化现象依然十分严重,湖泊水质优于河道水质,出湖河道优于入湖河道。污染治理措施不足,太湖“零点”行动未从根本上改善太湖水质等是太湖流域水环境污染的根本原因。提出建立太湖流域新的河网水系、治湖与治河相结合、加大引江入湖的力度等治理太湖流域水环境的建议。     

太湖底泥沉积物释放规律研究

为探索浅水湖泊水动力扰动作用对底泥再悬浮影响的规律,通过矩形水槽试验模拟了太湖不同流速下的沉积物释放,并结合太湖悬浮物模型进行推算,获得了底泥沉积物再悬浮通量与风速之间的定量关系。结果表明:太湖底泥在3种起动标准下对应的起动流速分别为15、30和40 cm/s;底泥沉积物再悬浮通量与风速呈现线性正相关关系,再悬浮通量随风速增大而增大,且相关性较好。该方法为太湖内源释放量估算及富营养化治理提供参考依据。     

底泥磷的吸附与释放研究进展

富营养化是当今世界面临的一个严重的环境问题。在大多数情况下，磷是最主要的限制因子，沉积物(底泥)中的磷的循环在一定程度上决定着富营养化的进程，对水体磷含量有深刻的影响，即所谓的内源污染。本文结合国内外研究最新动态，对底泥磷形态、磷释放与水体水质的关系作了概述，重点对影响沉积物(底泥)磷的释放与吸附的因子作了分析，并对底泥磷释放的研究方向发表了一些见解。     

太湖水质时空分布特征及内源释放规律研究

将太湖 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年的水质监测数据与空间数据相结合 ,采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法将太湖的水质参数概括为 5个主成分 ,提取并反证了湖泊水质各个主成分的科学内涵 ,分别为 :水体营养指数 (F1)、富营养化指数 (F2 )、水体溶解氧指数 (F3 )、水体色度指数 (F4)和水体酸碱指数 (F5 ) ;研究了各主成分的空间分布特征和随时间的变化规律 .在室内环形水槽内模拟了水动力条件下太湖底泥的起动规律 ,得到了太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准 (个别动、少量动、普遍动 )下的起动流速 ,并利用泥沙起动的理论模型给予了验证 ,最后得出太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准下的起动流速分别为 :3 7.9cm·s- 1 ,46 7cm·s- 1 ,5 9 8cm·s- 1 .通过考察上覆水中TN、TP浓度的变化 ,建立了底泥中TN、TP释放率与水体流速的定量化关系 .并将太湖水量水质的同步监测资料应用在数学模型中 ,解决了以往模型中底泥释放率取为常数的不足 ,取得了较好的效果     

污染水体底泥中重金属治理研究现状

河流、湖泊等水体底泥污染问题已引起全世界的广泛关注,尤其重金属污染问题。目前国内对河流、湖泊底泥重金属的研究偏重于重金属的分布、污染特征以及重金属对生物、生态的影响,对底泥重金属的治理研究相对较少。分析了底泥中重金属的释放机理,简单介绍治理底泥重金属的一些生物技术,着重讨论当今处理底泥重金属的化学方法。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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