上海青浦地区大气降水的化学特征

利用上海青浦地区2003—2014年观测的大气降水监测资料,分析该区域12 a以来大气降水的酸化程度、化学组成特征,探讨降水中化学成分的不同来源及相对贡献。结果表明:降水pH年均值为4.43~6.33,酸雨频率为2.6%~86.8%,降水酸化程度大致经历了明显恶化和波动变化2个阶段。降水电导率年均值为1.77~4.01 m S/m,呈下降趋势。降水中各离子雨量加权平均当量浓度顺序为SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Ca~(2+)NO_3~-Cl~-Na~+Mg~(2+)F-K~+,SO_4~(2-)、NH+4、Ca~(2+)和NO_3~-是降水中的主要离子,占离子总量的83.0%;降水类型由硫酸型向硫酸和硝酸混合型转变。降水离子中的二次组分SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+绝大部分来源于人为源,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和K+主要来自于土壤源和人为源的贡献,Cl~-主要来自海洋源,同时人为源的影响也不可忽视。     

重庆市黔江区降水地球化学特征

为了解生态旅游城市重庆市黔江区大气污染状况,2015年采集了91个降水样品,分析了降水中离子组分分布特征,运用富集因子法、海盐示踪法、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和HYSPLIT模型分析了降水化学组分来源。研究结果表明:黔江区域降水p H为5.66~6.96,加权平均值为6.34,降水离子组分浓度大小次序为SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)NH_4~+Mg~(2+)NO_3~-Cl~-Na~+K~+F~-,SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)之和占总离子的63.95%;除Mg~(2+)和K+外,其余组分离子浓度与总离子浓度随季节变化(冬季春季秋季夏季)呈同样的变化特征。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和K+大部分均来源于陆源贡献,Na~+可能受到了海洋源的影响,SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-主要来源于人为输入源的贡献,Cl~-是受土壤物质和海洋的双重影响。轨迹水汽运输结果表明:黔江区域的降水主要受到西北气团、西南季风、西风环流和极地气候共同作用输入。降水中各个离子组分均表现出显著性或极显著性关系,主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分上研究的降水离子组分中都具有相对较大正载荷,第二组分pH、降水量和气温为一类。     

奎独乌区域大气降水离子来源分析

通过研究2010—2015年奎独乌区域大气降水化学特征和变化,分析降水中离子组成和来源。结果表明,2010—2015年奎独乌区域硫酸型大气污染较为明显,硫酸盐污染物对降水酸性影响略降,土壤扬尘带来的钙离子污染略降;降水中SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、F~-、K~+主要来源于土壤扬尘,其中SO_4~(2-)、Cl-、Ca~(2+)还来源于人为源排放;NO-3主要来源于人为源排放。工业源SO_2、烟粉尘排放量变化是引起降水中SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)当量浓度变化的主要因素,大风和扬尘天气的减少也是降水中Ca~(2+)当量浓度降低的重要因素;工业源和机动车NO_x排放量变化是引起降水中NO_3~-当量浓度变化的主要因素。     

乌鲁木齐河地表水化学组成及时空分布特征

乌鲁木齐河作为乌鲁木齐市的主要水源地,在生态保护和城市供水中均具有重要的战略意义。为了研究乌鲁木齐河水化学特征及水环境质量,于2016年4—10月逐月对乌鲁木齐河6个采样断面进行地表水样采集,获取水样41个,对主要离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))浓度及pH、DO、TDS、CODMn、TN、TP、NH3-N进行监测分析,探讨了水化学组成的时空差异及影响因素,研究了乌鲁木齐河的水环境质量状况。结果显示,乌鲁木齐河水域年离子总量平均值为213.27 mg/L,属弱矿化度水,年离子总量在空间上表现出沿主河道由南向北逐步增加的趋势。主要阴离子为HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-),主要阳离子为Ca~(2+),水质类型为Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型。2016年河水年内不同时期TDS平均浓度排序为:9月10月4月5月6月8月7月。对水化学离子含量基于时间序列分析,结果显示除Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-外,其他离子含量在各月份间均存在显著差异。SO_4~(2-)浓度在年内变化最为明显,呈现先减少后增加的趋势。对主要离子含量基于空间序列进行分析,结果显示,仅Na+含量存在显著差异。现阶段乌鲁木齐河的水环境质量为轻度污染。     

北京市典型重污染过程中PM2.5载带水溶性无机离子污染特征分析

为研究北京地区冬季PM_(2.5)载带的水溶性无机离子组分污染特征,2013年1月在中国环境科学研究院内采用在线离子色谱(URG-9000B,AIM-IC)对PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-、NH_4~+、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+))进行监测与分析。结果表明,采样期间总水溶性无机离子(TWSI)浓度为61.0μg/m~3,其中二次无机离子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+(SNA)占比达72.3%,在PM_(2.5)中占比为40.29%,表明北京市PM_(2.5)二次污染严重。重污染天[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]表明,固定源污染较移动源更为显著。三元相图表明,在空气质量为优的情况下,NH_4~+(在SNA中占比为30.3%~65.5%,下同)主要以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,较少比例以(NH_4)_2SO_4存在;严重污染时,NH_4~+(47.3%~77.9%)主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4形式存在,其次以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,其余的NH_4~+以NH_4Cl的形式存在。[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]日变化表明,早、晚机动车高峰影响北京重污染发生。     

用氯仿稳定降水成份的问题

降水中加入CHCl_3、对降水中的pH值、有机酸和醛起到稳定作用。对无机离子K~+、Na~+、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-),加与不加CHCl_3,测得的浓度无显著差别。CHCl_3的加入可引入少量F~-和Cl~-,降水的实际浓度应减去此本底值。     

乌鲁木齐市降水酸度及化学特征的初步研究

降水酸度和离子平衡研究结果表明,乌鲁木齐市降水为非酸性雨,但其PH值有较明显的季节变化,降水中的SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、和NH_4~+是影响酸度的关键离子,与其他地区相比,乌鲁木齐市降水中的Ca~(2+)浓度是酸雨区(贵阳、重庆)平均值的3.50倍,是非酸雨区(北京、天津)平均值的1.86倍。可见,乌鲁木齐市降水酸度的高低,不仅取决于酸性离子浓度,而且更重要的是取决于碱性离子浓度。     

“奎屯—独山子”区域秋冬季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子特征分析

通过手工采集"奎屯—独山子"区域中冬季PM_(2.5),对SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NO_2~-、Cl~-、F~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)和NH_4~+等水溶性离子特征进行了研究,结果表明:"奎屯—独山子"区域冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度分布为工业区与生活区较为相近,其中F~-、NH_4~+和K~+在2#生活区的浓度最大;NO_3~(2-)、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)在1#生活区的浓度最大;SO_4~(2-)在1#生活区和4#工业园区的浓度最大;Cl~-在3#工业园区的浓度最大。通过与北京同期数据相比,除SO_4~(2+)外,其余离子浓度与北京同期相当或低于北京同期值;"奎屯—独山子"区域冬季颗粒物整体呈酸性,生活区2#点酸性最弱,1#点最强,生活区和工业区无明显功能区分布特征;本次调查期间属于重污染天气,且本次污染期间固定源较之于移动源的贡献更显著。     

东南沿海典型岛屿大气降水化学特征及来源分析

于2020年6月—2021年5月,应用相关分析、富集因子(EF)以及正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)和气团来源分析对东南沿海岛屿平潭大气降水化学特征及来源进行了综合评价与分析。结果表明,平潭大气降水pH值为3.96~7.49,平均值为4.78;电导率(EC)为4.9~342.0μs/cm,平均值为24.4μs/cm,高于我国降水背景点值;大气降水中各离子组分当量浓度排序为:Cl->Na+>SO_(4)^(2)>NO-3>Ca 2+>NH+4>Mg 2+>K+>F->NO-2,Cl-和Na+是降水中占比最大的阴、阳离子,其当量浓度占总离子当量浓度的51.4%;NO-3对平潭大气降水酸化的贡献较高(55.9%),且有77%的大气降水酸度被碱性物质中和,其中铵根离子(NH+4)和钙离子(Ca 2+)有着较强的中和能力。富集因子分析结果表明,除海洋源外,地壳源和人为源也是平潭大气降水离子的主要来源;PMF模型结果显示,海洋源、人为源、地壳源和燃烧源分别贡献了平潭大气降水离子的61.1%,23.8%,10.0%和5.1%;气团来源分析结果表明,区域传输对平潭大气降水离子分布及空气质量影响显著,京津冀和长三角地区排放的人为污染物可以经海上传输通道由北至南影响我国下风向地区,给沿海地区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))与臭氧(O_(3))协同控制带来挑战。     

苏州市一次PM_(2.5)污染过程分析及其来源解析

利用TEOM1405F型PM_(2.5)测量仪、MARGA水溶性离子在线分析仪和激光雷达对苏州市2016年8月24日—9月6日PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子和气溶胶垂直分布进行了观测,结合气象数据分析了水溶性离子的变化规律及其主要来源。结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)平均值为43.4μg/m3,与2014和2015年同期相比下降了42.9%和40.3%。总水溶性无机离子平均值为24.18μg/m~3,约占ρ(PM_(2.5))55.7%,其中ρ(SO_4~(2-))、ρ(NH_4~+)和ρ(NO_3~-)分别占ρ(总离子)的46.0%、25.8%、21.0%。夜间边界层降低,大气垂直扩散条件较差,是造成ρ(PM_(2.5))及ρ(水溶性离子)显著升高的主要原因。ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))为0.056~1.939,平均值为0.432,表明固定源(燃煤源)仍然是PM_(2.5)的主要来源;PCA方法表明苏州水溶性离子的主要来源于二次污染和燃烧源、海盐和土壤源以及地面扬尘、建筑尘。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.