碳钢在高温高盐矿井水中腐蚀与缓蚀性能的试验研究

为了解决高温高盐矿井水对碳钢管道和设备腐蚀问题,进行了缓蚀挂片试验,研究适应该类水质的缓蚀剂种类和最佳投加量。试验结果表明：软化剂氢氧化钙和碳酸钠对碳钢均有一定缓蚀效果．其平均缓蚀率分别为17．33％、57．46％。因此药剂软化过程同时达到防腐效果有限：单独投加缓蚀剂HEDP的缓蚀效果明显,其静态缓蚀率82．46％以上,动态缓蚀率76．45％：复合配方缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果最好,最佳配方为“有机膦酸一聚环氧琥珀酸一锌盐”或“有机膦酸一磺酸基团多元共聚物一锌盐”,在投加量80mg／L时动态缓蚀率接近90％。     

再生水回用于循环冷却水的水处理剂配伍性研究

再生水回用于工业循环冷却水时,投加杀生剂和缓蚀阻垢剂是防止细菌大量繁殖以及减缓水质腐蚀管道、提高管道传热效率的有效方法之一。针对自配的复配杀生剂TH-1、TH-2与复配缓蚀阻垢剂TH-3,研究了2类药剂在同时作用时对系统的杀菌率、缓蚀率及阻垢率的影响,并利用扫描电镜对垢的形态及元素组成进行分析。实验结果表明:在异养菌总数约2.8×107CFU/mL时,2种杀生剂投加14 d后杀菌率可达99%以上;对不锈钢、铜质挂片的最大腐蚀率为0.002 2 mm/a,药剂同时作用时对碳钢具有明显的协同缓蚀的效果,腐蚀率均符合国标要求,对水质的阻垢率也有不同程度的提高,复配杀生剂与缓蚀阻垢剂配伍性良好。     

运河水阻垢、缓蚀试验研究

针对水源为运河水的江苏某电厂循环冷却水,通过静态、动态阻垢、缓蚀试验对常用的单体阻垢荆及其复配阻垢荆进行了阻垢、缓蚀性能试验研究.试验结果表明,在阻垢剂总浓度为4 mg/L,缓蚀剂BTA浓度为1 mg/L时,两阻垢剂复配配方HPMA+HEDP和PBTC+HEDP的阻垢、缓蚀效果较好,浓缩倍率分别可达到3.1和3.2,满足了电厂循环冷却水系统经济、高效运行的要求.     

腐殖酸的缓蚀阻垢探讨研究

用失重法研究了腐殖酸缓蚀阻垢性能，结果表明，用现场水质，不预膜，投加量为150ppm，缓蚀率达95％以上。     

钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢缓蚀性及机理研究

采用失重法、电极化法和X-射线光电子能谱XPS技术对钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂的缓蚀性及缓蚀机理进行了研究。实验结果表明:单一钼酸盐对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率随着钼酸盐使用浓度的增加而增加,但低浓度使用缓蚀率较低。通过失重法确定了与钼酸盐有较好协同效应的缓蚀剂配方-钼酸盐、柠檬酸钠、有机膦酸盐(HEDP)和锌盐,当缓蚀剂各组分浓度分别为10mg/L、40mg/L、10mg/L和4mg/L时,该缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率超过93%。动电位极化曲线测试结果表明:单一钼酸盐缓蚀剂和钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂均为抑制阳极反应为主的阳极型缓蚀剂;X-射线光电子能谱XPS实验结果表明:添加了缓蚀剂的碳钢表面形成了以氧化铁和有机铁络合物为主要成分,钼与磷也参与成膜的不溶性沉淀膜,有效的抑制了海水对碳钢表面的腐蚀。     

循环冷却水复配阻垢缓蚀剂配方的优化

阐述了循环冷却水对金属腐蚀的机理、阻垢缓蚀剂作用的原理,提出了复配缓蚀阻垢剂配方优化的原则及评价标准。并对攀钢煤化公司循环冷却水进行了复配缓蚀阻垢剂配方优化试验,通过配方优化试验,筛选出了DS—605型(浓度为100mg/L)的高效低磷有机膦阻垢缓蚀剂。该配方技术先进,其阻垢缓蚀效果优于GB/50050—95规定的指标要求,冷却水磷含量由原先的12mg/L降至6mg/L,年处理费用降低了27%,具有显著的经济效益和环保效益,目前正准备投入实际使用。     

炼铁高炉净环水高pH碱性运行的阻垢缓蚀研究

以某炼铁高炉妆环水为对象，对循环冷却水高ＰＨ碱性运行阻垢缓蚀进行了研究，筛选出了一复合配方。工业应用试验结果表明，此配方对Ａ３钢的污垢附着速率，腐蚀速率和污垢热阻均低于国家规定的指标要求，说明该配方具有良好的阻垢缓蚀性能。     

从造纸污泥中提取木质素制备缓蚀阻垢剂

以造纸污泥为原料,用碱溶酸析法提取其中的木质素,对木质素进行磺化改性后,与有机磷、锌盐等进行复配,以提高缓蚀阻垢效果。探讨了主原料配比、药剂投加量、反应温度、反应时间等对药剂性能的影响。结果表明:由该法制备的缓蚀阻垢剂性能较好,为造纸污泥的综合利用提供了一条新途径。     

炼厂含油污水浮选剂的研究

针对江汉石化厂炼油污水开展了浮选剂的研究，通过大量的室内及现场模拟试验，筛选出了性能优良的几种复配浮选剂配方。实践证明，使用这些复配浮选剂克服了ＰＡＣ（聚合铝）作浮选剂的缺点和不足：提高了浮选效率，除油率平均提高２４．７％，悬浮物去除率平均提高５４．１％，ＣＯＤｃｒ、Ｓ（２－）等的去除率也大幅度提高；减轻了生化池的负荷，提高了外排水达标率（ＧＢ８９７８－８８，一级）；并且浮渣减少６９．９％～８４．３％，浮渣含油率提高５倍左右，含水率降低；对浮渣进一步处理有利；此外，浮选剂用量大幅度减少，与原用ＰＡＣ加入量相比减少６～９倍，每处理１ｍ３污水可降低药剂成本６０％～８５．２％。     

海藻胶渣在处理高浓度含Zn^2＋废水中的试验研究

利用海藻胶渣吸附法处理高浓度含Zn^2＋废水,试验考察了海藻胶渣用量、反应pH、震荡时间和温度对吸附效果的影响,探讨了吸附作用机理。试验结果表明,海藻胶渣对Zn^2＋有良好的吸附性能,反应的pH、温度和海藻胶渣用量是影响吸附效果的主要因素,在pH7-9,温度30～40℃,用量4％～5％条件下,5～10min内吸附率可达99％以上。     

锌对磷酸铵镁和磷酸钙结晶回收磷的影响

以模拟废水为对象,研究了pH及Zn2+浓度对磷酸铵镁(MAP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP)法除磷率的影响,并对不同Zn:P摩尔比条件下除磷所得产物进行了XRD物相分析。结果表明,锌磷共存条件下进行MAP和HAP法除磷,当pH在7.4～8.0时,Zn2+浓度越大,除磷率越高,随着pH继续增加,Zn2+浓度越大,除磷率反而越小。当pH为9.5时,Zn2+浓度从0增加到25mg/L时,MAP法的除磷率从91%下降到82%;而HAP法的除磷率从95%下降到92%,受Zn2+浓度影响较MAP法小。锌磷共存条件下的除磷产物中均含有Zn(3PO4)2,随着溶液中Zn:P增加,产物中Zn(3PO4)2含量越来越多,且HAP法除磷产物纯度受Zn2+浓度影响较MAP法大。     

Heavy metals removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K_2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K_2S. Raw coal was mixed with K_2S powder and then heated at 800℃ for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K_2S char. The sulfur content and form in K_2S char were determined, and the ability of K_2S char to adsorb Zn~(2+), Cd~(2+) and Pb~(2+) was examined. The K_2S impregnation was effective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K_2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn~(2+) removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn~(2+) solution by K_2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K_2S char adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) in 24 mmol/L of Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) solution with the removal rate of 97 % and 35 %, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an effective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K_2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K_2S char.     

Coordination geometry of Zn~(2+) on hexagonal turbostratic birnessites with different Mn average oxidation states and its stability under acid dissolution

Hexagonal turbostratic birnessite,with the characteristics of high contents of vacancies,varying amounts of structural and adsorbed Mn~(3+),and small particle size,undergoes strong adsorption reactions with trace metal(TM)contaminants.While the interactions of TM,i.e.,Zn~(2+),with birnessite are well understood,the effect of birnessite structural characteristics on the coordination and stability of Zn~(2+)on the mineral surfaces under proton attack is as yet unclear.In the present study,the effects of a series of synthesized hexagonal turbostratic birnessites with different Mn average oxide states(AOSs)on the coordination geometry of adsorbed Zn~(2+)and its stability under acidic conditions were investigated.With decreasing Mn AOS,birnessite exhibits smaller particle sizes and thus larger specific surface area,higher amounts of layer Mn~(3+)and thus longer distances for the first Mn\O and Mn\Mn shells,but a low quantity of available vacancies and thus low adsorption capacity for Zn~(2+).Zn K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy demonstrates that birnessite with low Mn AOS has smaller adsorption capacity but more tetrahedral Zn(~(IV)Zn)complexes on vacancies than octahedral(~(VI)Zn)complexes,and Zn~(2+)is more unstable under acidic conditions than that adsorbed on birnessite with high Mn AOS.High Zn~(2+)loading favors the formation of~(VI)Zn complexes over~(IV)Zn complexes,and the release of Zn~(2+)is faster than at low loading.These results will deepen our understanding of the interaction mechanisms of various TMs with natural birnessites,and the stability and thus the potential toxicity of heavy metal pollutants sequestered by engineered nano-sized metal oxide materials.     

Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对日本新糠虾生长、蛋白含量和体内磷酸酶活性的影响

观察了不同浓度(10、20、40和80 μg/L)重金属离子Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对日本新糠虾存活、蜕皮、蛋白含量和体内磷酸酶(碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶)活性的慢性(30 d)影响.结果显示:(1)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能明显降低糠虾存活率,金属离子浓度增高,存活率降低,其中Cu~(2+)引起的存活率降低更为明显,在最高浓度(80 μg/ L)Cu~(2+)组中糠虾的存活率仅为同浓度Zn~(2+)组的1/3,两组均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能明显降低糠虾蜕皮次数,最高浓度(80 μg/ L)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)中糠虾的蜕皮数分别为11.00±1.73(次)和11.33±0.58(次),分别约为对照组的55.92%和57.6%.(2)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)均能明显影响糠虾蛋白含量,其中Cu~(2+)的影响力更强,最高浓度(80 μg/ L)Cu~(2+)组糠虾体内蛋白白含量占湿重比为9.78%,仅约为对照组的1/2.(3)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能明显抑制糠虾体内两种磷酸酶的活力,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活力能作为糠虾监测环境重金属污染(Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+))的检测指标.     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

利用铜矿尾砂研制低强度可控性填料

利用铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰、水泥以及加气剂等,混合搅拌成泥浆体,振动成型,制备出低强度可控性填料(CLSM).试验表明:以水泥12.9％、铜矿尾砂(细集料)22.6％、加气剂3.2％、粉煤灰12.9％等工业废弃物,加水48.4％,固液比控制在(14～15):(15～16)之间,制得的CLSM制品,抗压强度0.35～2.00 ...     

首钢第三炼钢厂炼钢车间净水循环冷却水系统水质稳定研究

通过对首钢第三炼钢厂炼钢车间净环冷却水系统的水质稳定进行研究，利用静态阻垢，旋转挂片及动态模拟等试验方法，选取以ＡＴＭＰ、ＨＥＤＰ、Ｆ ３０２为主要成分的水质稳定配方，并实际应用于该系统，取得了良好的效果。     

对水中有机磷农药样品保存方法的优化

优化了对水中11种有机磷农药检测的样品保存方法。加标水样在4℃下保存一定时间后,通过液液萃取,气相色谱-质谱（选择离子模式）法测定有机磷农药的回收率。在不加入稳定剂的情况下,水样的保存时间不宜超过16h。为延长样品的保存时间,向水样中加入有机溶剂和pH调节剂作为稳定剂。实验结果表明,当在1000ml样品中加入10ml正己烷和10mlpH=3．6的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液时,可以将样品保存时间延长至48h。为验证方法的有效性,以地表水作为实际水样,加标浓度水平在0．2μg／L和0．04μg／L时,48h后的平均加标回收率在76．2％-95．0％之间,RSD在2．4％-7．2％之间。     

固定化活性污泥吸附重金属离子的试验研究

讨论了固定化活性污泥对重金属离子的吸附。在实验条件下 ,温度对固定化活性吸附金属的影响并不显著 ,而体系pH值和底物浓度的影响较为重要 ,固定化活性污泥对Cu2 + 的吸附符合Langmuir模型。研究了固定化细胞填充柱对各种金属离子的吸附特性和选择性 ,固定化活性污泥对Cu2 + 离子的吸附性能明显高于Cd2 + 和Zn2 + 。     

蒙脱石颗粒吸附剂的制备及除锌研究

以蒙脱石为原料,粉煤灰为激发剂,添加一定量的黏结剂混合造粒制成复合颗粒吸附剂,用于处理含Zn2+废水,实验研究了蒙脱石/粉煤灰混合比例、焙烧温度、添加剂用量等因素对复合颗粒强度和吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,制备复合颗粒较佳的工艺条件为:蒙脱石与粉煤灰的混合比为6∶4,焙烧温度105℃,硅酸钠的添加比例为15%(蒙脱石/粉煤灰混合物质量)。制成的颗粒吸附剂不仅吸附效果好,而且其散失率较低。