煤质炭制备条件的优化及对酚类吸附性能与吸附动力学

KOH为活化剂,正交实验方法优化了煤质炭的制备条件。对2种酚类有机物苯酚、氯苯酚进行了静态吸附,观察了温度、时间、初始浓度及投加量对吸附性能的影响,优化了吸附条件。实验数据与Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线进行了拟合,并对准一级、准二级动力学模型和内扩散模型拟合。结果表明,优化得煤质炭制备条件为:碱碳质量比3:1,浸泡时间12 h,活化时间80 min,活化温度800℃。在温度为25℃,投加量为0.05 g时,苯酚的平衡时间为60 min,初始浓度为200 mg/L时的吸附量为58.89 mg/g;氯苯酚的吸附平衡时间为90 min,初始浓度为300 mg/L时的吸附量为84.32 mg/g。煤质炭对苯酚的吸附过程与Langmuir吸附等温线,氯苯酚的吸附过程与Temkin吸附等温线拟合得较好。二级动力学模型能够较好地描述这2个吸附过程,且颗粒内扩散不是唯一的速率控制步骤。     

粉煤灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

通过间歇实验研究了粉煤灰对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性.探讨了固液比、pH、反应时间、温度、离子强度和初始浓度等因素的影响.实验结果表明,固液比、pH、温度与离子强度都对去除率有较大影响.当温度为20℃、pH=1、Cr(Ⅵ)的初始浓度为10 mg/L,固液比为100 g/L时,去除率达到50.13%.动力学实验结果表明,粉煤灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为快速反应,在180 min内可达到平衡,伪二级动力学模型可较好地拟合实验结果.等温吸附实验结果表明,Freundlich模型与Langmuir模型均可较好地拟合等温吸附实验结果.低温有助于粉煤灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.     

白云石矿物对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+吸附的动力学和热力学

采用静态实验方法研究了白云石对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、pH值、离子强度、温度以及固液比等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、热力学规律及其反应机制。实验结果显示:白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附在24 h达到平衡,对Pb2+的吸附量大于Cu2+,伪二级和双常数动力学方程分别能较好地拟合白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附;在一定条件下,白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的去除率与溶液初始浓度呈反比,与固液比呈正比;吸附等温方程符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附;溶液pH值对吸附行为影响显著,在溶液pH=6~7时,吸附效果最好,离子强度对吸附影响甚微;白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进白云石的吸附行为。     

改性松针对水体中铅(II)的吸附

探讨了改性松针(GXLsp)作为吸附剂对水体中铅离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、盐离子浓度、Pb(II)初始浓度及温度对改性松针吸附Pb(II)的影响。利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合分析,结果表明,Freundlich等温线模型能很好地描述松针对Pb(II)的吸附过程。热力学参数表明吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。改性松针对铅的吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是以化学吸附为主。在293K时松针对Pb(II)的饱和吸附量为318.3 mg/g,因此,GXLsp可作为一种高效低值生物质吸附剂以去除水体中重金属Pb(II)的污染。     

Evaluation of adsorption characteristics of an anionic azo dye Brilliant Yellow onto hen feathers in aqueous solutions

Purpose and aim

Removal of an anionic azo dye Brilliant Yellow has been carried out from its aqueous solutions by using hen feathers as potential adsorbent.

Materials and methods

Hen feathers procured from local poultry were cut, washed, and activated. Detailed chemical and physical analysis of hen feathers and its characterization through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared measurements have been made. Procured dye has been adsorbed over under batch measurements and adsorption process is monitored using UV spectrophotometer.

Results

Optimum parameters for the adsorption of Brilliant Yellow over hen feathers have been determined by studying the effect of pH, temperature, concentration of dye, and amount of adsorbent. On the basis of Langmuir adsorption, isotherms feasibility of the ongoing adsorption has been ascertained and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. Attempts have also been made to verify Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin?CRadushkevich adsorption isotherm models. It is found that during adsorption, uniform distribution of binding energy takes place due to interaction of the dye molecules and the ongoing adsorption process is chemisorptions. The kinetic measurements indicate dominance of pseudo-second-order process during the adsorption. The mathematical treatment on the kinetic data reveals the rate-determining step to be governed through particle diffusion at 8?×?10^?5?M and involvement of film diffusion mechanism at higher concentration at temperatures at all the temperatures.

Conclusions

The developed process is highly efficient and it can be firmly concluded that hen feather exhibits excellent adsorption capacity towards hazardous azo dye Brilliant Yellow.     

芒果核壳炭的制备及对水中Cr6+的吸附

以芒果核壳为原料通过H3PO4活化制备了新型的吸附剂H3PO4-C。考察了影响该吸附剂对水体中Cr（VI）的去除效果的因素,并研究了吸附动力学特征和吸附过程控制机理。结果表明,芒果壳生物质炭对Cr（VI）具有良好的吸附能力,在25℃下,较佳的吸附条件为：当投加量为3 g·L-1,Cr（VI）初始浓度为50 mg·L-1,溶液pH值为3时,吸附5 h,去除率为93.8%。准一级、准二级动力学模型用来拟合吸附过程,结果表明,准二级动力学符合该吸附过程,吸附速率常数为0.001 3 g·（mg·min）-1。用Langmuir和Freundlich模型描述吸附等温过程,结果说明,该吸附过程服从Langmuir吸附,饱和吸附量为28.571 mg·g-1,内扩散为该吸附过程的限速步骤,内扩散系数D=4.21×10-9 cm2·s-1。     

电气石对恩诺沙星的吸附特性

采用天然铁电气石作为吸附剂去除水中的恩诺沙星,考察了pH值、干扰离子对吸附性能的影响,并探讨了吸附热力学及动力学特性。结果表明：pH为5的条件下,吸附量最大,为7.13 mg·g-1;ΔG H > 0表明吸附是自发进行的吸热反应,ΔH=2.048 kJ·mol-1（-1）说明吸附为物理吸附。等温吸附曲线拟合中,Freundlich模型拟合效果较好。电气石对恩诺沙星的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学。脱附实验表明,电气石具有较好的脱附再生性能,脱附率可达99%。初始pH为5时, 较高浓度的Cu2+和Zn2+对恩诺沙星的吸附均有抑制作用,Cu2+的抑制作用明显高于Zn2+,且干扰离子浓度越高抑制作用越强;pH为7时,低浓度的干扰离子能够促进恩诺沙星的吸附。     

Paraquat adsorption, degradation, and remobilization in tropical soils of Thailand

Paraquat adsorption, degradation, and remobilization were investigated in representative tropical soils of Yom River Basin, Thailand. Adsorption of paraquat in eight soil samples using batch equilibration techniques indicated that adsorption depended on soil characteristics, including exchangeable basic cations and iron content. Multiple regression analysis indicated significant contribution of exchangeable calcium percentage (ECP), total iron content (TFe) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to paraquat sorption (Q). ESP and TFe were significant at all adsorption stages, whereas ESP was significant only at the initial stage of paraquat adsorption. Adsorption studies using two soils representing clay and sandy loam textures showed that paraquat adsorption followed the Freundlich model, exhibiting a nonlinear sorption curve. Paraquat adsorption was higher in the clay soil compared to the sandy loam soil with Kf values of 787 and 18, respectively. Desorption was low with 0.04 to 0.17% and 0.80 to 5.83% desorbed in clay and sandy loam soil, respectively, indicating some hysteresis effect. Time-dependent paraquat adsorption fitted to the Elovich kinetic model indicated that diffusion was a rate-limiting process. Paraquat mobility and degradation studies conducted using both field and laboratory soil column experiments with clay soil showed low mobility of paraquat with accumulation only in the surface 0-5 cm layer under field conditions and in the 0-1 cm layer in a laboratory soil column experiment. Degradation of paraquat in soil was faster under field conditions than at ambient laboratory conditions. The degradation rate followed a first-order kinetic model with the DT50 at 36-46 days and DT90 around 119-152 days.     

改性板栗壳CACS对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附性能

以板栗壳为原料,经过柠檬酸改性后制备成重金属吸附材料CACS,通过考察初始pH值、吸附剂投加量等因素对模拟废水中Cr(Ⅲ)去除率的影响,以及吸附动力学过程和等温吸附特征,分析探讨CACS对水中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附特性及吸附机理。结果表明,pH为4.0,吸附剂投加量为1 g/L时,CACS对Cr(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量达33.4 mg/g;与未改性板栗壳CS相比,吸附容量提高了49.5%;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,表明吸附速率受化学吸附控制,吸附等温规律遵从Langmuir模型,表明吸附过程主要是表层吸附;结合吸附前后的扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)的图谱分析,推断改性板栗壳CACS对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附存在表面吸附、静电引力、络合和离子交换作用,而羟基和羧基与Cr(Ⅲ)发生配位作用可能是吸附量提高的主要原因。     

Application of zeolite-activated carbon macrocomposite for the adsorption of Acid Orange 7: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

In this study, the adsorption behavior of azo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) from aqueous solution onto macrocomposite (MC) was investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorbent, MC, which consists of a mixture of zeolite and activated carbon, was found to be effective in removing AO7. The MC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray, point of zero charge, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. A series of experiments were performed via batch adsorption technique to examine the effect of the process variables, namely, contact time, initial dye concentration, and solution pH. The dye equilibrium adsorption was investigated, and the equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model fits the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. For the kinetic study, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion model were used to fit the experimental data. The adsorption kinetic was found to be well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectral and high performance liquid chromatography analysis were carried out before and after the adsorption process. For the phytotoxicity test, treated AO7 was found to be less toxic. Thus, the study indicated that MC has good potential use as an adsorbent for the removal of azo dye from aqueous solution.     

Phenol removal from wastewater by adsorption on zeolitic composite

It is well known that adsorption is an efficient method of removal of various pollutants from wastewater. The present study examines the phenol removal from water by adsorption on a new material, based on zeolitic volcanic tuff. This compound contains zeolitic tuff and cellulose, another known adsorbent, in a mass ratio of 4 to 1. The performances of the new adsorbent composite were compared with those of a widely used adsorbent material, zeolitic volcanic tuff. The adsorbent properties were tested on batch synthetic solutions containing 1–10 mg L^?1 (1–10 ppm) phenol, at room temperature without pH adjustment. The influence of the adsorbent dose, pH and contact time on the removal degree of phenol from water was investigated. The experimental data were modeled using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherms. The Langmuir model was found to best represent our data revealing a monolayer adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity between 0.12 and 0.53 mg g^?1 at 25 °C, for 2.00 g of adsorbent, depending on the initial phenol concentration. The adsorption kinetic study was performed using a pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models illustrating that phenol adsorption on zeolite composite is well described by pseudo-first kinetic equations. Our results indicated that phenol adsorption on the new adsorbent composite is superior to that on the classic zeolite.     

Modeling adsorption kinetics of trichloroethylene onto biochars derived from soybean stover and peanut shell wastes

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most hazardous organic pollutants in groundwater. Biochar produced from agricultural waste materials could serve as a novel carbonaceous adsorbent for removing organic contaminants from aqueous media. Biochars derived from pyrolysis of soybean stover at 300 °C and 700 °C (S-300 and S-700, respectively), and peanut shells at 300 °C and 700 °C (P-300 and P-700, respectively) were utilized as carbonaceous adsorbents to study batch aqueous TCE remediation kinetics. Different rate-based and diffusion-based kinetic models were adopted to understand the TCE adsorption mechanism on biochars. With an equilibrium time of 8–10 h, up to 69 % TCE was removed from water. Biochars produced at 700 °C were more effective than those produced at 300 °C. The P-700 and S-700 had lower molar H/C and O/C versus P-300 and S-300 resulting in high aromaticity and low polarity accompanying with high surface area and high adsorption capacity. The pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were well fitted to the kinetic data, thereby, indicating that chemisorption and pore diffusion were the dominating mechanisms of TCE adsorption onto biochars.     

QA-MCM-41吸附剂脱氮除磷性能

低浓度氮和磷在污水处理中较难去除,排放至水体会造成水体富营养化。以长碳链季铵为功能基团,将其接枝到自制备的介孔材料MCM-41上,成功制得一种吸附容量大且易再生的脱氮除磷吸附剂（QA-MCM-41）。采用SEM、XRD、BET等方法表征了QA-MCM-41微观形貌;研究了氮磷初始浓度、吸附时间及共存离子对QA-MCM-41吸附氮磷效果的影响;采用等温吸附模型、吸附动力学模型、ATR-IR以及XPS等分析手段探究了吸附反应机理。实验结果表明,QA-MCM-41对氮磷的饱和吸附量分别为20.83 mg·g-1和17.67 mg·g-1,SO42-对QA-MCM-41吸附氮磷的效果并未产生显著影响,吸附剂容易再生且重复利用性能较好。吸附动力学模拟及ATR-IR、XPS分析表明,QA-MCM-41对氮磷的吸附均符合以化学吸附为主导的准二级动力学方程,吸附作用主要依靠离子交换。     

Graphene—a promising material for removal of perchlorate (ClO4 −) from water

A batch adsorption process was applied to investigate the removal of perchlorate (ClO₄ ^?) from water by graphene. In doing so, the thermodynamic adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were also carried out. Graphene was prepared by a facile liquid-phase exfoliation. Graphene was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and zeta potential measurements. A systematic study of the adsorption process was performed by varying pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The adsorption efficiency of graphene was 99.2 %, suggesting that graphene is an excellent adsorbent for ClO₄ ^? removal from water. The rate constants for all these kinetic models were calculated, and the results indicate that second-order kinetics model was well suitable to model the kinetic adsorption of ClO₄ ^?. Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The experimental results showed that graphene is an excellent perchlorate adsorbent with an adsorbent capacity of up to 0.024 mg/g at initial perchlorate concentration of 2 mg/L and temperature of 298 K. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Graphene removed the perchlorate present in the water and reduced it to a permissible level making it drinkable.     

生物炭质吸附剂对硝基苯的吸附

以花生壳为生物炭质（P-BC）原料,ZnCl2为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备生物炭质吸附剂（Z-BC）,并以其吸附水中的硝基苯,考察了pH值、吸附剂投加量和吸附时间等因素对Z-BC吸附硝基苯过程的影响。分别采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型对吸附动力学和等温线进行了系统分析。结果表明：pH值对吸附的影响不大,吸附剂适宜投加量为2 g·L-1,吸附平衡时间为120 min;Z-BC对硝基苯的吸附动力学过程用准一级动力学模型能很好地描述,其计算平衡吸附量与实验值相符;颗粒内扩散模型表明,吸附过程受液膜扩散与颗粒内扩散联合控制,并以颗粒内扩散为主要速率控制步骤;Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地描述硝基苯在Z-BC上的吸附平衡;吸附热力学方程计算得到吸附焓变（ΔH）G）S）>0,表明Z-BC对水中硝基苯的吸附为放热和熵值增加的自发过程。     

水热改性棉铃壳对水中氟的吸附

采用水热法制备了改性棉铃壳吸附剂,通过比表面积分析仪、扫描电镜和红外光谱仪表征了棉铃壳改性前后表面结构和官能团变化,并通过批实验分析了改性棉铃壳对水中F-吸附动力学及热力学特征,考察了温度、pH对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,磷酸水热改性后棉铃壳比表面积为121.7 m2/g,是改性前的18.5倍;通过水热改性可以减少酸性基团数量,有利于吸附阴离子。氟离子吸附实验结果显示,吸附反应符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型能更好地描述反应的单分子层吸附特征,分离因子R L在0~0.5之间。改性棉铃壳对F-的吸附属于自发进行的吸热反应。     

芬顿污泥制备磁性吸附剂去除水中Sb(Ⅴ)

为实现芬顿污泥的有效处置,开发了一种基于煅烧芬顿污泥制备磁性吸附剂的回收利用方法,通过进一步酸改性优化吸附性能,用于去除水中的Sb(Ⅴ)。结果表明,350 ℃煅烧并以硫酸改性的磁性吸附剂(AFS350)具有粗糙的多介孔结构和较大的比表面积,主要成分为Fe₃O₄和碳;准二级动力学模型、Elovich动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型、Freundlich和Temkin等温吸附模型对AFS350吸附Sb(Ⅴ)拟合效果好,表明吸附为多层异质化学吸附,吸附速率由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散速率共同控制;机理分析认为,AFS350对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附以形成Fe—O—Sb配位结构的内层络合作用为主。Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附受多因素影响,酸性条件和升温有利于吸附进行,$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $、$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-}\mathrm{和}{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{3-} $会抑制AFS350对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附。AFS350可进行多次脱附再生,对实际废水处理去除率接近100%,表明AFS350是一种有效的磁性锑吸附剂,煅烧制备磁性吸附剂是实现芬顿污泥再利用的可行途径。     

硫酸活化市政污泥对亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用市政剩余污泥作为原料,以硫酸作为活化剂制备吸附剂,并将其应用到含亚甲基蓝废水处理中。系统地研究了溶液初始pH值、亚甲基蓝初始浓度和吸附时间等因素对硫酸活化市政污泥吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,在吸附剂投加量2 g/L,pH7.5,温度293 K条件下,硫酸活化市政污泥对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为38.4794 mg/g。吸附动力学和热力学研究结果表明,吸附剂对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程可用准二级动力学模型(R2=0.9910)、Freundlich吸附等温式(R2=0.9935)来描述。颗粒内扩散速率也是其吸附反应限制因素,但不是惟一限制因素。该研究表明,硫酸活化剩余污泥可以作为含亚甲基蓝染料废水的处理材料。     

Equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of phosphate onto iron-doped activated carbon

Purpose

Two series of activated carbons modified by Fe (II) and Fe (III) (denoted as AC/N-Fe^II and AC/N-Fe^III), respectively, were used as adsorbents for the removal of phosphate in aqueous solutions.

Method

The synthesized adsorbent materials were investigated by different experimental analysis means. The adsorption of phosphate on activated carbons has been studied in kinetic and equilibrium conditions taking into account the adsorbate concentration, temperature, and solution pH as major influential factors.

Results

Maximum removals of phosphate are obtained in the pH range of 3.78?C6.84 for both adsorbents. Langmuir isotherm adsorption equation well describes the experimental adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Results suggest that the main phase formed in AC/N-Fe^II and AC/N-Fe^III is goethite and akaganeite, respectively; the presence of iron oxides significantly affected the surface area and the pore structure of the activated carbon.

Conclusions

Studies revealed that iron-doped activated carbons were effective in removing phosphate. AC/N-Fe^II has a higher phosphate removal capacity than AC/N-Fe^III, which could be attributed to its better intra-particle diffusion and higher binding energy. The activation energy for adsorption was calculated to be 22.23 and 10.89 kJ mol^?1 for AC/N-Fe^II and AC/N-Fe^III, respectively. The adsorption process was complex; both surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring during the process and contribute to the adsorption mechanism.     

Paraquat Adsorption,Degradation, and Remobilization in Tropical Soils of Thailand

Paraquat adsorption, degradation, and remobilization were investigated in representative tropical soils of Yom River Basin, Thailand. Adsorption of paraquat in eight soil samples using batch equilibration techniques indicated that adsorption depended on soil characteristics, including exchangeable basic cations and iron content. Multiple regression analysis indicated significant contribution of exchangeable calcium percentage (ECP), total iron content (TFe) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to paraquat sorption (Q). ESP and TFe were significant at all adsorption stages, whereas ESP was significant only at the initial stage of paraquat adsorption. Adsorption studies using two soils representing clay and sandy loam textures showed that paraquat adsorption followed the Freundlich model, exhibiting a nonlinear sorption curve. Paraquat adsorption was higher in the clay soil compared to the sandy loam soil with K _f values of 787 and 18, respectively. Desorption was low with 0.04 to 0.17% and 0.80 to 5.83% desorbed in clay and sandy loam soil, respectively, indicating some hysteresis effect. Time-dependent paraquat adsorption fitted to the Elovich kinetic model indicated that diffusion was a rate-limiting process. Paraquat mobility and degradation studies conducted using both field and laboratory soil column experiments with clay soil showed low mobility of paraquat with accumulation only in the surface 0–5 cm layer under field conditions and in the 0–1 cm layer in a laboratory soil column experiment. Degradation of paraquat in soil was faster under field conditions than at ambient laboratory conditions. The degradation rate followed a first-order kinetic model with the DT₅₀ at 36–46 days and DT₉₀ around 119–152 days.