广东柘林湾养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其生态风险

柘林湾是广东省养殖规模最大的海湾之一,为了解养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其可能产生的生态风险,于2008年1月在柘林湾海域采集了5个站位的柱状沉积物和3个站位的表层沉积物,对其中的总汞含量进行了测定,并对其含量分布、累积特征进行了分析.结果表明,柘林湾海域表层沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.0645μg·g-1,径流输入是其空间分布特征的主要影响因素;柱状沉积物表层部分总汞含量相对较低,但不同采样区域柱样中总汞含量的垂直分布却有着显著的差异,网箱养殖区主要是由于汞近40年来来源变小导致沉积物表层部分中的总汞含量较底层低,而贝类养殖区则由于沉积后的再迁移作用使汞在氧化还原边界层富集累积;利用潜在生态危害指数法和沉积物质量基准法对此次调查的沉积物中汞的潜在生态风险进行的评价表明,汞虽对底栖生物基本无负面效应,但其潜在生态风险程度达到了中等水平,尤其是养殖区2号站位28～36cm、4号站位20～32cm和48～56cm以及6号站位36～56cm柱样中的汞甚至达到了高的潜在生态风险程度.因此,养殖区次表层沉积物中较高含量的汞应当引起足够重视.     

九龙江河口潮间带表层沉积物汞污染分布、赋存形态与生态风险

研究九龙江河口汞污染情况可为该地区汞污染防治提供科学依据,测定九龙江河口潮间带表层沉积物中总汞含量及不同形态汞的含量,分析了汞的分布特征、赋存形态及生物有效性和潜在生态风险。结果表明:九龙江河口潮间带表层沉积物中总汞含量范围0.112~0.259 mg·kg-1,平均值0.172 mg·kg-1,部分采样点汞含量超过中国海洋沉积物质量第一类标准限值(0.20 mg·kg-1);沉积物中各形态汞平均比例顺序:残渣态(61.8%)可氧化态(27.8%)弱酸溶态(7.8%)可还原态(2.6%),可提取态占有相当的比例,对水体汞污染具有一定贡献。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果可知,该河口区潮间带沉积物中汞污染程度和生态风险程度均为中等~较高水平,需对汞污染进行综合防治。     

红枫湖沉积物重金属元素地球化学特征及风险评价

为了研究喀斯特高原深水湖泊沉积物中重金属元素的地球化学特征,以贵州红枫湖为研究对象,分析了该湖13个采样点表层沉积物中的Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn 8种重金属的含量分布特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法（R I）与地统计分析对其表层沉积物中重金属生态风险性进行了评价与分析.结果表明,红枫湖沉积物中的重金...     

胶州湾贝类养殖区沉积物中汞分布与无机汞不同结合态的初步探究

为了研究贝类养殖对沉积物中汞的分布与不同结合态的影响,2012年5月至2013年5月在胶州湾的红岛、黄岛、胶南以及营海贝类养殖区采集55份沉积物样品,分别用冷原子吸收法和连续提取法测定其总汞及不同结合态汞的含量.研究结果表明,胶州湾贝类养殖区沉积物中总汞含量范围为0.037—0.228 mg·kg~(-1),其中红岛养殖区汞含量最高,超过环境背景值3.2倍.总汞含量在垂直方向上呈从底部到表层增加的趋势,且在沉积物表层富集.通过对比不同区域及不同年代胶州湾表层沉积物总汞含量,发现贝类养殖使得胶州湾养殖区沉积物汞污染程度加重.此外,沉积物中汞主要以残渣态为主,占总汞含量的31.46%,交换态与可溶态所占比例最少,仅占总汞含量的9.06%.几个养殖区域的汞污染程度依次为:红岛营海黄岛胶南,汞的潜在生态风险因子计算结果表明,胶州湾养殖区沉积物存在中等以上的生态风险.     

九龙江和厦门西港近岸表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态及生态风险评价

测定了九龙江和厦门西港44个近岸表层沉积物中总汞含量及不同赋存形态汞的含量,分析了汞的分布特征、赋存形态、生物有效性和潜在生态风险.结果表明,表层沉积物中总汞平均含量(mg·kg-1)顺序为:九龙江北溪(0.174)九龙江河口(0.172)九龙江西溪(0.132)厦门西港(0.095),分别为福建省土壤元素背景值的2.15、2.12、1.63和1.17倍.九龙江北溪、西溪、河口和厦门西港表层沉积物中生物有效态汞比例分别为54.7%、32.5%、38.2%和39.4%.地质累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和次生相与原生相分布比值法评价结果表明,九龙江和厦门西港近岸表层沉积物中汞主要为轻度污染,存在中等—较高潜在生态风险.需对汞污染进行综合防治.     

南京主要湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为掌握南京城市湖泊表层沉积物中重金属的污染概况及其潜在生态风险,选取玄武湖、月牙湖、紫霞湖、琵琶湖和前湖5个主要湖泊为研究对象,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP - AES)分析表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染风险和潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明,湖泊表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量分别为0.8～5.1、10.3 ～67.6、6.2 ～70.5、未检出～53.2、12.9 ～ 55.9和40.6 ～456.3 mg·kg -1.地累积指数法评价结果显示,6种重金属元素累积程度由高到低依次为Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni和Cr,其中Cd处于偏中等累积到重累积水平.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染最严重的是月牙湖,其次是前湖和紫霞湖,这3个湖泊都处于中等潜在生态风险状态,琵琶湖和玄武湖处于低潜在生态风险状态.     

城市湖泊表层沉积物中的重金属污染现状及其风险评价——以武汉墨水湖为例

水体沉积物中的重金属会对生态系统构成直接和间接的威胁.为了研究工业化、城市化过程中城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染现状及其暴露风险，以武汉市墨水湖为研究对象，测定了5种重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb及Cr在表层沉积物中的含量，分析了其污染程度、分布特征，并对其稳定度进行了分析.结果表明，墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重，在所有采样点5种重金属含量均高于最低效应阈值（LEL），多数采样点甚至超过了严重效应阈值（SEL）.该湖泊沉积物中重金属分布具有比较明显的空间差异性：排污口区>湖中心水域>城区岸边带>林田岸边带；其稳定程度依次为：Zn < Cu < Ni < Pb < Cr，其中Zn交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例超过50%，稳定程度极低.而Pb、Cr稳定程度较高，其交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例小于10%.像墨水湖这样受纳高污染负荷市政污水、暴雨径流的城市湖泊，其潜在的重金属生物活性，必须引起足够的重视.     

冰封期湿地沉积物碳、氮、磷分布及污染评价

为研究冰封期湿地沉积物污染的变化规律和主要来源,采集了包头南海湿地南海湖中20个点位的沉积物,研究分析总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的空间分布特征,并对其污染进行评价.结果表明,随着采样深度的增加,沉积物污染物的含量均在逐渐降低,且在表层中累积明显;水平分布主要受进出水口、人类活动、水体流动、外源输入、沉积物-水界面物质交换等影响,呈现一定规律.沉积物中C/N均值为10.44,说明南海湖有机物主要以外源有机质为主.此外,由相关性分析得出,沉积物中TOC、TN、TP含量两两具有极显著正相关关系(P0.01,n=20),由此说明C、N、P具有同源性.由评价结果可知,高寒旱区湖泊与其他平原浅水湖泊的碳、氮、磷沉积特征存在明显差异.     

巢湖湖区及入湖河流表层水体、沉积物中有机氯农药分布及风险评价

本研究基于GC-MS分析了巢湖湖区及入湖河流共40个采样点的表层水及表层沉积物样品中有机氯杀虫剂(OCPs)的含量.研究结果表明,在一年内不同季节中,巢湖湖区及入湖河流表层水体∑OCPs浓度均较低,春季6.09—11.53 ng·L~(-1),夏季6.32—11.10 ng·L~(-1),秋季6.76—16.23 ng·L~(-1),冬季5.97—16.29 ng·L~(-1);相应季节OCPs平均浓度分别为8.33±1.19 ng·L~(-1),8.43±1.21 ng·L~(-1),9.25±1.96 ng·L~(-1)和8.33±2.14 ng·L~(-1).表层水体中OCPs主要为工业生产六六六(HCHs)以及杀虫剂林丹.湖区及入湖河流表层沉积物中OCPs浓度(ng·g~(-1)级别)远高于表层水体(ng·L~(-1)级别)的浓度,∑OCPs浓度范围为2.55—19.03 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为5.80±4.07 ng·g~(-1),且巢湖西部地区OCPs污染大于东部区域,其中较高浓度的狄氏剂和硫丹成分说明巢湖区域受到这两类物质的污染.异构体分析表明,表层沉积物中OCPs的来源也与周边农田土壤和地表径流所带来的污染以及不同程度工业品HCHs粉剂和林丹的陆源性输入有关;在绝大多数采样点的表层沉积物中滴滴涕类农药(DDTs)的检出为历史的残留污染.生态风险评价表明,巢湖湖区及入湖河流表层水体中OCPs对该区域的生态风险几乎没有影响且表层沉积物中OCPs亦处于较低的风险状态.     

洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属污染状况评估

基于2010—2015年连续对洞庭湖3个主要湖区10个采样点的表层沉积物中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb和Cr等重金属含量分析,对洞庭湖湖区表层沉积物中重金属的时空分布特征进行了探讨,并采用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和对数衰减模型评价洞庭湖沉积物重金属的污染状况.结果表明,洞庭湖沉积物中重金属平均含量大小顺序为CrPbCuAsCdHg,Cd、Cr和Pb的含量年际变化变幅较大,Hg、Cu和As则较小.地积累指数值(I_(geo))和单因子生态风险值(E_i~r)表明Cd和Hg是洞庭湖沉积物重金属主要污染物;从产生可以观察到毒性效果的最大可能性(P_(max))来看,Cd是洞庭湖沉积物重金属首要潜在水生生物风险毒性因子.综合地累积指数值(I_(tot))、总潜在生态风险值(RI)和预测的水生生物毒性比率(Y)的评价结果表明,在2010—2015年期间全湖重金属呈重度污染,面临重度潜在生态风险并可能具有产生水生生物毒性的风险,其各子湖区重金属的污染程度、潜在生态风险水平及潜在水生生物毒性水平排序为南洞庭湖东洞庭湖西洞庭湖;从随时间的变化趋势来看,在2014—2015年期间全湖及其东洞庭湖和南洞庭湖两个湖区的重金属污染程度、潜在生态风险水平及潜在水生生物毒性水平都要比2010—2013年降低,西洞庭湖区的重金属潜在生态风险水平及潜在水生生物毒性水平没有变化.     

Distribution,fractionation and risk assessment of mercury in surficial sediments of Nansi Lake,China

Nansi Lake is composed of four sub-lakes from north to south: Nanyang Lake, Dushan Lake, Zhaoyang Lake and Weishan Lake. An environmental pollution investigation was carried out to determine the fractionation, and pollution assessments of mercury (Hg) in surficial sediments from Nansi Lake. Results showed that the mean concentration of Hg was 3.1 times higher than its background value (0.015 mg kg^?1), and the high concentration of Hg which even reached up to five times than the background value in the part of Dushan Lake and Weishan Lake, which indicated that there are obvious spatial differences. The content of Hg was positively correlated with that of total organic carbon, and negatively correlated with that of pH and SiO₂ in surface sediments. An improved Tessier sequential extraction procedure was used to study the fractions of Hg in sediments. The results indicated that Hg existed primarily in the fraction of residual, which accounts for 58.4% of total mercury (THg), and the percentage of extractable Hg was only 1.93% of total mercury. High concentrations of mercury of non-residual phase were found in part lake area from the Nanyang Lake and the Weishan Lake, which indicating a higher potential ecological risk relative to the other lake areas. Based on the values of enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index, most part of Dushan Lake and Nanyang Lake and Weishan Lake were in a moderate pollution. And based on the fractionation of mercury, risk assessment code of Hg exhibited low risks to the environment in Nansi Lake.     

Distribution,enrichment, accumulation and potential ecological risks of mercury in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor,Taiwan

The distribution, enrichment, accumulation and potential ecological risks of mercury (Hg) in the surface sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, were investigated. Sediment samples from 20 locations throughout Kaohsiung Harbor were collected quarterly from 2006 to 2011, and characterised for mercury, aluminium, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease and grain size. The results showed that Hg concentrations varied from 0.06–6.73 mg kg^?1 with an average of 0.54±0.71 mg kg^?1. The spatial distribution of Hg reveals that the Hg concentration is relatively higher in the river mouth regions, especially at the Love River and Canon River mouths from where it gradually diminishes toward the harbour entrance region. The results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses reveal that the sediments near the Love River and Canon River mouths experience severe enrichment and strong accumulation of Hg that originates from upstream sources of pollution. The assessment of biological effects indicates that concentrations of 92.5% Hg found in the sediment are higher than effects range low, implying that the harbour sediments may cause an adverse impact on aquatic lives. The results of a potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has higher to serious levels of ecological potential risks.     

Inorganic and methyl-mercury speciation in sediments of the Swarzędzkie Lake

Sediment samples were analysed for mercury and methylmercury content in different parts of the bottom sediment of Swarz ?dzkie Lake, which were influenced by different external pollution sources. The results of determination with two methods of mineralization using two separate media (HNO₃/H₂O₂ and HF) were compared. The accuracy of the studied methods was analysed using certified reference material IAEA 405 of river sediment. The recovery of mercury was satisfactory and ranged from 97.5 to 98.8%. Methylmercury compounds in the studied sediments were found in limited concentrations. Their concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 58.1 μg kg^?1, i.e. 1.0–7.4% of the total mercury content. The depth profile displayed high values of both total and methylmercury content at a depth of 10–20 cm, related to the heavy pollution of the lake in the 1980s. Canonical analysis displayed the relationship of both total mercury and methylmercury concentrations with organic matter and phosphorus content in bottom sediments.     

上海市河网水体中As的分布特征及其生态风险评价

2012年4月,在上海市河网采集表层水和沉积物样品各53个,测定其As含量,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物As的污染状况进行了评价。研究结果表明,上海市河网表层水和沉积物中As的含量分别为0.47～8.84μg·L-1和3.72～12.65μg·g-1,其中表层水中As的浓度处于中国地表水环境质量标准Ⅰ类水平,沉积物中As的浓度有15个样点超过了上海市土壤背景值,但均低于欧盟标准推荐值;表层水中As的浓度与pH呈显著正相关,说明pH值影响河水中As的迁移和转化;沉积物中As的浓度与总有机碳含量呈显著性正相关,说明沉积物中的As主要与总有机碳结合在一起;潜在生态风险评价结果显示,上海市河网沉积物中的As属于低生态风险。     

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.     

Mercury distribution in the sediments of Ambarlı Port Area,Sea of Marmara (Turkey)

The purpose of this study is to investigate historical and current mercury (Hg) contamination in the surface and core sediments of the Ambarl? Port area. Textural parameters, total organic carbon (TOC), ²¹⁰Pb and total Hg (THg) contents were measured. Mercury contamination of the sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment factor (EF), anthropogenic factor (AF), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and corresponding sediment quality guidelines. Most surface sediment samples were also non-toxic with mercury concentrations below the effects range-low (ERL) value, but mercury levels at five stations were between ERL and effects range-median (ERM) values, where occasional adverse effects concerning risk analysis are expected. The EF and Igeo analysis showed that there was no significant mercury enrichment and contamination in the core sediment before the 1650s, but values increased from then onwards to 2009 (being especially accelerated in line with port activities from 1989), disclosing a serious ecotoxicological risk to sediment-inhabited marine organisms.     

Organophosphate esters in sediment from Taihu Lake,China: Bridging the gap between riverine sources and lake sinks

• Eleven OPEs were detected in river sediment and lake sediment in Taihu Lake. • TnBP dominated in river sediment, while TBEP dominated in lake sediment. • A strong correlation existed between logK_oc and logK_ow of OPEs. • Vertical profiles of OPEs in sediment cores varied according to sampling location. Surface sediment samples from Taihu Lake in China and its inflow rivers, along with two lake sediment core samples, were collected and analyzed for organophosphate esters (OPEs). The concentrations of total OPEs varied from 28.60 ng/g to 158.72 ng/g (median: 54.25 ng/g) in river surface sediment and from 62.57 ng/g to 326.84 ng/g (median: 86.37 ng/g) in lake sediment. Tributyl phosphate (TnBP) was the predominant compound in river surface sediment, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was predominant in lake sediment. High contamination occurred in the north-west region, which was related to the high level of urbanization and high usage of OPEs. The sediment–water partition coefficients of OPEs (logK_oc) were calculated, showing a significant correlation with logK_ow (p<0.05). The concentration and composition of OPEs in two sediment cores varied due to the different sampling locations, with more OPE species found in the northern region than in the southern one. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization indicated that sewage discharges, vehicle emissions, and atmospheric deposition were the possible sources of OPEs in Taihu Lake sediments. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and TnBP were the main OPEs causing ecological risks.     

中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?     

沉积物对菲和五氯酚的吸附性能

研究了菲和五氯酚（PCP）在五种沉积物的吸附解吸行为，菲和PCP在各沉积物上的吸附和解吸都是较快的过程。均能在8h内达到平衡，吸附和解吸结果表明，高有机质含量的沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附和持留能力都较强，菲和PCP在各沉积物中的吸附系数跟沉积物的有机质含量呈线性正相关。等温吸附结果表明，低有机质含量的三种沉积物比有机质含量较高的两种沉积物呈更好的线性关系。不同沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附性能差异跟沉积物的有机质含量密切相关。