循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损分析及其防治措施

根据循环流化床锅炉受热面的磨损机理,从炉内空气动力特性和运行参数两个方面,探究了影响循环流化床磨损的主要因素,分析并指出循环流化床锅炉受热面金属管道易磨损部位、形态及磨损原因,提出了减轻和预防循环流化床磨损的具体措施。     

确保矸石电厂循环流化床锅炉安全运行的措施

循环流化床锅炉主要是针对劣质煤而设计的,适应矸石、低挥发分的煤种。同时,由于具有低温燃烧的特点,抑制了氮氧化物的生成,同时在燃料中添加石灰石等,可以在炉内脱硫。基于以上特点,这种锅炉主要建于坑口电站。但是由于炉内循环流化燃烧,对锅炉内部磨损比较严重,还有因为低温燃烧对燃烧不好控制,这两点一直是制约这种锅炉发展的瓶颈。近几年来,兖州矿业（集团）有限责任公司针对各煤矸石热电厂循环流化床锅炉运行实践中存在的问题进行了深入的研究,取得了一些参考价值的成果。     

循环流化床锅炉受热面管磨损及防磨措施

介绍了循环流化床锅炉受热面管易磨损的部位，分析了产生磨损的原因。介绍了目前国内常见的几种防磨措施。     

大型电站锅炉高温受热面管金属壁温影响因素及评价

电站锅炉运行时受热面的管壁温度决定其安全状况及使用寿命,随着锅炉参数的不断提升,受热面管在设计选材时考虑的运行温度已经几乎达到所用材料的极限,较为稳定的受热面管管壁金属温度是保证受热面安全的重要手段,本文分析归纳了受热面管金属壁温影响的重要因素,为能更加准确进行锅炉受热面管的壁温计算提供依据,有助于更全面结合受热面管的工作特点进行其安全评价及寿命评估等工作。     

循环流化床锅炉水冷壁的磨损形式和寿命评估

循环流化床锅炉磨损是降低锅炉使用率的重要因素,其中水冷壁管磨损导致的爆管停炉事故十分突出。本文连续监测5台150t／h循环流化床锅炉4年,给出了循环流化床锅炉水冷壁磨损方式,评估了水冷壁剩余寿命,根据锅炉运行表现验证了评估结果。     

超临界循环流化床锅炉检验要点分析

循环流化床锅炉以煤种适应性广、污染物排放易于控制等优点,逐步成为火力发电的重要组成部分,但是目前并没有形成针对超临界循环流化床锅炉特点的检验方法。因此,本文详细分析超临界循环流化床锅炉的结构、运行方式和失效原理,对比超临界循环流化床锅炉和煤粉炉的异同,总结超临界循环流化床锅炉已有的检验经验,提出超临界循环流化床锅炉检验要点,为保障超临界循环流化床锅炉的安全运行提供一定的参考作用。     

煤的筛分特性对循环流化床锅炉运行的影响

介绍了煤的筛分特性对循环流化床锅炉运行的影响，提出保证煤的颗粒度是确保循环流化床锅炉正常运行的重要环节。     

筹建300MWCFB锅炉（电站）需注意的技术问题

将ALSTOM 300 MW循环流化床锅炉技术特点与国产440级CFB锅炉压系统存在问题和改造经验相结合，谈谈现在准备筹建的1025t／h级CFB锅炉需注意的一些技术问题，这些问题大多来自大型CFB锅炉的设计、制造、安装及电站系统设计和筹建方决策等方面。这些问题大多可以在电站筹建时加以注意并解决，最终有利于1025t／h级CFB锅炉（电站）的稳定运行。     

循环流化床（CFB）锅炉受热面的超音速电弧喷涂及效果分析

针对循环流化床（CFB）锅炉受热面磨损严重的情况，采用超音速电弧喷涂的方法，对受热面进行防磨处理，介绍了喷涂的工艺，喷涂后的材料表面状况，并对喷涂前后的使用状况进行了对比，对存在的问题进行了分析。     

循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管屏防磨喷焊工艺分析

循环流化床锅炉管屏局部磨损问题日益突出，严重影响了锅炉的运行和使用寿命，如何提高管屏的耐磨性已成为循环流化床锅炉制造的新课题。具体介绍了氧一乙炔火焰粉末合金喷焊膜式水冷壁管屏防磨工艺，该工艺较为有效地解决了循环流化床锅炉管屏局部磨损问题。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。