镁铝水滑石制备复合金属氧化物及其催化处理废弃聚酯材料

采用共沉淀法合成了镁铝水滑石并将其在不同温度下煅烧得到复合金属氧化物。将两者作为催化剂用于醇解聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)反应中。实验结果表明:复合金属氧化物的催化活性明显高于其前体,最佳煅烧温度为500℃;在催化剂与PET质量比为1.0%、醇解反应时间为50 min时,产物对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(BHET)的产率可达到81%。镁铝水滑石煅烧后得到的复合金属氧化物是一种高效、环境友好型醇解PET催化剂,可以替代目前常用的均相催化剂。     

甲基氯硅烷生产废液制备氯化氢和有机硅树脂

研究了将高、低沸点甲基氯硅烷生产废液分别通过醇解和水解反应制备HCl和有机硅树脂的工艺方法,考察了醇解时间、醇解温度和m(废液)∶m(甲醇)等因素对产物收率的影响.实验得到最佳反应条件为:m(废液)∶m(甲醇)=1∶0.5,醇解温度65℃,醇解时间2h.在该条件下由高、低沸点废液制得的有机硅树脂收率分别为43.2％和40.6％.将制得的有机硅树脂经500℃干燥处理后,可作为填料,制备有机硅树脂-聚氯乙烯复合材料.该材料的力学性能与SiO2 -聚氯乙烯复合材料接近.     

一种利用污泥和废石墨制备活性吸附材料的方法

该发明涉及一种利用污泥和废石墨制备活性吸附材料的方法,其特征在于从城市污水处理厂取剩余污泥,干化、研磨、过筛后按固液质量比1：（2．5～4．5）加入氯化锌和硫酸溶液,静止放置20～24h,烘干20～24h,处理后的污泥加入废石墨,加入量为污泥总质量的3％～10％;然后放入热解炉中进行热解,利用氮气隔绝空气,氮气流量控制在0．4～0．5L／min,加热速率控制在10～15℃／min,热解温度为500～800℃,热解时间为1．5～2．5h;热解后的产物先用浓度为3mol／L的盐酸溶液漂洗,促使其中的氧化物充分溶解,同时洗脱杂质,     

用废腈纶制备高分子增稠剂

以废腈纶为原料，经碱法水解反应和扩链反应制取乳液用高分子增稠剂。水解工艺条件为水解温度95℃，水解时间4h；水解配方为m(PAN)：m(NaOH)：m(H2O)=1：0．6：5；扩链反应温度95℃，扩链反应时间约4h。对不同乳液体系进行的增稠性能评价及应用表明，利用该技术制备出的高分子增稠剂性能优良，应用范围广泛。现已建成一套生产能力为1000t/a的工业装置。     

用废聚酯塑料制品生产1730聚酯绝缘漆

1730聚酯绝缘漆最早由西德 Beck公司研制成功 ,并用于 B级漆包线 (使用温度低于 1 30℃ ) ,现已有 5 0多年的使用历史。我国于 1 962年后将 B级绝缘材料大量用于机电工业 ,至今仍在使用。目前 ,国内外普遍以对苯二甲酸二甲酯单体为原料 ,经过与多元醇醇解、缩聚的工艺路线生产 1 730聚酯绝缘漆。我们以废聚酯塑料制品 (主要是废弃的矿泉水瓶 ,其化学成分是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 )为原料 ,经醇解、解聚一步完成 ,然后进行缩聚等工艺制得1 730聚酯绝缘漆。研究了原料配比、醇解温度和反应时间、缩聚反应温度、真空度等工艺参数对产品质量的…     

熔融-水热法合成粉煤灰沸石及其吸附性能研究

以粉煤灰为原料,研究了在熔融温度分别为 300 ℃、 400 ℃、 500 ℃,熔融时间分别为 1 h、 2 h、 3 h,水热温度分别为 45 ℃、 65 ℃、 85 ℃,水热时间分别为 6 h、 8 h、 10 h,对合成粉煤灰沸石( FZ)吸附性能的影响.结果表明熔融温度为 300 ℃,熔融保温时间为 1 h,水热温度为 65 ℃,水热保温时间为 6 h,产物中有类沸石生成.熔融-水热合成 FZ对 Cd2+吸附率为 99.82%,吸附量为 0.199 64 mg/g,略高于活性炭(吸附率 99.69%)优于天然沸石(吸附率 97.94%).     

废甲醇催化剂的回收和利用

介绍了利用废甲醇催化剂生产活性氧化锌和五水硫酸铜的方法，试验结果表明，最佳工艺条件为：催化剂粒度80目；酸浸反应的硫酸浓度3．6则mol/L，100g原料中硫酸用量325mL；净化反应的pH控制在5—5．5，温度85℃；活性氧化锌煅烧温度800℃；铜粉焙烧温度600℃，通风量0．8L／min，焙烧时间2．5h；硫酸铜生产过程中，反应温度为60—80℃，时间2h。该方法具有工艺简单、操作方便、产品质量好的特点，并可减少环境污染，变废为宝，具有较好的经济效益。     

脲硫酸复肥新工艺减少氟逸出的研究

用脲硫酸代替硫酸分解磷矿生产复合肥，研究了反应温度、磷矿粉细度、搅拌强度、酸解剂配比(尿素与硫酸、水的摩尔比)对磷矿转化率和气相氟逸出率的影响。结果表明，酸解剂配比是影响氟逸出率的最主要因素，由于尿素的加入使氟逸出率较传统酸解磷矿减少75％以上。在酸解剂配比3．6：1：1、反应温度85℃、搅拌强度400r／min、磷矿粉细度120～150目条件下，磷矿初期分解率可达90％以上，气相氟逸出率可降至3％左右，固相氟含量未增加。     

乙二醇降解聚2,6-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯

采用乙二醇对聚2,6-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯（PEN）进行降解,表征了醇解产物,探讨了醇解原理。结果表明：醇解后PEN中的酯键断裂,PEN分子内的蟄合羟基变成2,6-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯（BHEN）上分子间缔合羟基和游离羟基;醇解后产物的O与C的原子比由醇解前的0.28增至0.38,醇解产物中C=O和C—O两种O结构的质量比为1∶2.18,C—C、C—O和O—C=O三种C结构的质量比为5.38∶2.22∶1,产物的平均分子量降为200左右;醇解产物主要为BHEN及其低聚物,BHEN单体纯度在90%以上,收率为25.95%。该醇解反应是酯基断裂又聚合,PEN长链变短的过程。     

酚焦油资源化技术研究(Ⅰ)--先初馏再催化裂解

开发出一种将酚焦油先初馏再催化裂解的回收处理新工艺及LZ—1型催化剂。在初馏温度为340—360℃、真空度为0．07—0．09MPa的条件下，初馏液体产品的平均收率为86．67％；在催化裂解温度为320—340℃，LZ—1型催化剂的加入比为2．5％—3．0％、裂解时间为3—4h的条件下，催化裂解产物的平均收率为90．96％。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.