室内电磁辐射污染与防护

基于电磁辐射污染对环境和人体健康的影响 ,探讨了目前室内电磁辐射污染的现状和室内潜在的电磁辐射污染源 ,并就室内电磁辐射污染的防护措施提出了几点建议     

室内环境的新杀手--电磁辐射

通过对电磁辐射污染的定义及标准划分,进一步分析电磁污染的来源及危害,从而阐明减少和防止室内电磁辐射污染的途径.     

室内电磁辐射污染与防护

基于电磁辐射污染对环境和人体健康的影响，探讨了目前室内电磁辐射污染的现状和室内潜在的电磁辐射污染源，并就室内电磁辐射污染的防护措施提出了几点建议。     

南昌市电磁辐射环境现状与评价

以南昌市东湖区为研究区,用PMM8053B电磁辐射分析仪对研究区内155个监测点的电磁辐射环境进行监测;应用统计学和风险概率计算法对研究区电磁辐射环境进行分析和评价,探讨该区域电磁辐射分布规律、来源及污染水平,并在此基础上探讨电磁污染风险概率。结果表明:研究区射频电场强度及功率密度、工频电场强度及磁感应强度均低于《电磁环境控制限值》(GB8702—2014)规定的限值,电磁辐射环境污染风险概率几乎为0;昼、夜射频电场强度与基站使用程度有关,昼、夜工频电场强度和磁感应强度主要与变电站及高压线布设相关;由于公众活动高峰时段不一致,导致同一点位昼、夜电磁辐射水平也有差异;若电磁辐射以年均8%的速度递增,研究区电磁辐射水平将在57.07a后超过GB 8702—2014的限值。     

高压输变电工程电磁辐射管理控制对策

着重介绍了高压输变电工程建设项目电磁辐射污染源、电磁辐射标准及限值、江苏省输变电工程环境管理概况、以及输变电工程电磁辐射污染控制对策。     

电磁辐射防护的基本技术和进展

电磁辐射污染问题经过几十年的争论,虽然在非致热效应的影响问题上尚未达到统一的认识,但人们对电磁辐射污染的存在和其严重性已清楚认识和日益重视。目前,对于电磁辐射污染危害的报道已屡见不鲜,而对其防护的基本技术和进展的报道却不多见,我们拟对此作一报道,以飨读者。王广播、电视发射台的电磁辐射防护广播、电视发射台的电磁辐射防护首先应该在项目建设前,以《电磁辐射防护规定》（GB8702－88）为标准,进行电磁辐射环境影响评价,实行预防性卫生监督,提出预防性防护措施,包括防护带要求。如果业已建成的发射台对周围区域造…     

建筑围墙对高频电磁辐射吸收特性的模拟计算

电磁辐射对建筑室内环境的影响已经逐渐成为一个重要的环境问题。利用电磁波吸收理论研究了建筑围墙对高频电磁辐射的吸收特性。模拟计算表明,伴随频率的增加,墙体对电磁辐射的吸收呈现振荡趋势并逐渐向一定值趋近;伴随介电材料厚度增加,稳定值点的位置提前。材料介电常数的实部越小吸收稳定值越小;虚部越小,稳定值点的位置越延后。本结果为...     

电磁射频辐射对人体健康的危害

电磁辐射可分为电离辐射和非电离辐射两种.凡能引起物质电离的电磁辐射称为电离辐射,包括x射线、γ射线、α粒子、β粒子、中子、质子等.不足以导致组织电离的电磁辐射称为非电离辐射,包括极低频(ELF,3赫～3千赫)、甚低频(VLF,3～30千赫)、射频(30千赫～300千兆赫)、红外线、可见光、紫外线及激光等.由于电离辐射的危害作用已比较明确和为众人所知,在此不再赘述.我们主要论述非电离辐射中的射频辐射的生物学效应和对人体健康的危害.射频电磁辐射是指人体能吸收的整个电磁     

浙江省辐射环境监测现状及对策研究

辐射环境是生态环境的重要组成部分,核与辐射环境安全是国家环境安全的重要内容.详述了目前浙江省辐射环境监测网络的建设情况,以及对核设施、铀矿及伴生矿放射性污染源、核技术运用、电磁辐射环境、辐射应急等进行辐射环境监测的情况,分析了存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的对策,为浙江省辐射环境监管提供技术支撑和科学依据,同时也对全国辐射环境监测和管理具有积极的指导意义.     

试论生态环境安全

阐述了生态环境安全的内涵,并系统分析其类型,即生态因子安全、生物安全、核安全、化学物质安全、电磁辐射安全、气候安全、人口安全、“结构”安全、“理念”安全、“决策”安全,并在此基础上提出了保障生态环境安全的对策措施。     

Long-term exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation has no significant effects on growth or secondary compounds of outdoor-grown Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings

The effects of long-term enhanced UV-B radiation on growth and secondary compounds of two conifer species were studied in an outdoor experiment. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings were exposed for two growing seasons and Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings for three growing seasons to supplemental UV-B radiation, corresponding to a 30% increase in ambient UV-B radiation. The experiment also included appropriate controls for ambient and increased UV-A radiation. Enhanced UV-B did not affect the growth of the conifer seedlings. In addition, neither the concentrations of terpenes and phenolics in the needles nor the concentrations of terpenes in the wood were affected. However, in the UV-A control treatment the concentrations of diterpenes in the wood of Scots pine decreased significantly compared to the ambient control. Apparently, a small increase in UV-B radiation has no significant effects on the secondary compounds and growth of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings.     

Physical and motor development in male and female rat offspring prenatally exposed to gamma radiation

Abstract

The effects of radiation on physical and motor development of male and female rats exposed to ionizing radiation in utero were studied. Rats were exposed to three different doses of radiation (150 rad, 15 rad and 6.8 rad, considered as high, moderate and low doses of radiation respectively) on the 20th day of prenatal life. Exposure to 150 rad contributed to significantly lower body weights of both male and female rat offspring. Upper jaw tooth eruption was delayed in 150 rad treated male offspring, as well as in 15 rad and 150 rad treated female offspring. Cliff‐avoidance response was delayed in 6.8 rad, 15 rad, and 150 rad treated male offspring; and 150 rad treated female offspring. Lower jaw tooth eruption, eye opening, and crawling were not affected by radiation in male or female animals. Results indicate that radiation affected the developmental parameters of both male and female rat offspring, and sex of the offspring played no role in the magnitude of radiation induced damages.     

The Rossby Centre Regional Atmospheric Climate Model part II: application to the Arctic climate

The Rossby Centre regional climate model (RCA2) has been integrated over the Arctic Ocean as part of the international ARCMIP project. Results have been compared to observations derived from the SHEBA data set. The standard RCA2 model overpredicts cloud cover and downwelling longwave radiation, during the Arctic winter. This error was improved by introducing a new cloud parameterization, which significantly improves the annual cycle of cloud cover. Compensating biases between clear sky downwelling longwave radiation and longwave radiation emitted from cloud base were identified. Modifications have been introduced to the model radiation scheme that more accurately treat solar radiation interaction with ice crystals. This leads to a more realistic representation of cloud-solar radiation interaction. The clear sky portion of the model radiation code transmits too much solar radiation through the atmosphere, producing a positive bias at the top of the frequent boundary layer clouds. A realistic treatment of the temporally evolving albedo, of both sea-ice and snow, appears crucial for an accurate simulation of the net surface energy budget. Likewise, inclusion of a prognostic snow-surface temperature seems necessary, to accurately simulate near-surface thermodynamic processes in the Arctic.     

Kinetics of simazine advanced oxidation in water

Comparison of the effects and kinetics of UV photolysis and four advanced oxidation systems (ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide) for the removal of simazine from water has been investigated. At the conditions applied, the order of reactivity was ozone < ozone/hydrogen peroxide < UV radiation < ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide. Rate constants of the reactions between ozone and simazine and hydroxyl radical and simazine were found to be 8.7 M-1s-1 and 2.1 x 10(9) M-1s-1, respectively. Also, a quantum yield of 0.06 mol.photon-1 was found for simazine at 254 nm UV radiation. The high value of the quantum yield corroborated the importance of the direct photolysis process. Percentage contributions of direct reaction with ozone, reaction with hydroxyl radicals and direct photolysis were also quantified.     

在线超声对流化床膜生物反应器污泥混合液性能影响的研究

在流化床膜生物反应器中引入在线超声辐射来控制膜污染,超声功率为300 W、频率分别为中频(50 kHz)和中低频(50 kHz和25 kHz)混合频率,考察了在线超声对反应器内混合液性能的影响及对膜污染的控制效果。结果表明,中频超声辐射不会对反应器内混合液的污泥浓度和粘度产生显著影响,而中低频超声辐射会降低混合液的污泥浓度并造成混合液粘度的升高。2种频率的超声辐射对污泥混合液的过滤性能和污泥活性都有一定的改善作用。连续运行26 d和29d后,在中频和中低频超声辐射的作用下,超声流化床膜生物反应器比普通流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差分别低8 kPa和14 kPa,说明2种频率的在线超声均可显著延缓膜污染。     

Radiolysis of aqueous phenol solutions with nanoparticles. 1. Phenol degradation and TOC removal in solutions containing TiO2 induced by UV,gamma-ray and electron beams

Aqueous phenol solutions containing TiO(2) nanoparticles were irradiated with ultraviolet (UV), gamma-ray and electron beams. Organic compounds were fully removed by each type of radiation in the presence of the particles. The absorbed energy of the ionizing radiation (gamma-ray and electron beams) needed for removal was much lower than that of UV photocatalysis. Phenol was decomposed by the ionizing radiation in the absence of the nanoparticles and the addition of TiO(2) had no significant effect on phenol decomposition rate. Instead, total organic carbon (TOC) removal using the ionizing radiation was accelerated drastically by TiO(2). It is suggested that TiO(2) particles affect the intermediate compounds produced through the decomposition of phenol. The amount of removed TOC per absorbed energy were compared in the absence and the presence of TiO(2) nanoparticles. Radiolysis with the nanoparticles showed consistently high rate and high efficiency of TOC removal.     

Comparison of gamma-ray dosimeters in a field study in the Chernobyl exclusion zone

ABSTRACT

Five different models of dosimeters were compared in the Chernobyl Inner Exclusion Zone by measuring gamma radiation in 12 locations. We used an instrument made by Mirion Technologies, Inc., as the reference, since that instrument had an NIST-traceable calibration. Two models of dosimeters gave radiation values similar to the Mirion at all levels of radiation encountered. Two other models gave similar values to the Mirion instrument at low radiation levels but not at higher radiation levels encountered. These results offer a caution regarding the accuracy of inexpensive commercially available radiation instruments.

Implications: Comparison of gamma ray dosimeters in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone showed varying agreement with an NIST-calibrated instrument, as well as varying linearity of response to ambient radiation. These results suggest caution regarding accuracy of inexpensive dosimeters. However, dosimeters used that were manufactured in Ukraine exhibited good agreement with the reference instrument.     

Ultraviolet radiation spatio-temporal characteristics derived from the ground-based measurements taken in China

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and broadband solar radiation (R_s) measured from January 2005 to June 2006 at 31 stations in Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) were used to investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of UV radiation and UV fraction (the ratio of UV radiation to R_s) in China. Results indicated that the seasonal variations of UV radiation and R_s were consistent with the solar activities, which reached their lower values during winter period, and increased throughout the spring, peaking in June or July, in most sites. The Meiyu weather system and Southwest Monsoon produced different variation characteristics of UV radiation and R_s in subtropical and tropical regions. The UV fraction values showed a similar seasonal trend as that of UV radiation, which was mainly determined by the seasonal change of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor content in atmosphere. The seasonal variations of UV fraction were much smoother in southern China due to high water vapor content over the whole year.The UV radiation showed an increasing trend from east to west in China. In the western area, a simple increasing trend was observed from north to south, with the largest annual mean daily UV value 0.91 MJ m⁻² appearing in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area. In east China there was a low center that appeared in the subtropical region due to high aerosol burden, with the lowest value 0.41 MJ m⁻² observed in Yanting site. Two high centers were located in the tropics with higher solar altitudes and the north desert region with low atmospheric attenuation. The largest values of UV fraction appeared in the tropical and subtropical regions due to higher relative humidity (RH) in these areas. However, the smallest value did not appear in the north desert region where the RH was the lowest, they were found at the Luancheng site which featured relatively low humidity and abundant fine aerosols. The variations in the UV fraction were not such distinctive as those of the UV radiation in China due to the more complex influences of aerosol and water vapor.     

辐射分解处理废水中的苯酚

采用辐射分解法处理废水中的苯酚,分别测定了辐照时间,剂量率,苯酚起始浓度,溶液pH及加入H2O2对苯酚去除率的影响.结果表明,去除率随辐照时间的延长而提高;总剂量一定的条件下,低剂量率下苯酚降解完全;当苯酚浓度较低时,去除效果较好.pH为中性条件下的去除率大于酸性和碱性;加入一定浓度的H2O2可使苯酚的去除率达到100%.