火电厂脱硫石膏和粉煤灰综合利用的实验研究

对火电厂两大固体废物烟气脱硫石膏和粉煤灰在空气自然条件下的固结反应进行了实验研究。结果表明,粉煤灰与脱硫石膏的最佳质量比为3∶2;少量添加剂有助于固结材强度增加,其中硫酸盐类以1%Na2SO4效果最好,碱性添加剂以1%石灰为佳,添加1%*的盐酸可大幅增加固结材强度;此外,粉煤灰的含碳量和粒径对固结材强度有显著影响。粉煤灰-脱硫石膏固结材以电厂两大固废为原料,可利用工业废渣作添加剂,在空气自然养护条件下具有良好固结性能,可广泛应用于填埋、铺路等对固结性要求不高的领域。     

火电厂脱硫石膏和粉煤灰综合利用的实验研究

对火电厂两大固体废物烟气脱硫石膏和粉煤灰在空气自然条件下的固结反应进行了实验研究。结果表明,粉煤灰与脱硫石膏的最佳质量比为3∶2;少量添加剂有助于固结材强度增加,其中硫酸盐类以1%Na2SO4效果最好,碱性添加剂以1%石灰为佳,添加1%*的盐酸可大幅增加固结材强度;此外,粉煤灰的含碳量和粒径对固结材强度有显著影响。粉煤灰-脱硫石膏固结材以电厂两大固废为原料,可利用工业废渣作添加剂,在空气自然养护条件下具有良好固结性能,可广泛应用于填埋、铺路等对固结性要求不高的领域。     

火电厂脱硫石膏和粉煤灰综合利用的实验研究

对火电厂两大固体废物烟气脱硫石膏和粉煤灰在空气自然条件下的固结反应进行了实验研究。结果表明,粉煤灰与脱硫石膏的最佳质量比为3∶2;少量添加剂有助于固结材强度增加,其中硫酸盐类以1%Na2SO4效果最好,碱性添加剂以1%石灰为佳,添加1%*的盐酸可大幅增加固结材强度;此外,粉煤灰的含碳量和粒径对固结材强度有显著影响。粉煤灰-脱硫石膏固结材以电厂两大固废为原料,可利用工业废渣作添加剂,在空气自然养护条件下具有良好固结性能,可广泛应用于填埋、铺路等对固结性要求不高的领域。     

尾矿添加量对加气混凝土性能的影响

通过实验,以金尾矿、石膏、水泥、石灰、铝粉等为原料,研究金尾矿添加量对加气混凝土性能的影响。分析认为,不同的配合比,不仅关系到产品的经济效益,还会对产品的性能有显著影响。实验得出能提高尾矿利用率的最优尾矿添加量为64.8%,最佳配比为:金尾矿64.8%、石灰16.2%、水泥14.2%、石膏4.7%、铝粉0.1%。     

非烧结磷石膏砖的制备研究

以磷石膏为主要原料,辅以粉煤灰、生石灰、河砂等制备非烧结磷石膏砖,探索较优的物料配比及操作条件;设定操作条件为砖坯成型压力20 MPa、105℃下干燥12 h,通过120℃,0.105 MPa的蒸汽养护4 h;最优物料配比为m(磷石膏量)∶m(粉煤灰量)∶m(河砂量)∶m(生石灰量)∶m(成型水量)=1∶0.5∶0.2∶0.15∶0.25。制品强度可达MU10级;制品无浸出毒性风险。     

典型燃煤电厂汞的分布、迁移及释放特征研究

采集安徽不同地区两典型燃煤电厂火力发电中使用的原煤及其产生的3类固体副产物(飞灰,炉渣及脱硫石膏样品),对4类样品中汞含量分别进行测定,以此揭示电厂燃煤过程中汞的分布、迁移及转化规律。此外,采用质量平衡及二次排放模型分别初步估算了电厂燃煤及燃煤固体副产物再利用过程中汞的两次释放特征。结果显示,汞在原煤、飞灰、炉渣及脱硫石膏样品中的含量分别为174~321μg/kg、421~316μg/kg、6~3 143μg/kg和2 988~4 694μg/kg;燃煤过程中有20.9%~23.6%的汞转移到飞灰中,32.6%~59.9%的汞赋存于脱硫石膏中,16.5%~37.4%的汞通过烟囱首次排入大气,仅有0.02%~9.2%的汞残留在炉渣中。二次排放模拟结果显示,燃煤电厂1#和2#中飞灰和脱硫石膏的高温再利用过程将向大气二次释放汞量96.0 kg/a和165.8 kg/a,两次年排放总量分别为189.5 kg和640.8 kg。本研究可为燃煤电厂汞的污染过程控制提供参考依据。     

粉煤灰不同配比基质对黑麦草生长的影响

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排出的固体废弃物,主要成分有SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,CaO等。采用盆栽试验将粉煤灰分别与粘土、砂土、秸秆按3:1的比例混合作为基质种植黑麦草,并用纯粉煤灰基质做对照,研究黑麦草在粉煤灰不同配比基质上的生长状况,结果表明,粉煤灰+粘土为黑麦草的最佳生长基质。     

新疆地区电厂脱硫石膏增强的水泥基污泥固化剂的制备及性能分析

利用水泥基和电厂废弃脱硫石膏研制适用于新疆地区经济高效污泥固化剂,采用单因素多水平和响应面分析的方法研究硅酸盐水泥、脱硫石膏、粉煤灰、过硫酸钾(KPS)的掺比和固化时间对污泥固化体无侧限抗压强度的影响,运用Design-expert优化污泥固化体的无侧限抗压强度,并利用扫描电镜分析污泥固化体的微观结构。实验表明:水泥基和电厂废弃的脱硫石膏能够有效改善污泥固化体的抗压强度;当工程应用中,需要抗压强度最佳时的掺比为m(污泥)∶m(水泥)∶m(脱硫石膏)∶m(粉煤灰)∶m(KPS)=100∶3∶1∶1∶0. 5、固化时间为3 d;而需要经济最优时的掺比为m(污泥)∶m(水泥)∶m(脱硫石膏)=100∶1∶1、固化时间为7 d,处理每吨污泥的药剂成本为5～6元。     

中国燃煤电厂汞的物质流向与汞排放研究

为研究中国燃煤电厂中汞的去向,基于2010年中国各省份燃煤中的汞含量、燃煤消耗量、燃煤电厂大气污染控制设备的安装比例以及粉煤灰、脱硫石膏的二次利用方式,计算了我国燃煤电厂2010年向大气、水体、土壤中排放汞的量.2010年我国电厂燃煤共输入汞271.7t (147.1~403.6t).煤炭在电厂燃烧一次排放到大气中的汞为101.3t (44.0~167.1t),进入燃煤副产物、水体的汞分别为167.4t (84.3~266.3t),3.0t (1.2~5.0t).燃煤副产物二次利用过程向大气排放的汞为32.7t (12.5~56.1t),进入土壤中的汞为58.6t (33.6~103.9t),还有76.1t (30.3~108.6t)汞留在了产品中.结果表明,粉煤灰用于水泥生产和粉煤灰制砖是副产物向大气中二次排放的重要源,分别占总二次排放量的81.7%和15.3%.     

废石膏用于道路回填材料的处理工艺及性能研究

讨论了化工废石膏在矿物掺合物、粉煤灰、激发剂、外加剂等存在时，在不同配比下的力学性能、凝结时间、溶蚀率、软化系数和体积稳定性，并分析了该材料水化、硬化规律，硬化体结构及与性能的关系，试验结果表明，化工废石膏掺加量的多少将直接影响到各项性能指标，采用复合早强减水剂，对于粉煤灰活性激发，及加速胶结材料凝结水化、降低用量，有显著效果。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.