果胶酶激发子对黄瓜叶片病程相关蛋白及细胞壁物质的影响

以草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum)的固态发酵产物———果胶酶粗提液喷雾诱导黄瓜,研究了该激发子对黄瓜细胞内几丁质酶和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶2种病程相关蛋白(PR s蛋白)以及细胞壁物质的影响.结果表明,经激发子处理后,黄瓜叶片中几丁质酶和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性诱导升高,木质素及富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白(HRGP)含量也诱导增强;同时,在激发子处理后接种黑星病菌的黄瓜中,上述2种PR s蛋白及细胞壁物质被大量诱导合成.其中,两种PR s蛋白均在接种后d 4达到最高值,分别为22.72 U/mg(pro)和268.16 U/mg(pro);木质素和HRGP含量在接种后d 3后达最高,分别比对照高196.12%和272.98%.表明果胶酶激发子在接种前期对黄瓜几丁质酶、-β1,3-葡聚糖酶、木质素及HRGP的诱导产生是导致病情降低的内在机制.图4参16     

油菜素内酯诱导黄瓜幼苗抗灰霉病研究

采用根际注射结合叶面喷施的方法,研究了油菜素内酯(Brassinolide,BR)对黄瓜灰霉病的诱抗作用及其生理机制.结果表明,BR降低了黄瓜幼苗的病情指数,最高幅度达28.4%,提高了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,增加了木质素和类黄酮含量,促进了灰霉病菌侵染下黄瓜幼苗的生长发育,壮苗指数最高增加了23.4%.说明BR能诱导黄瓜幼苗对灰霉病的抗性,且最佳处理浓度为0.05mg/L.图3表1参28     

节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解PVA特性的比较研究

对节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解聚乙烯醇(PVA)的特性进行了比较研究.结果表明,P-1菌在PVA浓度小于1000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率均达到80%以上;J-5菌在PVA浓度为2000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率达到70%.用生产废水进行试验,P-1菌对低浓度PVA废水的处理效率比J-5菌高10%左右;P-1菌受温度的影响小于J-5菌;P-1菌的废水处理效果比J-5菌稳定;分段使用J-5菌与P-1菌处理高浓度的PVA废水具有很好的处理效果,出水能达到国家排放标准.图7表1参9     

水体中石油污染土壤对鲫鱼及其肝脏抗氧化系统的毒性效应（The Toxicity of Oil Polluted Soil in Aquatic Environment on Carassius auratus and Its Hepatic Antioxidant Defense System）

在室内模拟条件下,研究了水体中不同浓度石油污染土壤暴露20d对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼体死亡率和肝脏抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,鲫鱼死亡率随其暴露浓度的变化明显分为3个部分:低浓度(0.5～5.0g·L-1)摄食死亡,中等浓度(5.0～25.0g·L-1)吸收死亡,高浓度(25.0～50.0g·L-1)胁迫死亡.1.0g·L-1浓度组死亡率最高,死亡速率最快;50.0g·L-1浓度组在暴露后期死亡速率迅速升高.鲫鱼肝脏中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性可被显著诱导,具体表现为:在所设浓度范围内,幼体鲫鱼肝脏GST活性均受到显著激活,0.5g·L-1浓度下,GST活性被最大程度诱导,达到对照组的606%;SOD活性先升高后降低,10.0g·L-1时酶活性最强,50.0g·L-1浓度下活性被显著抑制;CAT活性于0.5g·L-1就被显著诱导,2.5g·L-1浓度是对照组的4.86倍.可以认为,鲫鱼肝脏SOD和CAT,尤其GST活性对水体中石油污染土壤较敏感,均可作为水生生态系统中石油污染存在的早期检测指标.     

3种农作物(玉米、黄瓜、豇豆)对银木凋落叶化感作用的生理响应

采用盆栽试验,探讨银木(Cinnamomum septentrionale)凋落叶在土壤中分解初期对受体植物玉米(Zea mays)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)和豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)生长及生理特性的影响.试验设置3个凋落叶添加水平,即T_1(25 g∕盆)、T_2(50 g∕盆)和T_3(75 g∕盆),对照(CK)不添加凋落叶.结果表明:(1)银木凋落叶分解对3种农作物的叶面积和生物量积累产生显著抑制,同时显著抑制了黄瓜、豇豆的高生长.(2)T_2、T_3处理显著抑制了3种作物的叶绿素Chl(a+b)及类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,且在一定量凋落叶处理下,叶片光合色素比例有所变化,整体呈现出Chl a/b值上升和Chl/Car值下降的趋势.(3)玉米和豇豆的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)随着凋落叶量的加大而显著降低(P0.05),而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)却有所上升.此外,黄瓜P_n及气体交换参数在银木凋落叶处理下呈下降趋势.(4)经凋落叶处理的3种作物的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物酶(SOD)活性总体上低于CK.黄瓜、豇豆的丙二醛(MDA)含量在T_3、T_1处理下均显著降低,而其余各凋落叶处理间并无显著差异.综上所述,银木凋落叶在土壤中分解释放的化感物质可能通过降低受体作物的光合作用速率及活性氧代谢能力,进而对受体作物的营养生长及生物量积累产生显著抑制.     

水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

以黄瓜幼苗为材料,研究了外源水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:水杨酸使铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,可溶性蛋白质含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低;在0~1 mmol.L-1范围内的外源SA对铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量下降量和超氧化物歧化酶活性增加量与水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,与外源水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,而过氧化物酶活性增加量与外源水杨酸浓度呈负相关。外源水杨酸的作用可能是通过提高黄瓜叶片对膜脂过氧化的抗性来提高黄瓜幼苗对铅毒害的耐受力。     

大肠杆菌植酸酶在毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化

为探讨植酸酶的结构与功能,研究了来源于大肠杆菌的植酸酶基因在酵母中的表达和纯化条件.将含有大肠杆菌植酸酶基因的毕赤酵母工程菌在不同甲醇浓度和不同诱导时间下培养,检测植酸酶的表达情况.结果表明:诱导培养基中一次性添加2.5%的甲醇,诱导96 h后,蛋白浓度达到1.36 mg mL-1,酶活力达到6 530 U mL-1;将在毕赤酵母中表达的植酸酶粗酶液经过硫酸铵盐析、Resource S柱和Superdex-75三步纯化,得到单峰纯的蛋白,比活力为137 280 Umg-1.用圆二色谱分析纯化后的蛋白在pH 5.0和8.0环境中的结构变化,结果显示pH 8.0环境使大肠杆菌植酸酶发生了变性.图3参16     

疫情常态化管控下济南市春节前后PM2.5中二次组分变化特征

为研究新冠肺炎疫情常态化管控下,济南市春节前后PM_2.5中二次组分的变化特征、气粒分配规律及其影响因素,本文对2021年2月1-27日春节前、春节期间和春节后的3个时段济南市区在线监测的水溶性离子、碳组分及气态前体物质量浓度小时数据进行分析.结果表明,2021年疫情常态化管控下济南市春节前后二次组分浓度与2020年同比均明显下降,ρ(NO₃^-)、ρ(SO₄^2-)、ρ(NH₄⁺)和ρ(SOA)分别下降53.09%、58.32%、51.17%和61.84%,其中二次无机组分(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺之和)和SOA在PM_2.5中的占比分别为54.07%和8.20%,春节期间PM_2.5及二次组分在10—18时浓度较低,与春节期间白天人为活动相对减少,机动车、建筑工...     

镉在五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)不同种群细胞中的分布及化学形态

通过营养液培养,以种子分别来自粤北大宝山矿区和惠州博罗非矿区的2个五节芒种群为试验材料,并采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法,比较研究了Cd在2个种群根、茎和叶片中的亚细胞分布及化学形态.结果表明,五节芒2种群各部位的Cd主要富集在细胞壁和以液泡为主的可溶组分,在叶绿体、细胞核和线粒体中的分布较少;2种群根、茎、叶的亚细胞各组分Cd含量由高到低的次序均为:细胞壁组分(F1),可溶组分(F4),细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2),线粒体组分(F3).Cd在五节芒矿区种群根、茎、叶中的含量均显著高于非矿区种群.提高Cd处理质量浓度,对于非矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)和可溶组分(F4)的分配比例下降,在细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例卜升;而对于矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)的分配比例上升,在可溶组分(F4)、细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例下降,细胞壁对Cd的同持作用增强.五节芒2种群根中Cd的化学形态存在着明显差异:低Cd(5 mg·1-1)处理下,矿区种群根中的Cd以水提取态、氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态为主,各占36.41%、28.15%和17.04%,其它形态所占比例较少;而非矿区种群根中的Cd以氯化钠提取态、水提取态和醋酸提取态所占比例较大,各占31.58%、23.15%和20.85%.提高Cd处理质量浓度,矿区种群根中的氯化钠提取态为优势形态,所占比例提高到41.29%,水提取态所占比例也提高到38.25%.其他提取态所占比例均有不同幅度下降;而非矿区种群根中氯化钠提取态Cd含量比例下降到21.45%,各化学形态的在分配比例上表现为平均化趋势.因此,细胞壁同持、可溶组分的液泡区隔化和向活性较弱的结合形态转移可能是五节芒矿区种群耐Cd的主要机制.     

低湿诱导黄瓜抗病性研究

以黄瓜感病品种为试材，在国内外首次证实低湿处理诱导抗黄瓜病害的现象。研究证实，黄瓜幼苗经低湿处理7d后，对霜霉病、炭疽病、黑星病产生抗性。低湿程度不同，诱导效果也不同，1／2、1／3正常浇水量对黄瓜抗霜霉病有明显诱导作用；1／3、1／4正常浇水量对黄瓜抗炭疽和黑星病有明显诱导作用，诱导抗性持续时间可达到12d。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture