遥感在环境监测领域的应用

文章介绍了遥感技术在水环境监测、生态环境监测、大气环境监测和其他领域等方面的应用原理及实例,指出了我国环境污染遥感监测技术存在的问题和发展趋势。     

遥感技术在环境变化监测中的应用进展

随着经济的快速发展,我国的环境问题日益突出。为了及时、准确地反映环境质量时空分布现状及未来变化趋势,为环境监测、污染防治、环境规划等领域提供科学的依据,遥感技术在环境监测方面得到了日益广泛的应用。文章综述了遥感技术在大气、水体、生态环境以及灾害监测上的最新研究,介绍了大气有害气体监测、水质和油污监测、生态环境变化监测,以及洪涝灾害等多种遥感监测关键技术方法,并对环境遥感监测中存在问题和今后发展方向进行了有益的讨论。     

遥感在近岸海洋环境监测中的应用

简要介绍了遥感在近岸环境监测中的应用,重点介绍了悬浮物质、叶绿素等水环境要素遥感监测及国内外进展,并就目前近岸环境遥感监测中存在的问题和未来的发展趋势提出了一些看法。     

Perspective in development of environmental technology in China

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海洋遥感技术在探测潜艇中的应用

着重介绍了微波遥感探潜、红外遥感探潜、光学遥感探潜及生物荧光探潜等海洋遥感探潜方法及其探测的基本原理,并简要分析了利用海洋遥感技术进行潜艇探测应该注意的问题.     

环境监测中生物传感器技术的应用研究

随着工业、农业迅速发展,环境污染问题已经越来越严重,人们已经逐渐认识到环境保护的重要性.生物传感器在环境监测中的应用也越来越广泛,其不但具有选择性好、稳定性高、响应时间短的优点,同时还不需要对样品实时预处理,携带方便,可进行连续、实时、原位监测.本文就对生物传感器技术在环境监测中的应用进行研究.     

Advanced materials: adsorbent and catalyst for environmental application

With the economic growth,the environmental pollution is still a challenge for sustainable development all over the world.In order to prevent,reduce and remediate the various environmental problems,it is crucial to develop innovative and efficient materials to remove and decompose pollutants from air or water in that the efficient adsorbents and catalysts are playing an important role in the process of physical and chemical reactions.Therefore,the editors of FESE proposed to publish one special issue,and report the original research and review papers about advanced adsorbents and catalysts that are potentially or widely applied in environmental protection.     

The championing of environmental improvements in technology investment projects

The literature on environmental champions emphasises the effective action of environmentally committed individuals. This paper draws on case studies of process technology investment projects in chemical and dairy companies in the UK and Sweden. The analysis is based on a political process perspective on organisations. By analysing the career histories of environmental champions as well as their behaviour in the investment projects, the paper shows how their championing behaviour is shaped by dynamic interaction with the organisational context, as well as a broader range of motivations and interests, including career opportunities and private life concerns.     

Cost effective environmental control technology for utilities

On September 24, 1998, new regulations announced by the US EPA require 22 eastern states plus the District of Columbia to develop state implementation plans to reduce ground-level ozone through the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (Cooper, 1998). This plan calls for a 28% NOx cut in the summer time (1.2 million tons) by 2007. This calls for utilities to develop new, efficient, and robust post-combustion NOx control technologies. A new environmental control technology called low temperature oxidation (LTO) system, which can reduce NOx emissions below measurable levels (i.e. 2 ppm using process analyzers) at low temperature (125-325 °F), was awarded the best available control technology and the lowest available emission reduction technology by the US EPA in April 1998. Ozone is employed to oxidize nitric oxide (NO) to dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) at a low temperature in an oxidizer, which is then easily absorbed by water in a scrubber. Bench scale and pilot plant tests have shown that the LTO process can almost completely remove the NOx emissions (i.e. NOx emissions are below levels measurable using process analyzers). This proved that the LTO system is an attractive process to meet the stricter NOx regulations. There are multiple benefits of the LTO system besides removal of NOx emissions, includes reduction of SOx and CO emissions, and no secondary air emissions (NH₃, N₂O). In order to obtain minimum NOx emissions, extra ozone needs to be supplied. The cost of the process also increases nonlinearly as emissions decrease. This poses a challenging multiobjective optimization problem where emissions like NOx and SOx need to be minimized, while minimizing the system cost as well as extra ozone. This problem is addressed using a new and efficient multiobjective optimization framework. This framework will provide designs that are cost effective as well as environmentally friendly.     

环境监测与环境监测技术的发展

环境监测是环境保护的基础,环境监测为环保工作提供了科学依据和技术支持,环境监测技术使人们能够更为及时、有效地监测、判断环境状况,进而探究环境保护的方法和途径,明确环保工作的方向和目标,制定科学、正确的环保制度和政策。在环境问题日益严重的现代社会,环境监测技术已经成为一项不可或缺的现代科学技术。本文首先分析了环境监测的涵义和发展过程,然后分析了环境监测技术的发展概况以及未来发展趋势。     

装备环境工程技术及应用

阐述了环境、环境适应性和环境工程的基本概念和内涵,环境工程在装备研制生产中的地位和作用,各种环境试验的特点及实验室环境试验与可靠性试验之间的关系。介绍了我国装备环境工程的发展过程和国内外应用情况,指出了推行环境工程存在的问题．建议尽快加强环境工程宣传、加快法规体系建设,以促进观念转变和为推行环境工程创造更完整的管理和试验平台。     

环境监测用多参数光纤化学传感技术研究

采用发光二极管、光导纤维和硅光电二级管检测器研制成可供环境水ｐＨ值和大气中ＳＯ２、ＮＨ３检测的光纤多参数传感系统．仪器对ｐＨ值的响应可低达００１ｐＨ，对水中ＮＨ４＋的检测限为２×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＳＯ３２－的检测限为２×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ；仪器体积小，可用电池供电、便于野外监测，检测准确、稳定，成本低廉．     

SPMD技术的应用与研究进展

综述了半透膜装置（SPMD）在环境科学研究中的进展状况。回顾了SPMD的产生历程，分析了SPMD富集和监测疏水有机污染物的原理。综述了SPMD在气、水、沉积物、化肥及石油等环境中疏水性有机污染物的监测、污染物的生物有效性的评价、类脂物样品中污染物的提取、有机污染物的毒理作用的测定等几方面的研究进展状况。并就SPMD在上述几个方面研究、应用中的不足以及今后发展的方向提出了一些看法。     

喷雾热解技术及其在环境污染控制领域的应用

喷雾热解作为一种一步完成、连续、拓展性强、可大规模制备环境功能纳米材料的新型热解技术受到研究者的广泛关注。详细介绍了喷雾热解技术的工作原理、产物特性、环境应用以及工业化推广面临的挑战,并可视化分析了喷雾热解技术在环境污染控制领域的研究热点。结果表明：喷雾热解是通过高温下分解前驱体溶液制备纳米颗粒的技术,其设备主要由雾化器、加热设备和收集装置组成。喷雾热解的产物特性受到前驱体溶液和热解过程参数的影响,通过调控前驱体的溶液组分和热解过程参数,可以得到尺寸和形貌可控的特定环境功能纳米材料。喷雾热解技术制备的环境功能纳米材料（如粉末或薄膜）的应用研究表明,由于其特殊的物化结构,可实现大气和水体中污染物的高效去除。同时,基于研究热点分析了喷雾热解技术的热解方式、产物特性、应用领域和去除污染物的主要机理。但目前喷雾热解技术从实验室规模拓展到工业化应用还面临着诸多挑战,如何克服这些挑战也是喷雾热解技术走向工业化应用的重要内容。研究可为喷雾热解技术在环境污染控制领域的应用提供理论和技术支撑。

     

大气压等离子体射流在环境领域的应用进展

大气压等离子体射流（APPJ）是一种新兴的大气压等离子体放电技术,其在大气压下产生,具有放电温度和激发电压低、放电装置灵活、操作简便安全等优点,能够在大气环境中产生,在生物医学、环境卫生、材料改性等多领域具有广泛的应用前景。概述了近年来国内外APPJ在环境卫生和环境污染治理等环境领域,特别是环境灭菌、环境污染物去除和环境藻类治理等方面的应用;阐述了APPJ的射流装置与处理方式、效果和机理;基于研究现状,探讨了APPJ在环境领域应用存在的问题与解决途径,主要包括其灭菌降解机理、试验规模放大、等离子体射流发生装置设计和等离子体射流电源研发;最后展望了该技术未来在环境领域应用的发展方向和趋势。

     

野战弹药环境安全的灰色模糊综合评判

战场环境安全评价是对野战弹药实施合理防护的前提。将灰色模糊数学理论应用于“弹药-野战环境”系统的安全评价,通过分析影响野战弹药安全的环境因素,建立了系统综合评价指标体系,在此基础上进行了系统综合评价并得到了满意的效果。     

Employee participation and cleaner technology: learning processes in environmental teams

The approach to pollution prevention in Danish industries in the late-1980s and in the beginning of the 1990s met criticism, because the cleaner technology projects focused too narrowly on technical solutions implemented by experts. The objective of the project “Employee Participation in the Implementation of Cleaner Technology” was to develop a more active role for employees in the environmental activities of companies. Based on practical experiments in five Danish firms within different industrial sectors, the project concluded that employee participation can have a strong effect on changing working routines, affecting behaviour and increasing environmental consciousness. The project found that the firms' employees had a comprehensive understanding of environmental problems and solutions, including health and safety aspects. Furthermore, the employees in the environmental teams were able to improve the firms' environmental activities (e.g. setting up environmental policies, targets and action plans, implementing new procedures and technologies).     

解析环境监测中3S技术的应用

伴随现代信息技术的发展,3S技术逐渐运用于生物环境的动态监测中,并发挥了其绝对的运用优势.本案通过对3S技术的特性进行着手分析,系统探究了3S技术在生物环境的动态监测中的具体运用.     

国际环境保护公约中技术转让障碍问题的探讨

随着世界各国对全球资源与环境问题认识的逐步提高 ,发展中国家必将签署越来越多的国际环境公约 ,参与到国际环境保护合作中。尽管许多国际环境公约都明确规定了发达国家在资金和技术上支持发展中国家保护环境履行国际公约的义务 ,但是实际履约过程中技术转让的问题并未得到良好的解决。论文将讨论国际环境公约履约中的技术转让障碍问题 ,并以中国履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》 ,实施臭氧层保护行动过程中所存在的实际问题为例 ,对国际环境公约履行中技术转让障碍的原因及其后果进行分析 ,最后对发展中国家所应采取的立场和对策提出建议。     

Cities from space: potential applications of remote sensing in urban environmental research and policy

The rapidly expanding urban areas of the world constitute an environmental challenge for the 21st century that requires both new analytic approaches and new sources of data and information. Management of the urban environment must consider phenomena at three scales, including the physical environment within cities, environmental systems consisting of cities and their regional hinterlands, and the environmental implications of the global network of megacities. Increasing availability of remotely sensed observations and a variety of other geospatial information could facilitate the development of new tools and approaches for understanding the urban environment. These new applications should take advantage of the special characteristics of remotely sensed data, including their broad spatial coverage, their capacity for routine and unobtrusive updating and their ability to provide self-consistent measurements of critical physical properties that would be difficult or expensive to obtain in situ. In many cases, using remote sensing data to measure and monitor urban environmental conditions will be more straightforward than using them for urban planning purposes, where traditional sources of governmental and private sector data are more easily obtained and understood. In developing countries, however, remote sensing may provide fundamental observations of urban growth and environmental conditions that are not available from other sources.