Biofilm formation and lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A production in different peptone media

Biofilm fermentation is a newly developed promising technique in fermentation technology. In this study no.3 and no.3S media have been used for the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A production by Bacillus subtilis RB14. The main component of no.3 and no.3S media is Polypepton and Polypepton S, respectively. B. subtilis RB14 produces thick stable biofilm and high amount of iturin A in no.3S medium. Whereas, impaired biofilm formation and lower iturin A production was observed in no.3 medium. From the analytical information it was observed that the amounts of metal ions, such as K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺, cysteine and cellulose are lower in Polypepton compared to the Polypepton S. To investigate their effect on biofilm formation and iturin A production cysteine, cellulose, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were added respectively into the no.3 medium at similar amount that Polypepton S contains. It was observed that individual addition of K⁺, Ca²⁺, cysteine and cellulose had no effect on biofilm formation, cellular growth induction or iturin A production. However, when Mn²⁺ was supplemented in no.3 medium, biofilm development was restored with an improved production of iturin A. Finally, combined addition of investigated substances into the no.3 medium resulted with highly folded, thick biofilm with high cellular growth and iturin A production compared to the original no.3 medium.     

Application of malt residue in submerged fermentation of Bacillus subtilis

Malt residue is a common waste or byproduct from beer industries after brewing and milling of malted barley. In this work, Bacillus subtilis RB14 was used to study the microbial growth and production of secondary metabolites like lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A in the malt residue for its effective recycling. B. subtilis RB14 could grow in submerged fermentation of malt residue and significant growth (10⁹ CFU/mL) was observed without any supplementation. In submerged fermentation iturin A production using malt residue was about 170 mg/L, which was found to be higher than its production in No.3 (Polypepton, glucose, KH₂PO₄, MgSO₄·7H₂O) medium where production was about 120 mg/L. More than 600 mg/L of iturin A production was observed when malt residue was combinedly used with No.3 medium. This production was significantly higher than their summation of their individual production. However, the growth of B. subtilis in combined medium was found to be similar to that of the submerged fermentation in simple malt residue. Therefore, the remarkable enhancement in production of iturin A in supplemented malt residue was attributed to the nutrients supplied from No.3 medium.     

Production characteristics of lipopeptide antibiotics in biofilm fermentation of Bacillus subtilis

In biofilm fermentation, from the very early moments, surfactin was produced along with the biofilm development in the lipopeptide antibiotic production medium by using Bacillus subtilis. However, almost no iturin A was produced in its first 24 hours of cultivation and the production of iturin A began much later. Volumes of the nutrient medium and available surface area of the biofilm reactors were found to be important with the relative production of these two antibiotics. Production of iturin A was increased from 12 mg to about 50 mg per reactor when the culture size was increased from 5 mL to 20 mL, as the depth of the medium was increased. The production level was saturated thereafter with larger volumes. On the other hand, surfactin production was remained similar, which was about 10 mg per reactor, from all the 5 mL to 80 mL of biofilm culture. Optimized temperature for iturin A and surfactin production was observed at 25 and 37°C, respectively. In the biofilm fermentation, production of surfactin was increased when the incubation temperature was increased within the temperature range of 25 to 37°C, on the other hand, iturin A production was gradually decreased with the increase of the incubation temperature.     

Improvement of production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using fish protein

To enhance the production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A, nutrient contents of the culture mediums were investigated in both submerged and biofilm fermentations. As a carbon source maltose and as nitrogen source, fish protein was used. In submerged fermentation maltose uptake was found lower (12%) compared to biofilm fermentation (15%) that was associated with higher cellular growth in biofilm. However, requirement of nitrogen (fish protein) concentration was found similar in both submerged and biofilm fermentations. Production of iturin A in submerged fermentation with 12% maltose and 5% fish protein was 4450 mg/L, and in biofilm fermentation it was 5050 mg/L when 15% maltose and 5% fish protein was used.     

Improvement of production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using fish protein

To enhance the production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A, nutrient contents of the culture mediums were investigated in both submerged and biofilm fermentations. As a carbon source maltose and as nitrogen source, fish protein was used. In submerged fermentation maltose uptake was found lower (12%) compared to biofilm fermentation (15%) that was associated with higher cellular growth in biofilm. However, requirement of nitrogen (fish protein) concentration was found similar in both submerged and biofilm fermentations. Production of iturin A in submerged fermentation with 12% maltose and 5% fish protein was 4450 mg/L, and in biofilm fermentation it was 5050 mg/L when 15% maltose and 5% fish protein was used.     

Solid state fermentation of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by using a novel solid state fermentation reactor system

A new solid state fermentation reactor (SSFR) for solid substrate was used for the production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using Bacillus subtilis RB14-CS. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is the technique of cultivation of microorganisms on solid and moist substrates in the absence of free water. SSF has shown much promise in the development of several bioprocesses and products because of their several advantages like absence of free water that allows simplified downstream processing and low cost. SSFR allows agitation of the SSF culture with improved temperature control and air supply. Interestingly, when okara, the widely available waste product from the tofu industries, was used as the solid substrate for the SSFR, no iturin A production was observed. However, without agitation, production of iturin A was observed in the SSFR but the production level remained low. The low production of iturin A was found to be due to the heat generation and excess temperature rise inside the reactor system during the fermentation process. Maintaining the temperature within a range of 25–30°C, production of iturin A was significantly improved in the SSFR. This was comparable to the laboratory scale production, and signifies the potential application of the SSFR for SSF.     

不同电子受体反硝化过程中C/N对N2O产量的影响

试验采用SBR反应器,分别考察了不同C/N条件下,以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化过程中N₂O产生情况.投加乙醇作为反硝化碳源,以硝酸盐为电子受体时调节C/N分别为0、 1.2、 2.4、 3.5、 5.0和20,以亚硝酸盐为电子受体时调节C/N分别为0、 1.8、 2.4、 3.0、 4.3、 5.2、 6.6和20.6.结果发现,以亚硝酸盐为电子受体时,最佳C/N为3.0,此时N₂O产生量为0.044 mg·L^－１;以硝酸盐为电子受体时,最佳C/N为5.0,此时N₂O产生量为0.135 mg·L^－１,是以亚硝酸盐为电子受体时的3倍.电子受体类型不同时,N₂O产生量的变化趋势类似：在碳源严重不足时,反硝化率和N₂O产生量均很低;碳源相对不足时N₂O产生量增加;C/N过大时,虽然反硝化速率很快,但N₂O产量也急剧增大.可见,与全程硝化反硝化工艺相比,短程硝化反硝化工艺可节省40%碳源,且控制C/N=3,其反硝化过程产生的N₂O远少于全程反硝化.     

COD/TP比及NO_2~--N/TP对短程反硝化聚磷的影响

污水中COD/TP比和NO2--N/TP比对A/A/OSBR反硝化聚磷工艺运行有重要的影响。实验结果表明:随着COD/TP比值的增加,厌氧释磷增加、厌氧释磷速率提高。但当COD/TP比值为28.5时,过剩的碳源进入缺氧段,反硝化菌利用外碳源消耗,抑制了缺氧吸磷过程;当COD/TP比值为21时,合成的PHB不足,缺氧吸磷效率下降,而且长期在较低COD/TP比条件下运行,激发了聚糖菌与聚磷菌的竞争,聚磷菌处于竞争的劣势,反硝化聚磷能力最终消失;当COD/PO43--P为25时,短程反硝化聚磷效果最佳。NO2--N/TP比与COD/TP的比值相关联,在COD/TP=25的条件下,合适的NO2--N/TP比为3。当NO2--N/PO43--P为5时,SBR上一周期剩余的NO2-会影响厌氧释磷过程。当NO2--N/TP为1.8时,NO2-不足,会使反硝化聚磷过程不完全。     

臭氧污染对不同品种小麦干物质与生物量碳积累与分配的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)污染对陆地生态系统及植物生长的危害备受关注.本研究利用开放式臭氧污染(Free-air O3concentration enrichment,O3FACE)研究平台,研究了大气O3浓度增加(比周围大气高50%)对长江三角洲地区5个冬小麦(Tritcium aestivum L.)品种(扬麦15、扬麦16、烟农19、扬幅麦2号和嘉兴002)的干物质与生物量碳的积累与分配以及作物残体C/N比的影响.结果表明,不同品种小麦的干物质积累和分配对O3升高的响应差异明显;O3升高具有降低扬麦15、嘉兴002和增加扬幅麦2号总生物量的趋势,但对扬麦16和烟农19几乎无影响,其中嘉兴002达到显著水平.O3升高显著增加了扬麦15、嘉兴002和显著降低了烟农19和扬幅麦2号的根/冠比,而对品种扬麦16无影响,导致干物质在地上和地下分配呈现品种差异.高O3环境下扬麦15、扬麦16和嘉兴002穗重降低,而烟农19和扬幅麦2号无明显变化;小麦籽粒占穗的比重在高O3条件下嘉兴002、烟农19和扬幅麦2号显著降低8.2%～15.5%,扬麦15呈增加趋势而扬麦16变化不大;表明O3升高将致嘉兴002、烟农19、扬幅麦2号和扬麦16不同程度减产.O3升高导致烟农19和扬幅麦2号秸秆碳量显著增加14.1%～22.9%和C/N比显著降低10.9%～29.1%,JX002秸秆碳量显著减少和C/N比显著增加,扬麦16和扬麦15的秸秆碳量与C/N比则分别呈增加和降低趋势.O3升高显著降低了扬麦16、烟农19和扬幅麦2号品种的根茬碳量和C/N比,对嘉兴002的根茬碳量无显著影响却显著降低了C/N比,但对扬麦15根茬碳数量与质量均影响不大.评价小麦干物质的形成与分配、根茬和秸秆固碳的质与量对O3污染的响应需考虑品种差异影响.     

异养-自养耦合深度脱氮系统的生物脱氮性能研究

为探究低C/N[ρ（COD_Cr）/ρ（NO₃--N）,下同]水体的脱氮技术,分别以火山岩、火山岩/铁碳颗粒、火山岩/硫磺颗粒、火山岩/铁碳颗粒/硫磺颗粒作为填料构建R1、R2、R3和R4反应器,考察反硝化系统在不同C/N下的脱氮效果.结果表明:①随着进水C/N的降低,R1、R2和R3反应器的NO₃--N去除率逐渐降低,R4反应器则是先升后降;在C/N为1.5~2.0、系统温度为30℃、进水pH为7.0±0.2、HRT（水力停留时间）为4.0 h、进水ρ（NO₃--N）为30 mg/L时,R4反应器中NO₃--N去除率最高,平均值为90.1%.②在R2反应器中,随着反应器的运行,铁碳颗粒自身氧化表面形成氧化膜,使得铁自养反硝化作用不断减弱,脱氮效率与R1反应器相近.③运行前期,R2和R4反应器保持着较高的ρ（NH₄+-N）,随着反应器的运行,4个反应器的ρ（NH₄+-N）相当.④与R3反应器相比,R4反应器中不存在NO₂--N的累积情况,同时铁自养过程产生的碱能被硫自养过程所消耗,系统pH更适合反硝化菌生存.研究显示,C/N为1.5~2.0时,异养-铁-硫自养反硝化系统可提供充足的电子供体,减少对有机碳源的依赖,保证了稳定高效的脱氮效果.      

Fe(0)-活性炭强化短程反硝化脱氮及影响因素

为减少生物短程反硝化对外碳源的依赖,研究了无机环境下Fe(0)-活性炭强化短程反硝化的脱氮效果,并探究了不同铁碳比及初始pH值对系统脱氮效果及N+2O释放的影响.结果表明Fe(0)-活性炭可强化生物短程反硝化,将亚硝氮去除率由7.4%提高到31.1%.当m(铁)∶m(碳)由2∶1降至1∶1和1∶2时,反硝化速率与亚硝氮去除率均呈现先升后降的趋势,m(铁)∶m(碳)为1∶1时达到最大,分别为5.58 mg·(g·h)~(-1)与41.1%,且此时N+2O的释放量较小,为0.10 mg.当pH值由6.0升至9.0的过程中,反硝化速率由7.39 mg·(g·h)~(-1)下降至5.96 mg·(g·h)~(-1),N+2O的释放量由0.19 mg下降至0.12 mg.以上结果表明,在m(铁)∶m(碳)为1∶1和pH为弱酸性的条件下,Fe(0)-活性炭能强化短程反硝化获得较好的脱氮效果,但低pH值会增加N+2O的释放量.     

考虑环空压力的生产套管CO2腐蚀速率预测

目的 预测考虑环空压力条件下不同产量、温度变化碳钢套管的腐蚀速率.方法 利用优化的经典半经验模型对碳钢套管的腐蚀速率进行预测.明确海洋环境碳钢套管CO2腐蚀的机理,找出海水中生产套管发生腐蚀的主要影响因素及腐蚀机理,通过CO2溶解度模型优化腐蚀速率预测模型,考虑温度、环空压力、产量等变化对腐蚀的影响规律,预测生产套管的...     

基于假设抽取法的中国区域间碳排放关联分析

区域间碳排放的产业关联可为区域间碳减排责任分摊提供科学依据,运用HEM（hypothetical extraction method,假设抽取法）,以不同年份中国各省（自治区、直辖市）区域间投入产出表（不包含港澳台地区数据）为基础,对比分析了2012年和2007年中国八大区域17个产业群的碳关联以及各区域的PBE（基于生产的碳排放）和CBE（基于消费的碳排放）.结果表明:①与2007年相比,2012年中国八大区域总碳排放量变化趋势稳定,但是部分区域某些产业群的碳排放量有明显上升或下降的趋势;2012年和2007年八大区域各产业群对产业系统净输出和净吸收的碳具有显著的相似性.②2012年和2007年中国八大区域的建筑业后项碳关联相对指标均大于1,其中,2012年中部区域、西北区域和西南区域建筑业后项碳关联相对指标分别为9.446、6.935、8.365,2007年分别为5.428、7.576、5.298,这3个区域的建筑业后项碳关联位居八大区域的前三位,是建筑业最具潜力的三大碳排放区域;除京津区域和南部沿海区域以外,其余区域的石化工业,电力蒸汽热水、煤气自来水生产供应业等前项碳关联相对指标均大于1.③PBE较大的区域,其CBE也较大,如三大沿海区域、中部区域和西部区域,而京津区域的PBE和CBE均最小.④各区域的石化工业和电力蒸汽热水、煤气自来水生产供应业的PBE均最大,建筑业和其他服务业的CBE最大.研究显示,发达的沿海区域和发展中区域减排责任分摊比重较高,其对能源需求较高,致使产生的碳排放较多,其中尤以石化工业和电力蒸汽热水、煤气自来水生产供应业等对碳排放的影响较大.      

The relationship between economic and carbon footprint changes in EU: The achievements of the EU sustainable consumption and production policy implementation

The Sustainable Consumption and Production policy is a key objective in the renewed European Union (EU) Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS). EU countries implement the targets of Sustainable Consumption and Production policy at different a level. Nevertheless, SDS targets are concerned more with production than consumption side. In addition, analysis of the carbon footprint data, which was supplied by the Global Footprint Network, showed that in all EU countries consumption-based carbon footprint caught-up and exceeded the level of production-based carbon (except Denmark and Estonia) during 1993–2010 period. The significant absolute decoupling in terms of carbon footprint from production-based perspective was observed in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Slovakia, Poland, United Kingdom and Germany, meanwhile from consumption-based perspective only in Denmark, Estonia and Germany. Moreover in Spain, Portugal, Italy and Croatia the consumption-based carbon footprint grew faster than economy in general. Results imply that EU should put more focus on consumption side in terms of Sustainable Consumption and Production policy and measures taken. A commitment to reduce the environmental impact from consumption-based perspective should be more addressed covering values and lifestyles.     

Net Carbon Exchange Across the Arctic Tundra-Boreal Forest Transition in Alaska 1981–2000

Shifts in the carbon balance of high-latitude ecosystems could result from differential responses of vegetation and soil processes to changing moisture and temperature regimes and to a lengthening of the growing season. Although shrub expansion and northward movement of treeline should increase carbon inputs, the effects of these vegetation changes on net carbon exchange have not been evaluated. We selected low shrub, tall shrub, and forest tundra sites near treeline in northwestern Alaska, representing the major structural transitions expected in response to warming. In these sites, we measured aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen pools, and used these data to parameterize the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model. We simulated the response of carbon balance components to air temperature and precipitation trends during 1981–2000. In areas experiencing warmer and dryer conditions, Net Primary Production (NPP) decreased and heterotrophic respiration (R _H ) increased, leading to a decrease in Net Ecosystem Production (NEP). In warmer and wetter conditions NPP increased, but the response was exceeded by an increase in R _H ; therefore, NEP also decreased. Lastly, in colder and wetter regions, the increase in NPP exceeded a small decline in R _H , leading to an increase in NEP. The net effect for the region was a slight gain in ecosystem carbon storage over the 20 year period. This research highlights the potential importance of spatial variability in ecosystem responses to climate change in assessing the response of carbon storage in northern Alaska over the last two decades.     

氯化石蜡产品中短链和中链同系物的指纹分布

使用气相色谱-电子捕获负化学电离质谱（GC-ECNI-MS）,对包含CP-42、CP-52和CP-70三种常见氯含量的22个CPs产品进行了测定,分析了不同氯含量的CPs产品中短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）和中链氯化石蜡（MCCPs）同系物的分布模式.SCCPs同系物呈现5种分布特征,分别是CP-42型、三类CP-52型和CP-70型,MCCPs同系物呈现4种分布特征,分别是CP-42型和三类CP-52型,CP-70产品中MCCPs同系物未呈现出一致的分布规律.CPs生产原料石蜡中烷烃的成分组成和CPs生产工艺的不同,是造成产品同系物分布模式不一致的原因.通过统计学分析,得到CPs产品中SCCPs和MCCPs同系物的指纹分布,这是开展环境中CPs的源解析、迁移转化、归趋和毒性风险评价等研究的有利工具.     

短泥龄活性污泥系统碳磷污染物去除机制及微生物结构分析

在污泥停留时间（SRT）为3 d的条件下,探究了不同水力停留时间（HRT）条件下（4、6、8、12和16 h）的超短龄活性污泥系统碳、磷去除效果、机制,以及微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,在HRT=8 h及以上时短活性污泥系统才会有稳定的碳、磷去除效果,去除率分别能达到80%和90%以上;去除机理为吸附和生物作用,但COD和磷以吸附的方式去除比例随HRT的延长而减小,分别从47.2%和89.1%降低至35.9%和33.6%.微生物群落结构分析表明,短SRT系统中主要的优势微生物种类与传统活性污泥系统相似,除磷由传统聚磷菌（PAOs）和反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）共同完成,相对丰度随着HRT的延长而增加.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subaipine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the effects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the gross primary production （GPP） and soil organic carbon （SOC） increased, and the net primary production （NPP） and net ecosystem production （NEP） decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased. With the variation of baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly affected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor affecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong effect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

中国煤炭供应行业格局优化及排放

随着中国经济发展进入新常态,煤炭行业正在发生巨大的变化。为降低中国未来煤炭供应行业总成本,在收集和分析行业现有格局及相关政策的基础上,研究优化未来中国煤炭产、运格局;并通过分析各地区煤炭供应行业的各个环节,最终核算出碳排放系数,再利用这些系数对优化格局下的煤炭活动产生的碳排放进行测算。结果显示：（1）在现有格局的基础上,在资源和政策的约束下,中国煤炭开发将不断集中化,山西、陕西、内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、新疆的开发规模不断扩大,到2030年占全国总生产比例将近88%,比2015年提高17%;（2）煤炭调运压力先增后减,新疆、西南、东北等地区铁路运力不足,需不同程度地扩能;（3）2020年煤炭供应行业总排放约6.41亿t CO₂当量,单位供应排放比2015年降低8.75%,2030年总排放约5.26亿t CO₂当量,单位供应排放比2015年降低15.34%。在此基础上具体分析各地区煤炭生产、运输及排放情况,并提出了中国煤炭产业发展的相关对策建议,为煤炭行业相关决策和碳减排工作提供一定的支撑。     

进水碳氮比对脱氮污泥羟胺氧化酶活性及N_2O产生的影响

在以A/O方式运行的SBR工艺中,研究了3种不同进水碳氮比下硝化与反硝化过程中污泥羟胺氧化酶(HAO)活性变化、N2O的产生/释放规律及两者之间的关联性.结果表明,当C/N=3.5与C/N=9.5时,HAO平均酶活性分别为(283.77±19.64),(348.87±17.94)U/g MLSS,而C/N=6.5条件下的平均酶活性仅为(246.45±23.30)U/g MLSS,总体上3个条件下缺氧阶段HAO活性均较好氧阶段高;反应过程中HAO的活性变化趋势基本与气态N_2O释放速率、溶解态N_2O及亚硝氮的浓度变化趋势成正相关,在C/N=9.5下好氧段HAO活性与后三者呈现完全一致的变化规律.N_2O主要产生于好氧阶段进行的硝化过程,尤其是羟胺氧化是N_2O产生的主要环节;碳源相对不充分的条件下(如C/N=3.5),缺氧段N_2O的释放与HAO活性关系密切;碳源相对较充分的条件下,缺氧段N_2O的产生与HAO酶活性无明显关联.推测可能是因为缺乏电子受体NO_2~-而导致HAO酶未参与反应;在N_2O产生较多的条件下,HAO活性相对也较高.