Activated carbon coated palygorskite as adsorbent by activation and its adsorption for methylene blue

An activation process for developing the surface and porous structure of palygorskite/carbon(PG/C) nanocomposite using ZnC l2 as activating agent was investigated. The obtained activated PG/C was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis(BET) techniques. The effects of activation conditions were examined,including activation temperature and impregnation ratio. With increased temperature and impregnation ratio, the collapse of the palygorskite crystal structure was found to accelerate and the carbon coated on the surface underwent further carbonization. XRD and SEM data confirmed that the palygorskite structure was destroyed and the carbon structure was developed during activation. The presence of the characteristic absorption peaks of C_C and C–H vibrations in the FTIR spectra suggested the occurrence of aromatization. The BET surface area improved by more than 11-fold(1201 m2/g for activated PG/C vs. 106 m2/g for PG/C) after activation, and the material appeared to be mainly microporous. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue onto the activated PG/C reached 351 mg/g. The activated PG/C demonstrated better compressive strength than activated carbon without palygorskite clay.     

核桃壳质活性炭的制备及吸附恶臭气体的研究

研究了用ZnCl2活化法制备核桃壳质活性炭的工艺条件及其改性前后吸附典型恶臭气体硫化氢的硫容量及穿透行为：结果表明：ZnCl2质量分数60％,300℃炭化80min,500℃活化60min,制得的活性炭脱硫硫容量高,穿透时间长;性能表征测得其碘吸附值可达880mg／g以上,吸附效果明显优于市售活性炭。用质量分数为1％的KIO3改性后的活性炭脱硫性能明显提高。     

磷酸水热预处理制备高比表面积高介孔率活性炭

以锯末为原材料,采用磷酸水热预处理后活化的工艺制备高介孔率活性炭,以比表面积和孔容为评价标准,通过单因素实验探究了酸料比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭比表面积及总孔容的影响规律,验证了该工艺的可行性.最优条件下所制备的活性炭比表面积为2579 m~2·g~(-1),介孔率达到96.6%,充分说明磷酸水热预处理工艺能够显著提高活性炭介孔孔容占比.亚甲基蓝(MB)吸附实验数据与Redlich-Peterson模型拟合度较好,样本活性炭对MB的吸附为单分子层吸附,最大单层吸附量为618.35 mg·g~(-1),接近于实验测试值632.79 mg·g~(-1),表明该方法制备的活性炭具有良好的MB吸附性能.     

梧桐叶活性炭对不同极性酚类物质的吸附

以梧桐枯叶为原料、磷酸为活化剂制备活性炭,研究了不同浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质的影响. 通过XRD(X射线衍射)、BET比表面积、红外图谱、XPS(X射线光电子能谱)等对梧桐叶活性炭进行表征,并对其表面零电荷点(pH_pzc)进行了测定,从热力学的角度研究了梧桐叶活性炭对水溶液中不同极性酚类物质的吸附行为. 结果表明,梧桐叶活性炭制备的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比(质量比)为3∶1,活化温度为450℃,活化时间为2.5h. 浸渍比增大、活化温度升高和活化时间的延长,都有利于增加活性炭表面极性;活性炭的极性表面对酚类物质的吸附有重要影响,梧桐叶活性炭对苯酚、邻硝基苯酚和对硝基苯酚的吸附量分别达到79.2、93.9和95.8mg/g. 热力学研究表明,梧桐叶活性炭对不同极性酚类物质的吸附符合Frenundlich等温吸附方程,并且是一个自发的放热过程,其吸附焓变、吸附熵变、吸附自由能变均小于零.      

Removal of bromate ion using powdered activated carbon

Bromate ion (BrO 3) removal from drinking water by powdered activated carbons (PAC S) in bath mode was evaluated under various operational conditions.Six kinds of PACs,including wood-based carbon,fruit-based carbon,coal-based carbon,and these three carbons thermally deoxidized in a nitrogen atmosphere,were selected to investigate their capacity on BrO 3 removal.With the highest zeta potential value and being richly mesoporous,coal-based carbon had a high and an excellent BrO 3 adsorption efficiency.The removal content of BrO 3 by per gram of coal-based carbon was 0.45 mg within 5 hr in 100 μg/L bromate solution.The surface characteristics of PACs and bromide formation revealed that both physical and chemical PACs properties simultaneously affected the adsorptionreduction process.Under acidic conditions,PAC S possessed high zeta value and adequate basic groups and exhibited neutral or positive charges,promoting BrO 3 adsorption-reduction on the carbon surface.Interestingly,the PAC S thermally deoxidized in N 2 atmosphere optimized their properties,e.g.increasing their zeta values and decreasing the oxygen content which accelerated the BrO 3 removal rate.The maximum adsorption capacity of fruit-based carbon was the highest among all tested carbons (99.6 mg/g),possibly due to its highest pore volume.Remarkably,the thermal regeneration of PACs in N 2 atmosphere could completely recover the adsorption capacity of PACs.The kinetic data obtained from carbons was analyzed using pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models,with results showing that the intraparticle diffusion was the more applicable model to describe adsorption of BrO 3 onto PACs.     

Breakthrough CO2 adsorption in bio-based activated carbons

In this work, the effects of different methods of activation on CO₂ adsorption performance of activated carbon were studied. Activated carbons were prepared from biochar, obtained from fast pyrolysis of white wood, using three different activation methods of steam activation, CO₂ activation and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation. CO₂ adsorption behavior of the produced activated carbons was studied in a fixed-bed reactor set-up at atmospheric pressure, temperature range of 25–65°C and inlet CO₂ concentration range of 10–30 mol% in He to determine the effects of the surface area, porosity and surface chemistry on adsorption capacity of the samples. Characterization of the micropore and mesopore texture was carried out using N₂ and CO₂ adsorption at 77 and 273 K, respectively. Central composite design was used to evaluate the combined effects of temperature and concentration of CO₂ on the adsorption behavior of the adsorbents. The KOH activated carbon with a total micropore volume of 0.62 cm³/g and surface area of 1400 m²/g had the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 1.8 mol/kg due to its microporous structure and high surface area under the optimized experimental conditions of 30 mol% CO₂ and 25°C. The performance of the adsorbents in multi-cyclic adsorption process was also assessed and the adsorption capacity of KOH and CO₂ activated carbons remained remarkably stable after 50 cycles with low temperature (160°C) regeneration.     

Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

粉末活性焦对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能

以蒙东褐煤为原料,通过沉降炉炭化活化一步法制备了粉末活性焦（COKE）,其具有丰富的孔隙结构,以微孔为主,占据比表面积的79.3%.考察了活性焦对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,并进一步研究了吸附时间、温度、初始pH值、初始磷酸盐浓度、活性焦投加量和共存离子对吸附过程的影响,以及吸附动力学、吸附等温线和热力学特征.结果表明：活性焦对水体中的磷酸盐具有良好的吸附性能.在30℃,pH=7的条件下,利用20.00g/L活性焦吸附1mg/L磷酸盐溶液,60min即可达到吸附平衡,此时吸附率可达89.4%.当吸附温度越高（10~40℃）,活性焦投加量越大,溶液pH值在6~7时,活性焦对水中磷酸盐的去除效果越好.共存离子的存在（NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-）对活性焦吸附磷酸盐有抑制作用.活性焦对磷酸盐溶液的吸附过程较好符合Freundlich模型（R²>0.99）和准二级动力学模型（R²>0.99）,最大吸附容量为1.746mg/g（30℃）,并通过热力学分析发现此过程为自发的吸热反应.利用傅立叶红外光谱分析进一步表明,活性焦吸附磷酸盐主要依靠配位交换.与活性炭相比,活性焦性价比更高,具有良好的应用前景.     

污泥基活性炭的制备、表征及其应用

以城市生活污水厂脱水车间污泥为原料,采用化学活化法(ZnCl2为活化剂)在活化剂浓度为45%、活化温度为600℃、浸渍温度为45℃、活化时间为50min条件下制备污泥基活性炭。对污泥基活性炭进行了孔结构、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、XRD等表征分析。结果表明:该条件下制备出的污泥基活性炭碘吸附值为427.51mg/g,比表面积为329.48m2/g,大孔、中孔、微孔容积分别为0.19,0.12,0.15cm3/g。平均孔径为3.953nm。将其应用于生活污水处理,考察了污泥基活性炭投加量、pH、吸附时间对其吸附性能的影响。     

Zero-valent iron doped carbons readily developed from sewage sludge for lead removal from aqueous solution

Low-cost but high-efficiency composites of iron-containing porous carbons were prepared using sewage sludge and ferric salts as raw materials. Unlike previous time- and energy-consuming manufacturing procedures, this study shows that pyrolyzing a mixture of sludge and ferric salt can produce suitable composites for lead adsorption. The specific surface area, the total pore volume and the average pore width of the optimal composite were 321 m²/g, 0.25 cm³/g, and 3.17 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that ferric salt favored the formation of metallic iron, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the formation of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. The result of batch tests indicated that the adsorption capacity of carbons activated with ferric salt could be as high as 128.9 mg/g, while that of carbons without activation was 79.1 mg/g. The new manufacturing procedure used in this study could save at least 19.5 kJ of energy per gram of activated carbon.     

Facile synthesis of graphene-based hyper-cross-linked porous carbon composite with superior adsorption capability for chlorophenols

In this work, we proposed a green and cost-effective method to prepare a graphene-based hyper-cross-linked porous carbon composite (GN/HCPC) by one-pot carbonization of hyper-cross-linked polymer (HCP) and glucose. The composite combined the advantages of graphene (GN) and hyper-cross-linked porous carbon (HCPC), leading to high specific surface area (396.93 m²/g) and large total pore volume (0.413 cm³/g). The resulting GN/HCPC composite was applied as an adsorbent to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solutions. The influence of different solution conditions including pH, ionic strength, contact time, system temperature and concentration of humic acid was determined. The maximum adsorption capacity of GN/HCPC composite (calculated by the Langmuir model) could reach 348.43 mg/g, which represented increases of 43.6% and 13.6% over those of the as-prepared pure GN and HCPC, respectively. The Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were found to fit well with the adsorption process. Thermodynamic experiments suggested that the adsorption proceeded spontaneously and endothermically. In addition, the GN/HCPC composite showed high adsorption performance toward other organic contaminants including tetracycline, bisphenol A and phenol. Measurement of the adsorption capability of GN/HCPC in secondary effluent revealed a slight decrease over that in pure water solution. This study demonstrated that the GN/HCPC composite can be utilized as a practical and efficient adsorbent for the removal of organic contaminants in wastewater.     

ZnCl_2/CuCl_2复合活化剂制备污泥活性炭及其分形研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,以氯化锌和氯化铜为复合活化剂,采用低温炭化及中温活化方法制备了污泥活性炭。经正交优化得到最佳制备条件为:活化温度为534℃,活化时间为60 min,ZnCl2浓度为3.0 mol/L,CuCl2浓度为0.3 mol/L,碘吸附值达到534.0 mg/g。所得污泥活性炭含有大量微孔,同时也含有部分中孔和大孔,BET比表面积为784.89 m2/g,Langmuir比表面积为1 053.69 m2/g;利用污泥活性炭吸附制药废水,实验结果符合Freundlich方程,由此建立的分形吸附模型证明制备的污泥活性炭具有分形特征,其分形维数越高,则粗糙度越大,碘吸附值越高。     

CO_2活化木屑炭制备活性炭及工艺优化

以炼制生物质油过程中产生的木屑炭为原料,CO2为活化气体,通过物理活化法制备活性炭。考察了活化温度、活化时间及CO2流量对活性炭亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。采用中心组合实验,运用响应曲面进行工艺参数优化,得出最佳的工艺参数为活化温度850℃,活化时间3.91h,活化气体流量30ml/min,此时由软件预测的亚甲基蓝吸附值为10.66ml/0.1g,得率42.66%,经验证,与实际相符。并对模型进行了检验,验证了其有效性。并选择不同温度下制备活性炭进行N2吸附脱附等温线实验,得到所制备活性炭BET最大可达948m2/g,由BJH理论分可知其中孔比表面积为296m2/g,平均孔径为3.76nm。     

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents from melamine-formaldehyde resin using nanocasting technique for CO2 adsorption

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents, having high nitrogen content, were synthesized via nanocasting technique with melamine–formaldehyde resin as precursor and mesoporous silica as template. A series of adsorbents were prepared by varying the carbonization temperature from 400 to 700°C. Adsorbents were characterized thoroughly by nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), elemental(CHN) analysis, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and Boehm titration. Carbonization temperature controlled the properties of the synthesized adsorbents ranging from surface area to their nitrogen content, which play major role in their application as adsorbents for CO_2 capture.The nanostructure of these materials was confirmed by XRD and TEM. Their nitrogen content decreased with an increase in carbonization temperature while other properties like surface area, pore volume, thermal stability and surface basicity increased with the carbonization temperature. These materials were evaluated for CO_2 adsorption by fixed-bed column adsorption experiments. Adsorbent synthesized at 700°C was found to have the highest surface area and surface basicity along with maximum CO_2 adsorption capacity among the synthesized adsorbents. Breakthrough time and CO_2 equilibrium adsorption capacity were investigated from the breakthrough curves and were found to decrease with increase in adsorption temperature. Adsorption process for carbon adsorbent–CO_2 system was found to be reversible with stable adsorption capacity over four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. From three isotherm models used to analyze the equilibrium data, Temkin isotherm model presented a nearly perfect fit implying the heterogeneous adsorbent surface.     

水蒸气法制备污泥质活性炭的实验研究

以污泥和木屑为原料,采用管式炉水蒸气活化法,对流化床热解炉制得的热解炭进行制备活性炭的研究,分析了活化因素对活化效果的影响、亚甲基蓝在活性炭上的吸附平衡和动力学、污泥活性炭浸出液中重金属的含量及其孔结构等性能.实验结果表明:随着活化温度的升高、活化时间的延长和水蒸气流量的增加,活性炭的得率不断降低,亚甲基蓝的吸附值先升高后降低;污泥中添加20%木屑时制得的活性炭的吸附性能是纯污泥质活性炭的一倍多; Langmuir吸附等温线模型、准二级反应模型能够比较准确地描述亚甲基蓝在污泥活性炭上的吸附相平衡及吸附过程,平衡时活性炭对亚甲基蓝单层最大吸附量为71.43mg/g;污泥质活性炭的孔结构以过渡孔为主;浸出液中只有少量的重金属.     

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents from melamine–formaldehyde resin using nanocasting technique for CO2 adsorption

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents, having high nitrogen content, were synthesized via nanocasting technique with melamine–formaldehyde resin as precursor and mesoporous silica as template. A series of adsorbents were prepared by varying the carbonization temperature from 400 to 700°C. Adsorbents were characterized thoroughly by nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental (CHN) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Boehm titration. Carbonization temperature controlled the properties of the synthesized adsorbents ranging from surface area to their nitrogen content, which play major role in their application as adsorbents for CO₂ capture. The nanostructure of these materials was confirmed by XRD and TEM. Their nitrogen content decreased with an increase in carbonization temperature while other properties like surface area, pore volume, thermal stability and surface basicity increased with the carbonization temperature. These materials were evaluated for CO₂ adsorption by fixed-bed column adsorption experiments. Adsorbent synthesized at 700°C was found to have the highest surface area and surface basicity along with maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity among the synthesized adsorbents. Breakthrough time and CO₂ equilibrium adsorption capacity were investigated from the breakthrough curves and were found to decrease with increase in adsorption temperature. Adsorption process for carbon adsorbent–CO₂ system was found to be reversible with stable adsorption capacity over four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. From three isotherm models used to analyze the equilibrium data, Temkin isotherm model presented a nearly perfect fit implying the heterogeneous adsorbent surface.     

Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by hydrous manganese dioxide: Adsorption behavior and mechanism

Hydrous manganese dioxide (HMO) synthesized by redox of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide was used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) removal.The specific surface area,pore volume and BJH pore diameter of the HMO were 79.31m2/g,0.07cm3/g and 3.38 nm,respectively.The adsorption equilibrium at 298K could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm equation with q max value of 352.55mg/g.The negative values of G and the positive values of H and S indicated the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.The pseudo second-order equation could best fit the adsorption data.The value of the calculated activation energy for Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto the HMO was 38.23 kJ/mol.The uptake of Pb(Ⅱ) by HMO was correlated with increasing surface hydroxyl group content and the main adsorbed speciation was PbOH+.The final chemical state of Pb(Ⅱ) on the surface of HMO was similar to PbO.HMO was a promising candidate for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from aqueous solution.     

污泥活性炭的制备及其对染料废水脱色性能的研究

以城市污水厂的剩余污泥为原料,采用化学活化法制备污泥活性炭,对比研究该吸附剂对酸性大红GR和活性红紫X-2R两种不同性质染料的吸附性能,并探讨了其对酸性大红GR的吸附规律.研究结果表明:用污泥活性炭作吸附剂处理浓度均为100 mg/L的上述两种染料废水,在pH值为6、投加污泥活性炭分别为5 g/L和6g/L时,脱色率可达99.89%和94.81%;污泥活性炭对酸性大红GR的吸附规律可用Langmuir方程描述.     

污泥基活性炭-甲醇工质对吸附/解吸特性

将市政生物污泥资源转化与吸附制冷能效提升相交叉融合,通过炭素前驱体进行复配、KOH催化炭化及磷酸催化活化相结合的压块炭改进工艺对污泥基活性炭的孔结构进行原位调控,制备了4种新型污泥基活性炭（WNC-4/3/2/1）;对比研究了以污泥炭和甲醇制冷剂为工质对的吸附制冷床的吸附/脱附循环、制冷量及制冷功率变化特性.结果表明： KOH和磷酸浸渍过程可分别促进微孔及中孔结构的发育,WNC-4的总孔、微孔及中孔容积分别达到0.6960,0.1641和0.5319cm³/g.比表面积与孔结构容积水平的同步提升与甲醇制冷剂吸附/脱附量呈良好的相关性（R²>0.90）.基于Langmuir吸附等温模型（R²=0.9939）计算的最大吸附量Q_L^*达到（552.67±23.83）mg/g;基于Sokoda-Suzuki方程计算的40min内的平衡吸附量和脱附量分别为（372.94±9.504）和（412.55±8.309）mg/g.脱附温度为100℃时,WNC-4吸附制冷系统的稳定脱附量、制冷量和制冷功率分别达到（328.81±10.74）mg/g,（300.34±9.81）kJ/kg和（600.68±19.62）kJ/（kg·h）.     

改性颗粒活性炭对水中溴酸根的吸附特性研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)改性颗粒活性炭以提高活性炭对溴酸根的吸附能力.通过小试研究了改性颗粒活性炭(GAC-CPC)对溴酸根的吸附特性,考察了BrO-3初始浓度、pH、共存阴离子等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,CPC改性能显著提高GAC对BrO-3的吸附能力,吸附量随着初始浓度升高而增大;在碱性条件下GAC-CPC对BrO-3的吸附量减小;共存阴离子与BrO-3在GAC-CPC上存在竞争吸附,其影响顺序为:NO-3SO2-4PO3-4CO2-3.用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散动力学模型拟合GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的动力学过程,结果表明,准二级动力学能更好的描述吸附过程,且孔扩散可能是改性GAC吸附BrO-3初始阶段的主要速率控制因素.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合不同温度下BrO-3的吸附平衡过程,结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好的描述吸附平衡过程,GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的过程是自发且放热的,温度升高不利于吸附.