泥沙对黄河水质参数COD、高锰酸钾指数和BOD5的影响——三论黄河的COD值与高锰酸钾指数不能真实反映其污染状况

研究了黄河泥沙含量与COD、高锰酸盐指数和BOD5等水质参数间的关系,揭示了当前黄河COD和高锰酸盐指数监测与评价中存在的问题.结果表明,在上述3个描述耗氧有机物污染程度的参数中,BOD5能真实地反映黄河的有机污染状况,而COD和高锰酸盐指数,不论是用含泥沙的浑水样品测得的数值,还是用滤除掉泥沙的清水样品测得的数值,均在相当程度上夸大了黄河的水污染程度.这种夸大作用在未污染和轻污染河段尤为显著.作者认为,在使用COD和高锰酸盐指数等参数对黄河水质进行评价时,不宜使用直接测得的数值,而应使用经"泥沙有机质本底量"校正的数值.     

黄河水质COD监测问题的研究

通过研究黄河原状水样COD值与澄清水COD值的关系,得出黄河泥沙对分析结果影响太大,不能合理分析黄河水质受污染的程度,建议对黄河水质COD监测与评价采用原状水与澄清水同时进行的方案为最佳.     

黄河耗氧性有机物污染特征及泥沙对其参数测定的影响

对黄河干流1980,1992～1999年耗氧性有机物污染监测数据进行了分析,并通过对高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)与泥沙含量监测数据间的相关分析和模拟实验研究,探讨了泥沙对CODMn测定的影响.结果表明:(1)由于泥沙中腐殖质的成分之一富里酸能溶解于酸,在水样加酸处理过程中将进入水相,且富里酸能被化学氧化剂所氧化,但在自然条件下很难发生生物氧化和消耗水体的溶解氧,因此,由于泥沙的影响,CODMn夸大了耗氧性有机物的污染;(2)黄河干流河水的生化需氧量(BOD5)从上游至下游存在增加的趋势;(3)1992年干流河水的BOD5显著大于1980年的BOD5,在1992～1999年间,河水BOD5的年均值存在上升的趋势,枯水期均值存在上升的趋势,而丰水期均值的增长趋势不明显,由此表明,耗氧性有机污染物的点源排放在增加,而面源排放的增长趋势不明显,甚至存在降低的趋势;(4)黄河干流的耗氧性有机污染物主要来自点源排放,BOD5的点源与面源负荷的多年均值之比为2 81.     

解决黄河耗氧有机物评价中存在问题的方法探讨--四论黄河耗氧有机物污染评价问题

黄河水泥沙含量高,现行的BOD5、COD和高锰酸盐指数测定方法所测结果常不能真实反映其污染状况．针对上述问题提出在评价黄河水质时,不采用COD、高锰酸盐指数和BOD5的实测值,而采用经分别校正的数值,对COD和高锰酸盐指数而言,应从实测值中扣除由泥沙有机质本底量所产生的那部分数值．对BOD5而言,既可通过改进测试操作解决,也可通过乘以校正系数以恢复测量过程中受泥沙沉淀影响而降低的那部分数值．应用校正公式,通过案例研究,对校正方法的正确性进行了检验．     

煤矿排放废水的化学耗氧量(COD)的特性及其测定方法探讨

煤矿矿井水及洗煤厂排水一般不测定化学耗氧量(COD),但有时根据当地需要,对此废水要了解COD值。测定废水COD值系采用重铬酸钾氧化法,方法规定要吸取经过搅拌的均匀水样。鉴于浓硫酸介质中的重铬酸钾其氧化性特强,能够氧化大多数的有机物质,对于煤矿排放废水中的悬浮煤粒的有机质,当然也不例外,于是导致COD值大大增高。然而煤粒的有机质长期在水中仍然非常稳定,它并不消耗水中的氧,萍乡矿务局高坑煤矿在煤泥沉淀池内每年养鱼2000斤,可以说明这一问题。煤虽是有机物,但不属     

黄河兰州段耗氧有机污染物浓度统计预测模型的建立

黄河是一条多泥沙河流,流域内面源污染严重,在分析研究黄河的水环境问题时,必须考虑面源污染这个因素。建立河流污染断面耗氧有机污染物(以COD表示)浓度预测模型是河流水质规划的一     

UV-C辐照对河水溶解有机质降解及微生物可利用性的影响

从黄浦江及其上游支流采集表层水样,进行了微生物培养、UV-C辐照和微生物再培养等处理过程,测定水样ρ(DOC)(DOC为溶解有机碳)、紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,探讨河水DOM(溶解有机质)的光化学降解和微生物可利用性特征. 结果表明:不同处理过程对DOM不同组分去除的贡献率不同,黄浦江河水经微生物培养后,ρ(DOC)和CDOM(有色溶解有机质)含量〔以a₃₃₅(335nm处的吸收系数)计〕分别下降了5%~27%和5%左右,而FDOM(荧光溶解性有机质)含量(以最大荧光强度表示)稍有增加;继续经UV-C辐照24h后,ρ(DOC)和CDOM含量分别下降了7%~36%和79%~96%,而FDOM含量下降了95%以上,说明水体中大部分CDOM和FDOM可通过UV-C辐照去除,并且去除率显著高于微生物降解. UV-C辐照不仅可以降解DOM,而且可以改变DOM的微生物可利用性,其中一部分SLDOM(半活性溶解有机质)经UV-C辐照后能够再次被微生物利用,其中4%~28%的DOC和5%~14%的CDOM可再次被微生物降解.      

水质指标COD的优缺点及其测量方法发展

COD是最常用的评价水体污染程度的综合性指标。COD指标由于测量方便,费用低,适用范围广等优点已成为我国水质监测中必测的一项指标。但在水质成分复杂,水中无机还原性污染物、难降解有机物含量高时,用COD指标来表征有机污染程度会出现很大的偏差。并且由于COD的标准测定方法易受干扰,使得COD的测定值与理论值相差较大。文章综合分析COD指标应用的局限性及其测定方法的发展。     

多沙河流COD监测方法评价及改进方法

在分析黄河泥沙特性及泥沙对水环境影响的基础上,分析以往及现有COD监测方法对黄河水的监测中存在的主要问题,在此基础上,提出了多沙河流COD监测的改进方法。在该方法中,引入泥沙非降解COD值的概念,并用试验方法建立黄河下游泥沙非降解COD值的估算公式。多沙河流COD监测改进后的方法简单易行,准确度较高,其测定结果基本能够客观地反映多沙水体受耗氧有机物污染的程度。     

水中有机污染物综合指标分析述评

目前,水中有机污染物综合指标有BOD_5、COD、TOD、TOC及UVA等。一、生化需氧量(BOD_5) 多年来,沿用BOD_5这一参数作为水中有机污染物可被微生物降解的综合指标,以此掌握水质的有机污染程度,了解污水生化降解的可能性,为生化处理的构筑物设计提供基础数据,评价污水处理技术的效果。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.