海河水生生态系统的研究

本文以调查,分析海河浮游植物,浮游动物,水生维管束植物和大型底栖重托 要生物群落现实结构为主系,系统分析了海河水生生态系统状况,结果表明,水体污染已经对海河水生生态系统产生了明显的有害影响。     

海河综合开发改造与多功能生态堤岸建设

以多功能生态堤岸为基础的城市滨河地带的规划与改造已成为世界各国景观设计、生态规划的焦点。分析了海河堤岸现状的问题，针对海河综合开发改造方案提出了生态堤岸与亲水景观建设的有关建议。     

海河流域和渤海湾沉积物和水样中五氯酚的分布

建立了水和沉积物中五氯酚(PCP)的LC-ESI-MS分析方法,并调查了海河流域以及渤海湾水体和沉积物中PCP的污染状况.海河流域中水和沉积物中PCP的浓度分别为1800ng·l-1和13700ng·g-1,最高浓度发生在万年桥.渤海湾水中PCP的平均浓度为56.8ng·l-1,高于海河流域(除万年桥)PCP的浓度水平(10.0ng·l-1),但是沉积物中PCP的平均浓度为6.58ng·g-1,远低于海河流域沉积物中PCP的浓度水平(1500ng·g-1).     

秦皇岛主要入海河流污染及其对近岸海域影响研究

利用饮马河、洋河、汤河和戴河的水文和水质监测资料,分析了各河流的污染状况、营养状态、污染物入海通量及其对海域水质的影响。结果表明：秦皇岛市入海河流中饮马河和洋河污染较重;通过污染分担率分析,秦皇岛入海河流的首要污染物为DIN、COD,其次为PO43--P;采用综合营养状态指数法评价,汤河处于轻度富营养状态,戴河处于中度富营养状态,而洋河和饮马河都已达到重度富营养化状态,可见秦皇岛入海河流的富营养化现象非常严重;秦皇岛主要河流污染物入海通量近年来基本呈减小趋势,饮马河和洋河年均入海污染物量占到秦皇岛市陆源入海污染物总量的94.91%;通过相关分析表明,秦皇岛近岸海域的水质主要受入海河流影响,尤其是CODMn、DIN、PO43--P在河、海间存在线性关系,具有强相关性。因此应加强对入河污染物的管理,重点应放在生活污水、农业面源污染的治理上,从而改善近岸海域的水质状况。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明:在溶解氧(DO)为1.0～3.0mg/L范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总脱氮去除率提高,保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右,并分析了其原因;同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

叠氮化钠对亚硝酸根分解能力的探讨

分析了采用叠氮化钠修正法测定水中溶解氧时，对水中亚硝酸根含量与叠氮化钠加入量的关系。     

生活污水的好氧反硝化研究

采用强化生物絮凝工艺处理生活污水,试验结果验证了好氧反硝化的存在;好氧反硝化的效率依赖三个因素:溶解氧浓度、絮体大小、有效碳源。低溶解氧质量浓度有利于好氧反硝化脱氮,当ρ(DO)为0.5mg·L-1时,TN去除率达到57.7%。结合理论分析,对好氧反硝化的机理以及影响因素进行了探讨。     

海河水中Cr(Ⅲ)的沉淀和吸附作用

本文以0.45μm膜作为分离溶解态和固态物质的基础,探讨了CrCl_3在海河水以及由海河水和五种底泥组成的水体中的水解沉淀及溶解态Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附作用,并给出了把转移总量考虑为总吸附量时的吸附等温线。     

天津市海河温室气体排放特征与影响因素研究

河流生态系统是内陆水体温室气体重要的排放源,城市河流由于受人为活动干扰较大其温室气体排放特征及控制因子与自然河流不同。为探讨人为活动对城市河流温室气体的排放的影响,选择天津市海河为研究对象,于2019年12月(冬季)及2020年7月(夏季),对水体温室气体溶存浓度及扩散通量进行监测,分析海河温室气体排放时空特征及关键驱动因素。结果表明,冬季海河水体CH_4、CO_2、N_2O平均浓度分别为(0.32±0.42)μmol·L~(-1)、(102.19±64.07)μmol·L~(-1)、(63.78±34.21)nmol·L~(-1),其平均通量分别为(5.54±9.72)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、(865.85±394.74)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、(965.87±844.63) nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。夏季海河水体CH_4、CO_2、N_2O平均浓度分别为(0.72±0.81)μmol·L~(-1)、(75.00±57.87)μmol·L~(-1)、(19.43±6.23) nmol·L~(-1),其平均通量分别为(27.99±29.60)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、(3 281.88±3 425.55)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、(558.73±298.67) nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。在海河水体中CO_2浓度和通量呈现出上游大于下游的空间特征,而CH_4、N_2O浓度和通量呈现出上游小于下游的空间特征。海河二道闸的存在及人为调控对海河上下游水质及温室气体排放影响较大。在季节特征上,除CO_2通量、CH_4浓度和通量外,均呈现冬季大于夏季的季节分布特征。海河水体中DO、NO_3--N、DOC和CODMn是控制海河中温室气体浓度和通量的关键影响因子。海河水体中温室气体的产生不仅与水体中微生物功能有关,还与富含氮、磷等营养物质的工农业废水和生活污水的排放有关,人为活动影响和决定了海河温室气体排放模式及主要控制因子。     

D0对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明：在溶解氧(DO)为1．0—3．0mg/L几范围内，随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低，总脱氮去除率提高，保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右，并分析了其原因；同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

Mathematical models of dissolved oxygen concentration in fresh water

An adequate reserve of dissolved oxygen in a receiving stream is extremely important for protecting aquatic plants and animals, and for conserving our water resources. This paper briefly describes the environmental engineering significance of the stream self-purification, the current stream quality standards on dissolved oxygen concentration, and the solubility of dissolved oxygen in water. Special emphasis is placed on the modelling of the biological reactions and the dissolved oxygen saturation concentration in fresh water. The model can be used for calculating the dissolved oxygen saturation concentration, in turn, for determining the dissolved oxygen deficits, the critical dissolved oxygen concentration, and the allowable dissolved oxygen drop in a stream into which the waste water is discharged.     

Results of the UNDP (SF)/FAO Regional Fisheries Survey in West Africa. report No. 2. Preliminary note on dissolved oxygen in the Canary Current

While examining historical data on dissolved oxygen in the Canary Current area and the Central Atlantic Ocean (areas of activity of the UNDP/FAO Regional Fisheries Survey in West Africa), a quite different pattern of distribution was found in the dissolved oxygen/water temperature relationship in two adjacent Marsden squares (MS)¹, 074 and 038. Not only were the dissolved oxygen values in MS 038 considerably lower than in MS 074 but, in the former square, the oxgen/temperature distribution showed 2 dissolved oxygen minima, the latter only 1 minimum. In MS 335, situated below the Equator, near the African coast, the oxygen/temperature distribution differs from the two former squares in that the dissolved oxygen value decreased steadily, and no oxygen minimum was found down to a depth where the water temperature was 6°C.     

Applications of Venturi Principle to Water Aeration Systems

The concentration of dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of water quality because aquatic life lives on the dissolved oxygen in the water. Aeration can increase dissolved oxygen when levels become deficient. Hydraulic structures can significantly improve dissolved oxygen levels by creating turbulent conditions where small air bubbles are carried into the bulk of the flow. Recent researches have focused on developing measurement and predictive techniques for oxygen transfer at hydraulic structures to maintain and enhance water quality. However, reviewing existing studies on aeration performance of hydraulic structures, it seems that there are not too many studies on venturi aeration. The present paper shows applications of venturi principle to water aeration systems. The aeration characteristics of venturi nozzle, venturi conduit and venturi weir are analyzed. The results indicate that venturi aeration might contribute significantly to air entrainment and aeration efficiency. Therefore, venturi device can be used as highly effective aerator in aeration processes.     

Study of physico-chemical characteristics of water bodies around Jaipur

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity and hardness) and zinc concentration in water bodies in and around Jaipur. Water samples from Jalmachal Lake, Nevta Lake, Amer Lake and Ramgarh Lake were analysed. Results reveal that the water of Jalmahal Lake is most polluted due to high pH, hardness, alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, zinc content, and a low level of dissolved oxygen. Contrarily Ramgarh Lake is least polluted, as it has high dissolved oxygen and low pH, alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, hardness and zinc content.     

A two-dimensional numerical model for eutrophication in Baiyangdian Lake

Hydrodynamic, physical, and biochemical processes in the Baiyangdian Lake water environment were analyzed comprehensively. An eutrophication ecodynamics model including the effects of reed resistance on flow was coupled with the hydrodynamics governing equations. An improvement on the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP, a modeling system introduced by the US Environmental Protection Agency) is established, which uses the zooplankton kinetic equation. The model simulates water quality constituents associated with eutrophication in the lake, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and others. Various kinetic coefficients were calibrated using measured data or information from relevant literature, to study eutrophication in the lake. The values calculated by the calibrated model agree well with field data, including ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. Changes related to nutrition and dissolved oxygen during the processes were simulated. The present model describes the temporal variation of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake with reasonable accuracy. Deviations between model-simulated and observed values are discussed. As an ideal tool for environmental management of the lake, this model can be used to predict its water quality, and be used in research to examine the eutrophication process.     

Behavioral response of fish larvae to low dissolved oxygen concentrations in a stratified water column

Density stratification and respiration lead to vertical gradients in dissolved oxygen in many aquatic habitats. The behavioral responses of fish larvae to low dissolved oxygen in a stratified water column were examined during 1990–1991 with the goal of understanding how vertical gradients in dissolved oxygen may directly affect the distribution and survival of fish larvae in Chesapeake Bay, USA. In addition, the effects of low oxygen on 24-h survival rates were tested so that results of behavior experiments could be interpreted in the context of risk to the larve. Naked goby [Gobiosoma bosc (Lacépède)] and bay anchovy [Anchoa mitchilli (Valenciennes)] larvae strongly avoided dissolved oxygen concentrations <1 mg 1^-1, which were lethal within 24 h at 25 to 27°C. In addition, naked goby larvae, whose behavior was tested at a wider range of dissolved oxygen concentrations, also showed a reduced preference for an oxygen concentration of 2 mg 1^-1, which leads to reduced survival during long-term exposures and to reduced feeding rates. There were no major differences in behavior or survival between the two species, or between the two age classes of naked gobies tested. Results suggest that behavioral responses to oxygen gradients will play a large role in producing marked vertical changes in abundance of feeding-stage larvae in Chesapeake Bay; mortality from direct exposure to low oxygen will likely be much less important in producing vertical patterns of larval abundance.     

Forms of Nitrogen (NO 3 - -N; NO 2 - -N and NH 2 CONH 2 -N) and their relations to A.O.U. in the Indian coastal waters of Arabian Sea

The distribution of three important dissolved forms of nitrogen, viz. nitrate, nitrite and urea in the surface and bottom water samples collected from 27 selected hydrographic profiles, in the Arabian Sea, along the west coast of India is described. Of the three forms, nitrate concentrations were the highest and comparatively higher concentrations were observed in the bottom water. Decomposition of organic matter resulting in the release of the thermodynamically stable nitrogen species, i.e. nitrate, may be the major factor resulting in higher nitrate concentrations at these depths, where the water is also characterized by low values of dissolved oxygen and temperature. The significant positive correlation between A.O.U. and nitrate of the bottom water samples emphasizes the role of oxidative decomposition of organic matter which plays an active role in reducing the oxygen concentrations below the theoretical values since at this depth ( , 200 m) the net production is taken to be zero. This is also evidenced by the negative correlation of nitrate with dissolved oxygen and temperature, for the bottom samples.     

Urbanization and small household agricultural land use choices in the Brazilian Amazon and the role for the water chemistry of small streams

Many small watersheds and streams in the Brazilian Amazon have been impacted by agriculture and urban development, often due to household economic needs and migration processes. This study examined the relationships between land use, soil type, and household factors on stream water chemistry in and near the city of Altamira, Pará, Brazil, in 2008–2009. While soil weathering and stream discharge may have affected several stream water ion concentrations, agriculture and especially urban development were associated with high dissolved nitrogen concentrations, high water temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations in streams. Younger interviewed households were generally associated with these watersheds, and many urban residents reported disposing of household waste directly into streams. In contrast, older households were generally associated with forest and cocoa agriculture, along with lower water temperatures and higher dissolved oxygen concentrations in streams. These conditions persisted despite reported uses of herbicides and fertilizers by some residents.     

Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns in a large reservoir using water quality and hydrodynamic modeling

Effective management of reservoir water resources demands a good command of ecological processes in the waterbody. In this work the three-dimensional finite element hydrodynamic model RMA10 was coupled to an eutrophication model. The models were used together with a methodology for loads estimation to foster the understanding of such processes in the largest reservoir in Western Europe—the Alqueva. Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication are water quality concerns in this man-made impoundment. A total phosphorus and nitrogen loads quantification methodology was developed to estimate the inputs in the reservoir, using point and non-point source data.Field data (including water temperature, wind, water elevation, chlorophyll-a, nutrient concentration and dissolved oxygen) and estimated loads were used as forcing for simulations.The analysis of the modeling results shows that spatial and temporal distributions for water temperature, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and nutrients are consistent with measured in situ data.Modeling results allowed the identification of likely key impact factors on the water quality of the Alqueva reservoir. It is shown that the particular geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of the reservoir together with local climate features are responsible for the existence of distinct ecological regions within the reservoir.     

Variability of dissolved reactive phosphate and apparent oxygen utilization along the west coast of India

This work focuses on the spatial variability of dissolved reactive phosphate along the west coast of India. In this study, samples of surface and bottom water was collected from each of the 27 sites during a single pre-monsoon transect along the west coast of India to study the variation of dissolved reactive phosphate. Phosphate showed an enrichment pattern with increase in depth of the water column. In addition to this, an offshore increase in phosphate concentrations was noticed for both surface and bottom stations. Almost all the surface stations of this study area were found to be characterized by negative apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) values, and bottom stations of the deeper offshore zone (200 m depth) displayed large positive AOU values. The bottom stations of shallow near coastal waters and the deeper offshore zone are characterized by an inverse relationship between phosphate and dissolved oxygen, whereas at these depths, a direct relation was observed between phosphate and AOU. AOU is calculated as the difference between oxygen saturation value at the in situ temperature and salinity and the actual measured concentration. This oxidative re-mineralization mechanism decreases the observed dissolved oxygen well below the expected theoretical values, which is concordant with the higher concentration of phosphate and high positive AOU values.