有机氯农药在东方白鹳组织里的浓度

对越冬迁徙期间中途停留在天津北大港的野生鸟类-东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）体内肌肉、肝脏、心脏、胃和脾中∑OCPs浓度进行了检测.各组织中检出的∑OCPs平均浓度（浓度范围,以脂重计）在心脏中最高,为955.30ng/g（88.65～4102.577ng/g）,次之为肝脏,平均浓度为465.55ng/g（37.96～1476.17ng/g）,再次之为胃、脾和肌肉,浓度分别为251.64ng/g（102.88～354.61ng/g）、176.5ng/g（158.72～194.50ng/g）和143.96ng/g（10.90～800.51ng/g）.在肝脏和心脏中∑DDTs和浓度高于∑HCHs,在其它组织中则相反.与其它研究相比,本研究所检测鸟体内有机氯浓度较低,表明这批东方白鹳并尚未受到环境中OCPs的严重污染.     

浅谈城镇生活垃圾处理方案的选择

城镇生活垃圾污染环境日益突出，该文通过对当前国内生活垃圾几种处理办法进行分析比较，提出资源化无害化处理途径。     

絮凝沉淀-SBR组合工艺处理屠宰加工废水工程应用

介绍了絮凝沉淀—SBR组合工艺在屠宰加工废水处理工程中的应用实例.经过3 个月的工程调试和2 年多的实际运行效果表明,当进水COD在1300~1800mg/L之间时,经该工艺处理,出水COO可达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准,总去除率在90%以上.实践证明,该工艺具有较好的经济效益和环境效益.     

白腐真菌生物降解TNT装药废水的研究

本文利用自行培养驯化的白腐真菌，对实际ＴＮＴ装药废水进行了好氧生物降解实验。结果表明，经过五天时间的降解，废水中所含的主要成分ＴＮＴ接近完全降解，效果非常显著。对实验所获得时间序列进行动力学研究，结果证明了白腐真菌降解ＴＮＴ的反应为准一级动力学反应     

Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement

How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders.     

Influence of conservation tillage on winter bird use of arable fields in Hungary

Bird use of conservation tillage-established (CT—seedbed preparation without soil inversion) crops was assessed at two adjacent sites in western Hungary, in comparison with conventionally established (mouldboard ploughed—P) fields. Bird abundance was assessed in a typical rotation of spring-sown maize and winter wheat in three consecutive winters. In the first winter, several species and the guild of seed-eating passerines were significantly more abundant on CT established plots, in both crop types. In the second winter, only starlings were more abundant on CT plots. In the third winter, only skylarks favoured CT over P plots. In combination with agri-environment scheme measures designed to provide resources for biodiversity, conservation tillage could play a role in softening the impact of agriculture on farmland birds in Hungary and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, in addition to its potential for reducing soil erosion and diffuse pollution.     

Drivers of landholder participation in tender programs for Australian biodiversity conservation

Conservation tender program have been widely applied to biodiversity conservation in Australia and internationally in recent decades. Increasing participation rates is critical to these schemes, as competition is required for the cost-effectiveness benefits of the tender system to be fully realized. However, knowledge relating to the drivers of landholder participation in tender programs is limited. This study aims to identify the relative importance of different drivers of participation in Victorian conservation tenders. The novel method of maximum entropy ordinal regression is used given the small sample size, and supplemented with qualitative data obtained through face-to-face interviews. The regression analysis reveals that strong relationships between agencies and landholders and a low administrative burden drive increased participation. The provision of education, support, and easily-integrated management practices, however, may drive lower participation, with landholders confident to undertake conservation activities independently of assistance. Some evidence emerges that ten-year contracts may be well-received. A key concern is low additionality in biodiversity benefits, with typical tender participants displaying a strong conservation ethic and high levels of management activity pre-participation. This work has shown that in conservation policies involving self-selection by participants, economic incentives for adoption may be less important than non-monetary drivers.     

辽河保护区土壤保持功能时空变化及其影响因素分析

土壤保持是生态系统提供的调节服务之一,在维持生态安全等方面发挥着重要作用。以辽河保护区为研究对象,基于中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)模型和地理探测器等方法,开展土壤保持功能时空变化及影响因素分析。结果表明:2010—2018年辽河保护区土壤以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,土壤侵蚀量呈降低趋势,土壤侵蚀严重的区域主要位于河流两侧及下段;土壤保持功能不断增强,土壤保持量较高的区域集中在河流上段和中段;土壤保持功能表现出随降水量、高程增加先减少后增加,随坡度和植被覆盖度增加而增加的趋势,在林地—耕地—草地—灌木林梯度上呈递减趋势;土地利用类型是影响辽河保护区土壤保持格局的主导因素;土地利用类型为耕地,降水量为657~735 mm,坡度为35°~68°,高程为-73~-26 m,植被覆盖度为0~0.3时,土壤保持能力最低,坡度和土地利用类型的交互作用对土壤保持能力变化的解释力最强。     

Biodiversity conservation research challenges in the 21st century: A review of publishing trends in 2000 and 2011

The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 recognizes the increasing importance of scientific knowledge to support conservation policies and decision making. In this study, we assessed the tendency of such knowledge in the first decade of the 21st century. We carried out a systematic review of publications in biodiversity conservation, considering the following aspects: type of research, main topic of study, object of study (i.e. biodiversity organizational level, taxonomic groups and ecosystems), pressures and drivers of change, as well as geographical distribution. In total, 966 publications were analyzed within the three journals with higher academic reach in the field under study: Biodiversity & Conservation, Biological Conservation, and Conservation Biology. Our results show that there are several biases in scientific knowledge associated with the object of study, and analyzed drivers of changes, as well as geographical distribution. However, research trends are not uniform along the first decade of 21st century, as there are some differences between 2000 and 2011 regarding the main topic of the study, the spatial scale and geographical region, and the analyzed ecosystems. We finally discuss the implications of current knowledge trends in biodiversity conservation for achieving the targets delineated by the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020.     

Winter losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from Italian ryegrass, meadow fescue and white clover in a northern temperate climate

We have studied to what degree Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) are able to preserve nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in shoots and roots from one growing season to the next in a northern temperate climate. Field experiments were performed during four consecutive winters in central southeast Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E), and N and P in plant biomass were measured in the autumn and in the spring. We also measured the contents of total N, total P and organic carbon (C) in seepage water that percolated through the aboveground plant material. Uptake of N and P in Italian ryegrass and white clover was substantially larger than in meadow fescue. The winter losses varied greatly from year to year, depending on the winter climate. On the average for all three of the plant species, the winter losses of N from aboveground biomass were 6, 35, 68 and 10% in the four experimental years, respectively. The corresponding P losses were 11, 36, 60 and 22%. On the average for all plant species and experimental years, 43 (±12)% (S.E., n = 12) of the N, 34 (±9)% of the P and 4 (±1)% of the C that was lost from the aboveground plant biomass during the winter, was recovered in seepage water, basically as a nutrient pulse in melt water in early spring. The very low C recovery rate in seepage water suggested a considerable microbial growth on lost plant C. Assuming that all un-recovered plant C was consumed by microorganisms not included in measurements of the seepage water, modelling showed that microbial immobilisation theoretically might explain the unexpectedly low recovery rates of N and P. The study was not designed to investigate the possible effects of psychrophilic microbes on N and P cycling. Therefore, it is inconclusive and underlines the need for more knowledge on this matter.     

The classification of lands managed for conservation: existing and proposed frameworks, with particular reference to Australia

Comprehensive classification systems to accurately account for lands managed for biodiversity conservation, are an essential component of conservation planning and policy. The current international classification systems for lands managed for nature conservation are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on Australia. The need for a broader, all-encompassing, categorisation of lands managed for conservation is presented and a proposed broader categorisation system is developed—the Conservation Lands Classification. This classification system has the advantage of incorporating data on both tenure and protection mechanisms and has been applied in this paper using conservation lands in three Australian jurisdictions as examples. It is envisaged that this method of classification has the potential to significantly improve the ability to measure current and future trends in nature conservation across all land types at a variety of scales and hence is put forward in order to stimulate discussion on this important topic.     

Strategies for conservation planning and management of terrestrial ecosystems in small islands (exemplified for the Macaronesian islands)

The present paper addresses the conservation planning and management issues of terrestrial ecosystems with particular insight to small islands (with examples of application in the Macaronesian archipelagos of Cape Verde, Canaries, Madeira and Azores). It analyses specific conservation planning and management approaches and proposes concrete characterization and evaluation frameworks able to support decision and management processes ensuring an active and participative involvement of all concerned stakeholders. These methodological perspectives involve not only new paradigmatic approaches to the process of characterization and evaluation of environmental elements and processes as well as their use and disturbance through land use, but also regarding the individual and collective perspectives regarding benefice and supporting management behaviours. Some examples from islands of the Macaronesian archipelagos, in particular Pico in the archipelago of Azores and Santiago in the Cape Verde archipelago, are used to illustrate some possible management approaches, involving the consideration of the entire island as a conservation object and mobilizing their actors (individuals, groups, administrations or other organizations) as conscious, participative stakeholders. These examples involve possible land use and management changes and trade-off processes specific to each island that are listed and explained.     

大青山中高山地带阴坡水土保持效益的研究

本文对大青山高土地带阴坡三种不同水土保持林与农地，撩荒地比较，将枯落物持水性、土壤含水量及土壤性质、分散度、导水率进行了分析，阐明了大青山中高山地带阴坡三种不同林分有极强的哟水性、可拦蓄大量的径流；林地土壤含水量高、结构良好、渗透降水能力强，土本难以破坏。可有交地防治山地水土流失的发生。     

住宅装修引起贫血疾病的分析报告

通过对1例住宅装修中甲醛超标引起户主外周血贫血的分析，评价了甲醛对人体健康的危害。简述了室内空气污染物对人体健康的危害。     

住宅装修引起贫血疾病的分析报告

通过对1例住宅装修中甲醛超标引起户主外周血贫血的分析,评价了甲醛对人体健康的危害,简述了室内空气污染物对人体健康的危害。     

Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips

In 1996–1999, different mortality factors of pollen beetle larvae were investigated in twenty six rape fields in the northern part of Switzerland which had either a wild flower strip or an extensively managed meadow adjacent to the long side of the field. At 3 and 30 m into the crop from the conservation strip, total mortality, mortality from predators, parasitoids and unspecified factors were measured. Total pollen beetle larval mortality was 66–96%. Mortality caused by predators was 16–27% and there was no significant difference between mortality at 3 m and that 30 m from the extensively managed meadows. However, in fields with wild flower strips adjacent to them, the percentage mortality from predators was significantly greater at 30 m than at 3 m. The range of parasitism of pollen beetle larvae was 0–54% and was on average greater at 3 m than at 30 m. In fields with wild flower strips, the percentage parasitism with Tersilochus heterocerus was significantly higher than in fields with extensively managed meadows. However, mortality from all parasitoids was only 1–2% and there was no significant difference between 3 and 30 m. The effect of parasitoids on pollen beetle mortality was masked by the high unspecified mortality and the mortality from predators. The unspecified mortality was 46–72% and was significantly greater in 1998 and 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. These differences are probably because of meteorological factors (wet in 1999 and dry in 1998). The possible influences of the two types of conservation strips on pollen beetle larval density were investigated. The results show that in fields with adjacent wild flower strips, the pollen beetle larvae were more evenly distributed (but not significantly so) than in fields with extensively managed meadows where larval density decreases faster from the edge into the rape field.     

笼养肉鸡舍冬季挥发性有机物排放特征

畜禽养殖过程产生的挥发性有机物（VOCs）会影响周围环境质量和人畜健康.针对肉鸡养殖过程挥发性有机物排放特征研究较少,主要致臭物质及致癌、非致癌健康风险影响评价不明确、臭氧生成潜力分析不足等问题,开展了对肉鸡舍内挥发性有机物的现场监测试验,在肉鸡舍采用苏玛罐采样结合气相色谱-质谱法分析了冬季肉鸡生长前期、生长中期和生长后期VOCs的排放特征.结果表明,肉鸡生长过程中共检测出77种VOCs,包括16种卤代烃、21种烷烃、5种烯烃、12种芳香烃、15种含氧VOCs （OVOCs）和8种含硫化合物.整个生长阶段舍内卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和OVOCs浓度变化不大,但是随着肉鸡的生长,含硫氨基酸摄入量和粪便排污系数增加,舍内排放的VOCs逐渐转为硫化物为主.含硫VOCs浓度在生长前期和中期呈现不断升高趋势,但是生长后期舍内通风量增加导致含硫VOCs浓度降低.肉鸡生长过程中监测到的VOCs中主要致臭物质为萘、乙酸乙酯、乙醛、二硫化碳、二甲基二硫、甲硫醇、甲硫醚和噻吩,其中甲硫醇的恶臭指数最高,范围为2172.4~19090.9;生长前期和生长中期存在可能致癌健康风险,终生癌症风险（LCR）值分别为7.7×10^-6和4.5×10^-6.舍内VOCs臭氧生成潜势（OFP）平均值为（1458.9±787.4）μg ·m^-3.结果明确了肉鸡生长过程中VOCs的排放特征,摸清了致臭物质、健康风险和臭氧生成潜势,可为肉鸡养殖过程中污染气体减排策略的制定提供科学依据.     

遵循“循环经济”理论治理“白色污染”

1990年 4月自《人民日报》提出废弃塑料农膜污染环境的问题后 ,发泡塑料餐具和塑料薄膜包装袋等引发的环境问题接踵而来 ,且愈演愈烈。如何防治 ?各持己见 ,争论不休。一些地方政府、行政主管部门采取“封堵”的办法 ,颁布法规或命令 ,禁止生产、销售和使用这类产品 ;另一些地方认为出现环境污染的根源是管理不善 ,是人的素质问题 ,他们选用疏导方式 ,遵循“循环经济”理论 ,宣传“三R”原则 (即减少使用、重复使用和再生利用 ) ,建立并运作回收利用机制 ,将废弃的塑料制品回收再利用。结果是 :前者因推上市场的替代品卫生状况、使用性能难以达到既定标准 ,价格偏高 ,消费者难以接受 ,迄今为止仍然禁而不止 ;后者将进入环境的废旧塑料制品回收再利用 ,目前某些类型废塑料产品的回收率已达 60 %以上 ,市容景观明显改善 ,生态环境问题有所缓解。有的城市还拟将这种治理方式推广 ,用于治理其它废弃物污染环境问题     

2010—2018年辽河保护区土地利用格局时空变化特征

区域土地利用格局主要受经济、政策和气候条件的影响,土地利用格局的转变会影响区域生态环境质量。通过对遥感影像目视解译、现场勘查等方式,形成2010—2018年9期土地利用数据,从时空格局、变化强度、土地利用转移矩阵、生态系统格局方面对辽河保护区土地利用的空间分布与时空变化进行分析。结果表明:2010年(保护区划定初期)辽河保护区土地利用类型主要为湿地、耕地和水体,三者合计占保护区面积的81.3%,2011年保护区内耕地面积占比由33.5%降为8.3%,草地面积占比由0.4%提高至23.5%;2010—2018年,辽河保护区综合土地利用动态度整体呈下降趋势,其中,2011年、2014年和2018年综合土地利用动态度较高,各土地利用类型之间转变相对剧烈;单一土地利用动态度变化较大的土地利用类型为耕地、草地和林地;2010—2018年,辽河保护区景观格局聚集度基本稳定,连通性略有提升。保护区的划定及相关措施的落实促进了保护区内生态用地面积的增加,对保护区生态恢复起到了积极的作用。     

广州地区室内灰尘中典型非邻苯增塑剂的污染特征与暴露风险

非邻-苯二甲酸酯增塑剂作为邻-苯二甲酸酯的替代物被广泛用于生产和生活用品中,但目前对其环境存在和人体暴露风险知之甚少.为研究室内环境的污染状况及人体暴露,分析了广州市83户住宅灰尘中12种典型非邻苯增塑剂.结果 表明,对-苯二甲酸二辛酯(DEHT)、偏苯三酸三辛酯(TOTM)、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯(ATBC)、己二酸庚基壬...