滑坡灾害经济评价初探

本文根据滑坡灾害是自然过程迭加在社会和经济基础上形成的思想，结合滑坡灾害的具体情况，提出了滑坡灾害的经济评价方法，并引入两个具体实例给予了描述。     

滑坡灾害监测与预测时序分析

本文提出了一种边坡滑坡时序建模预测分析方法,以AR模型为例,探讨了时序建模及其预报的基本思想,最后用AR模型对清江电站进口边坡406阻滑键监测数据建模及预报,取得了一定的成果.     

基于风险管理的滑坡灾害预防思想

风险管理技术是一种高层次的综合性管理技术。从滑坡的风险因索识别、风险评价、风险控制、滑坡风险防范措施等风险管理流程人手，对基于风险管理技术的边坡安全与滑坡预防思想进行了论述，指出应用风险管理技术是帮助管理者有准备地、理性地面对所可能遇见的风险，并采取措施最大限度地减少风险，最终减少或避免财产损失和人员伤亡的预防手段。最后概括了滑坡灾害研究的进展和风险管理在滑坡灾害预防方面的研究趋势。     

基于Geodatabase的滑坡灾害空间数据库设计

整个设计旨在建立滑坡灾害空间数据库,有效管理滑坡灾害数据,为滑坡灾害预测预报服务。基于Geodatabse数据模型,使用CASE工具,在分析滑坡灾害风险评价的数据需求和数据特点的基础上,得出了滑坡灾害空间数据概念模型图,建立了滑坡灾害空间数据库。在设计过程中,提出了空间数据和非空间数据的整合方式,以及滑坡监测时间序列数据格式化的示例。     

村镇滑坡灾害的防治探讨

随着我国新农村建设的逐步推进,农村和乡镇(简称村镇)的面貌已发生了很大变化,但是很多村镇位于山区滑坡灾害的易发区.在我国,每年遭受滑坡灾害的村镇不在少数,造成人民生命财产的损失惊人.尽管国家相关部门已陆续颁布了有关滑坡灾害监测、评估和防治的规范规程,但其适用范围为县(市)级以上的城镇区域.而村镇区域通常住宅居住分散、选址和建造随意、无统一规划、缺少基础设施建设和财力支持,通常不具备防治滑坡等地质灾害的能力.     

山区灾害滑坡风险非线性预测研究

传统山区灾害滑坡风险预测方法,对山区滑坡风险进行预测与分析同时,存在预测响应滞后以及预测准确率较低问题。提出山区灾害滑坡风险非线性预测研究方法。基于山区灾害滑坡影响因素,构建非线性斜坡系统,对斜坡单元进行量化分析,完成滑坡非线性动力学模型设计。利用该动力学模型与时间序列的研究,对滑坡形态与时间影响进行综合分析,判定危险滑坡源,对其进行空间相分析,完成山区灾害滑坡风险非线性预测。实验数据表明所提非线性预测方法相比于传统预测方法,响应时间提升96.18%,准确率提升48.95%。     

滑坡灾害风险区划与预测研究综述

对前人关于滑坡灾害风险区划与预测研究的成果进行了分析概括,同时,也指出了存在5个方面的问题。根据我国国土在地形地貌上存在"南北分区,东西分带,交叉成网",及今后随着社会经济不断向地质环境条件恶劣的山区与海岸带发展、滑坡灾害的威胁和可能受到滑坡灾害威胁的地区将进一步增加的特点,指出面对严峻的滑坡灾害,传统的以单个滑坡机理研究和整治为目的的方法和手段在减轻滑坡灾害方面已显得力不从心,区域性的、超前性的预测研究已迫在眉睫。     

基于区域管理的滑坡灾害信息系统研制

在长期的滑坡灾害防治工作中,三峡库区已积累了大量的工程资料,但这些资料主要储存在单项工程报告中而没有被充分利用。为了有效地利用现有的滑坡工程数据,提高资料的管理水平,提出并实现了基于区域管理的滑坡灾害信息系统,该系统可对指定区域多个滑坡工程的数据进行综合管理和处理,为工程建设决策、规划提供了直观的依据;并可利用拟评价工程场地附近的历史资料生成相应的信息,对待评价地区进行预测和预评估评价,这样既可优化评价手段又能节省评估费用。     

鄂西清江古树包滑坡灾害形成机理探讨

根据古树包滑坡体的地质背景及工程地质特征，对影响滑坡灾害形成的各项因素进行了分析与计算，探讨了该滑坡灾害形成的机理，为今后工程建设中滑坡灾害的防治提供了参考。     

西线调水一期工程滑坡崩塌体灾害评价

南水北调西线工程的主要目标是要解决西北、华北地区的缺水问题.在现有资料和工作深度的基础上,对工程区滑坡崩塌体的稳定性进行了评价.研究表明:在整个工程区,库区内崩塌极为发育,滑坡较少;在不同的库区,岸坡的变形呈现出空间不均匀性.     

国家地震应急快速响应信息系统建设——以首都圈地区为基础

以首都圈防震减灾示范项目的建设为例，介绍了国家层次的地震应急快速响应信息系统的总体架构、技术路线和核心功能。该系统以B／S和C／S混合结构为主体架构，以GIS为开发平台，实现了地震触发—灾害响应—灾害评估—辅助对策应急响应流程的各项相关核心功能，对我国开展“十五”应急响应工作提供了一定的借鉴经验。     

武隆滑坡形成机理与成灾分析

２００１年５月１日，重庆市武隆具发生了一起严重的滑坡灾难，滑坡体积仅１．２万ｍ３，摧毁了一幢９层商 住楼．造成７９人死亡，中断３１９国道４昼夜，这次滑坡灾害是在特殊的环境条件下形成和发生的，具有压制 拉裂一拱溃剧滑的力学机理．类似的滑坡灾害还有１９８７年９月 １日重庆市巫溪县发生的南门湾岩崩、１９９７ 年７月１７日四川省兴文县发生的金风村滑坡．这些滑坡灾害的惨痛教训说明，县、乡、村级基层组织防灾 减灾的意识淡薄，防灾减灾的科普宣传、教育还未落到实处；因此必须加强县、乡、村级的防灾减灾工作．     

加卸载响应比理论应用于堆积层滑坡预报

加卸载响应比理论是一种用于研究非线性系统失稳前兆和进行失稳预报的新理论,目前主要用于地震预报方面.对将该理论应用于探索滑坡前兆和滑坡中期预报作了探讨.降雨是影响斜坡稳定性的外部因素中最常变化的因素,也常是滑坡的诱发因素.针对降雨在堆积层滑坡孕育、发生过程中的关键作用,以降雨变化作为加卸载手段,建立了降雨型堆积层滑坡的加卸载响应比预测模型,并以新滩滑坡为例进行了预报.结果表明,文中提出的加卸载响应比方法可作为滑坡预报的手段,且在某些方面它比常规预报方法更具优势.     

How communities' perceptions of disasters influence disaster response: managing landslides on Mount Elgon,Uganda

The aim of this paper is to assess the role of people's perception in disaster management. It is based on a study carried out along the slopes of Mount Elgon in Eastern Uganda. People living in the study area have experienced a number of landslides, but the landslide in 2010 had the most far‐reaching effects on community livelihoods and resulted in a major setback to development efforts in the area. Experiences of landslides have enabled the local people to develop a number of interpretations of the causes and effects of the phenomena. The study revealed that community members did not share uniform perceptions. Whereas some members advanced technical or physical explanations for the 2010 disaster, others believed that some form of divine power was behind it. Strengthening social networks and integrating communities' perceptions in intervention mechanisms were identified as possible ways of managing future landslide disasters.     

Facilitating disaster preparedness through local radio broadcasting

The 2008 Disaster Mitigation Preparedness (DMP) study took place in Aceh province, Indonesia. It sought to help develop radio programmes and messages to increase resilience to disasters. The role of radio was evaluated during and after the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster. The study team interviewed 984 tsunami survivors from nine sub-districts of Banda Aceh, and local nongovernmental organisations convened eight focus groups around the area of Aceh Besar. Six key informant interviews were held with government disaster management agencies. The DMP survey is the first of its kind to interview a representative random sample of Banda Aceh residents. It reveals the importance of community and social networks, during disaster situations, when essential communications are down. A disaster warning information system based on a multi-media approach needs to be developed. The wider community should be involved in the planning, education and training of Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar residents to facilitate appropriate personal and community survival strategies.     

A microcomputer-based emergency response system*

A microcomputer-based system was developed to provide local officials responsible for disaster management with assistance during the crucial period immediately following a disaster, a period when incorrect decisions could have an adverse impact on the surrounding community.
While the paper focuses on a potential disaster resulting from an accident at a commercial nuclear power generating facility, the system can be applied to other disastrous situations. Decisions involving evacuation, shelter and the deployment of resources must be made in response to floods, earthquakes, accidents in the transportation of hazardous materials, and hurricanes to name a few examples.
As a decision aid, the system was designed to enhance data display by presenting the data in the form of representations (i.e. road maps, evacuation routes, etc.) as well as in list or tabular form. The potential impact of the event (i.e. the release of radioactive material) was displayed in the form of a cloud, representing the dispersion of the radioactive material. In addition, an algorithm was developed to assist the manager in assigning response resources to demands.
The capability for modelling the impact of a disaster is discussed briefly, with reference to a system installed in the communities surrounding the Indian Point nuclear power plant in New York State.
Results demonstrate both the technical feasibility of incorporating microcomputers indecision support systems for radiological emergency response, and the acceptance of such systems by those public officials responsible for implementing the response plans.     

堤坝滑坡区土性试验和灾害治理

对某泵站进水渠堤坝滑坡区内外的土体进行了静力触探试验和十字板强度试验,比较了滑坡区软土的天然强度和滑坡后强度,确定了滑动面深度。对施工期的边坡稳定进行了圆弧滑动和非圆弧滑动计算,结果表明边坡稳定受含有机质夹层的非圆弧滑动的控制,当使用快剪强度指标、井点降水失效时,边坡处于失稳的临界状态。最后,对堤坝滑坡提出并实施了真空预压治理方案,方案实施后进行了效果检测,确定软土强度已超过稳定要求值,加固效果明显。     

Nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh flood disaster: Sphere minimum standards in disaster response

In this study we use a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh Flood Disaster by 15 relief agencies using standards developed by the Sphere Project. The Sphere Project is a recent attempt by agencies around the world to establish universal minimum standards for the purpose of ensuring quality and accountability in disaster response. The main outcomes measured were resources allocated to disaster relief types of relief activities and percentage of agencies meeting selected Sphere food aid and nutrition indicators. Although the process of nutritional response was measured, specific nutritional and health outcomes were not assessed. This review found that self-reported disaster and nutritional resources varied widely between implementing agencies, ranging from US $58,947 to $15,908,712. The percentage of resources these agencies allocated to food aid and nutritional response also varied, ranging from approximately 6 to 99 per cent of total resources. Agencies met between 8 and 83 per cent of the specific Sphere indicators which were assessed Areas in which performance was poor included preliminary nutritional analysis; beneficiary participation and feedback; disaster preparedness during non-emergency times; monitoring of local markets and impact assessment. Agencies were generally successful in areas of core humanitarian response, such as targeting the vulnerable (83 per cent) and monitoring and evaluating the process of disaster response (75 per cent). The results here identify both strengths and gaps in the quality of humanitarian response in developing nations such as Bangladesh. However, they also raise the question of implementing a rights-based approach to disaster response in nations without a commitment to meeting positive human rights in non-disaster times.     

Rangeland Fire Protection Associations as disaster response organisations

Rangeland Fire Protection Associations (RFPAs) are volunteer-based groups of trained private landowners who are authorised to respond to events in partnership with governmental agencies. This study analysed the functioning and structure of RFPAs in Idaho and Oregon in the western United States to characterise this under-researched model of disaster response. RFPAs represent an expanding type of disaster response organisation that interfaces with established fire suppression entities, yet ‘emergent behaviour’ manifested in some RFPA response actions. This appeared to lessen and mediate with time, as well as due to recognition of the issues, increased experience of fires, and training that fostered new mutual understandings. There is a need for continued examination of the effect of repeat experience in developing the characteristics of disaster response organisations. In addition, it is crucial to know how the interface between established and other types of organisations may be enhanced to make cooperative disaster response more effective.