半胱氨酸合铁(Ⅱ)溶液同时脱除烟中SO_2和NO_x和研究

研究用半胱氨酸合铁（Ⅱ）溶液同时脱除烟气中ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ＿ｘ，研究了［ＳＯ＿３￣（２－）〕对ＮＯ＿ｘ脱除率的影响、半胱氨酸的再生。实验表明：烟气中ＳＯ＿２可以全部脱除；随［ＳＯ＿３￣（２－＿）］的增加能增大半胱氨酸合铁（Ⅱ）溶液对ＮＯ的吸收，但有一定限度；氧化产物胱氨酸可用Ｈ＿２Ｓ／ＳＯ＿２／ＯＨ－（Ｎａ＿２Ｓ／Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿３）体系还原为半阶氨酸。使此过程循环，无二次污染。     

半胱氨酸亚铁再生循环法清除烟道气中的NOx和SO2

中性或碱性半胱酸亚铁溶液能吸收潮湿的烟道气中的ＮＯ半胱氨酸亚铁在烟道气中在由残余的Ｏ２氧化成中间产物（半胱氨酸铁）在中间物中存在电子转移反应，Ｆｅ＾３＋再生成Ｆｅ＾２＋，氧化产物胱氨酸用Ｈ２Ｓ和ＳＯ２转变成半胱氨酸，以清除烟道气中的ＮＯｘ和ＳＯ２。     

三元催化转化器与空燃比的关系

车辆通常应用的三元催化转化器，大多是将催化元素钯（Ｐｄ）、铂（Ｐｔ）和铑（Ｐｈ）贵金属涂敷在蜂窝状的陶瓷载体上，制成具有不锈钢外壳的罐状物，安装在车辆排气管上。当车辆排放的废气通过三元催化转化器时，可提供较大的反应面积，使ＨＣ，ＣＯ和ＮＯｘ发生氧化和还原反应。其工作机理为：还原反应ＮＯｘ＋ＣＯＮ２＋ＣＯ２ＮＯｘ＋ＨＣＮ２＋ＣＯ２＋Ｈ２ＯＮＯｘＮ２＋Ｏ２氧化反应ＨＣ＋Ｏ２ＣＯ２＋Ｈ２ＯＣＯ＋Ｏ２ＣＯ２从机理分析看出，三元催化转化器的氧化和还原反应将ＮＯｘ，ＨＣ和ＣＯ有害物质转换成无害物质。大量的机…     

石灰湿法脱硫传质－反应过程机理

对以旋流板塔作吸收器的石灰湿法烟气脱硫技术进行了试验研究。分析了为浆液吸收ＳＯ２的传质－反应过程，并提出了Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２浆液吸收ＳＯ２的传质－反应过程机理。本机理认为，总反应速度由气相中ＳＯ２的扩散（气相阻力）和液相中Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２固体的溶解（包括在液相阻力之内）及扩散控制；同时认为，反应过程可分为气相阻力控制、所液共同控制、液相阻力控制３个阶段。此外，本机得到了实验的验证。以上结果将有助于改进为     

三元催化转化器与空燃比的关系

车辆通常应用的三元催化转化器，大多是将催化元素钯（Ｐｄ）、铂（Ｐｔ）和铑（Ｐｈ）贵金属涂敷在蜂窝状的陶瓷载体上，制成具有不锈钢外壳的罐状物，安装在车辆排气管上。当车辆排放的废气通过三元催化转化器时，可提供较大的反应面积，使ＨＣ，ＣＯ和ＮＯｘ发生氧化和还原反应。其工作机理为：还原反应ＮＯｘ＋ＣＯＮ２＋ＣＯ２ＮＯｘ＋ＨＣＮ２＋ＣＯ２＋Ｈ２ＯＮＯｘＮ２＋Ｏ２氧化反应ＨＣ＋Ｏ２ＣＯ２＋Ｈ２ＯＣＯ＋Ｏ２ＣＯ２从机理分析看出，三元催化转化器的氧化和还原反应将ＮＯｘ，ＨＣ和ＣＯ有害物质转换成无害物质。大量的机…     

二氧化氮气体氧化亚硫酸根的反应机理

在有氧和无氧条件下，利用罗曼光谱测定反应生成物的方法，研究了ＮＯ２和含ＳＯ＾２－３溶液的反应机理，反应的生成物中含有ＮＯ－３，ＳＯ２－４和Ｓ２Ｏ２－５，反应的初始产物是ＮＯ－２离子和ＳＯ－３，基团：ＮＯ２＋ＳＯ＾２－３→ＮＯ＾－２＋ＳＯ＾－３。ＳＯ＾－３基团可以进行重组，或与氧反应生成ＳＯ－３基团。在无氧条件下，（ＳＯ＾２－４）／（Ｓ２Ｏ＾２－３）＝１．８±０．３，反映ＳＯ＾－３基团重组的反应如下     

冶炼厂SO2烟气化学催化吸收扩大试验研究

在单层塔板泡沫吸收塔中的ＳＯ２液相催化氧化进行了扩在试验研究,当ＳＯ２净化效率（单板效率）为５０％时,得到１６％（Ｗｔ）Ｈ２ＳＯ４,硫酸生成速率为１８％／ｈ,ＳＯ２吸收最佳敢化５Ｌ／Ｎｍ＾３,添加表面活性剂Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３及鼓氧操作对ＳＯ２液相催化氧化有明显促进作用,冶炼烟气ＳＯ２浓度波动吸收效率影响不大。     

染料硫化亮绿生产废水的处理

染料硫化亮绿生产废水的处理江苏省射阳县环境监测站倪菊香一、废水状况染料硫化亮绿生产的主要原材料有氯磺酸［ＳＯ２ＯＨ）Ｃｌ］、氯化亚砜（ＳＯＣｌ２）、硫脲（Ｈ２ＮＣＳＮＨ２）、铁粉及铜钛菁等，生产１吨硫化亮绿，原材料的大致用量见表该产品的废水主要来自对...     

大气水相H2O2-S(Ⅳ)反应动力学

对１９８６年６月至１９８９年１０月在西南地区收集的５９个雨水样品进行了Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化Ｓ（Ⅳ）的反应动力学研究，提出了其氧化速率。采用连续电流定量测量反应物浓度跟踪反应的程度。在影响Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｓ（Ⅳ）反应的各种因素中，研究了甲醛对此反应的影响，进行了实验室动力学研究和计算比较，结果表明，甲醛不干扰大气水相中的Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｓ（Ⅳ）反应。在ｐＨ为４．０的纯水反应媒介中（０－５０℃），测定了Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｓ（Ⅳ）     

几种类Fenton试剂的氧化特性及在工业废水处理中的应用

根据文献资料，概述了羟基自由基（·ＯＨ）的性质，系统地介绍了Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂及其几种类Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂Ｈ２Ｏ２＋ｕｖ（ｕｌｔｒａｖｉｏｌｅｔ）、Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｆｅ＾２＋＋ｕｖ、Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｆｅ＾２＋＋Ｏ２、Ｈ２Ｏ２＋ｕｖ＋Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｆｅ＾２＋＋ｕｖ＋Ｏ２的氧化特性，并对该领域国内外研究动态及在工业废水处理中的应用状况进行了较为详细的阐述。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.