纤维素酶添加时间对碱性双氧水预处理玉米秸秆高温厌氧消化的影响

研究了纤维素酶添加时间对玉米秸秆高温厌氧消化的影响。玉米秸秆首先进行碱性双氧水预处理,结果表明,预处理最佳条件为Na OH投加量4 g/L,H_2O_2投加量17 g/L,固液比1∶40,预处理时间4 h。预处理后的玉米秸秆在50℃下进行序批式高温厌氧消化,分别在发酵前期(第1天)、发酵中期(第10天)和发酵后期(第20天)向系统中添加15 m L(20 FPU/g)纤维素酶液。结果表明,添加纤维素酶能有效促进厌氧发酵过程中的生物质水解,对随后产酸产甲烷过程的直接影响较小。和对照组相比,发酵前期、中期和后期添加纤维素酶时系统的累积产气量分别提高18.66%、10.39%和1.93%,VS转化率分别提高13.51%、8.00%和2.90%。前期、中期和后期添加纤维素酶均能提高厌氧消化产气,但厌氧消化前期添加纤维素酶效果更为明显。     

稀盐酸预处理对稻草厌氧消化的影响

为探明稀酸预处理对稻草厌氧消化的影响,采用不同浓度的稀盐酸溶液对稻草进行了浸泡预处理,并在完全混合厌氧消化条件下,研究了稻草厌氧发酵过程中的产气量、甲烷含量,发酵液中COD、pH值及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的变化情况.结果表明,增大稀盐酸溶液浓度会提高稻草厌氧消化反应的效果.分别经4%、8%和12%的稀盐酸溶液浸泡预处理...     

NaOH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

研究了Na OH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧消化制沼气的影响。采用质量分数分别为0%、2%、4%、6%和8%的Na OH溶液对杂交狼尾草进行碱预处理,在中温(35℃)、TS质量分数6%、接种率20%及初始p H为7.0条件下,进行厌氧发酵实验。对比了处理前后原料木质纤维素含量,探讨了不同浓度预处理对发酵过程沼气产量、甲烷浓度、p H以及产气速率的影响。结果表明,Na OH预处理有助于提高杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵的产气量和产气速率,其中4%Na OH预处理为较优条件。经4%Na OH溶液常温浸润24 h后,杂交狼尾草木质素降解率最大,比未处理实验组提高了31.2%;厌氧发酵总产气量比未处理实验组提高了31.6%。     

碱液预处理玉米秸秆的条件优化及添加剂的选择

利用稀NaOH溶液预处理玉米秸秆,以去除木质素,减少半纤维素、纤维素的损失为目的,采用响应曲面法对预处理条件进行优化,得到的最佳预处理条件为:NaOH溶液浓度0.77%(w/w),预处理时间16 h,温度45.6℃。并且,进一步研究了不同添加剂(聚乙二醇、吐温-80和尿素)与NaOH溶液协同作用下秸秆中木质素的去除效果,结果表明尿素与NaOH的混合溶液对木质素去除效果最显著。秸秆在45.6℃,0.77%NaOH和0.2%尿素混合溶液中浸泡16 h后,纤维素回收率为86.33%,半纤维素回收率为69.89%,木质素去除率为64.93%;与原秸秆相比,纤维素含量提高了31.70%,半纤维素含量提高了6.62%,木质素含量减少了46.48%。     

猪粪与玉米秸秆混合中温发酵产气效果

以猪粪及碱液预处理后的玉米秸秆为原料,在恒温35℃和料液总固体质量分数为5%的条件下,以实验室内培养的不产气厌氧活性污泥为接种物,研究猪粪与玉米秸秆不同配比(干物质比分别为1∶3、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和0∶1(单一猪粪))混合发酵对产气效果的影响。研究结果表明,在35℃条件下,猪粪与玉米秸秆以2∶1配比的累积产气量最大,为15 157 mL;其次是1∶1样品,累积产气量为15 088 mL。但甲烷产量最高为1∶1样品,56 d共产甲烷9 137 mL,甲烷气占总产气量的60.6%。通过对发酵过程中pH及COD的测定,证明经碱液预处理后的玉米秸秆能与猪粪混合稳定发酵,发酵前后厌氧消化液中COD的降解率可达50%以上。进一步研究分析得出,将玉米秸秆和猪粪按一定比例混合发酵不仅可以缩短发酵周期、提高产气速率,而且可以大幅提升原料的产气潜力。     

小麦秸秆预处理对厌氧消化性能的影响研究

针对小麦秸秆厌氧消化水解限速步骤,研究了酸、碱和污泥发酵消化液(以下简称消化液)预处理对小麦秸秆厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明,酸和消化液预处理可以加速小麦秸秆水解酸化,在厌氧发酵第4天时产气中测得甲烷,早于对照和碱预处理。与对照相比,酸、消化液和碱预处理后小麦秸秆和污泥共消化体系的产气量可分别提高13.7%、12.0%和9.2%,产甲烷量可分别提高7.4%、9.5%和5.2%,但碱预处理会延滞厌氧消化产甲烷阶段。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是厌氧消化反应器中最主要的菌门,主要包括己酸菌属(Caproiciproducen s)、乙醇生孢产氢菌属(Hydrogenispora)、瘤胃梭菌属(Ruminiclostridium)、罗伊氏乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和Ruminiclostridium_1属等,其中己酸菌属和乙醇生孢产氢菌属可以作为小麦秸秆和污泥共消化的监测指标,在厌氧消化前期反应器中微生物主要为己酸菌属,而后期主要为乙醇生孢产氢菌属。     

稀硫酸预处理对稻草厌氧消化的影响

以稻草为对象,研究了热稀硫酸预处理后对厌氧消化过程中的COD、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、产气量及产气速率的影响。结果表明,以1.0%、1.5%和2.0%稀硫酸溶液预处理后,稻草厌氧消化系统总产气量分别提高了34%、125%和66%,甲烷产量分别提高了61.5%、215.1%和113.9%,挥发性固体(VS)去除率分别提高了15.5%、22.4%和17.6%,COD去除率分别提高了47.1%、57.4%和53.9%。浓度1.5%稀硫酸预处理对稻草厌氧消化效果最佳。     

基于不同破解方法的市政污泥厌氧消化产气量优化

污泥溶胞破解是提高污泥厌氧消化产气量的重要手段。实验比较了热预处理、碱预处理、热碱预处理以及电化学热处理4种破解方法对市政污泥厌氧消化产气量的优化效果,通过分析比较沼气累积产量、日产气量、日产气速率和CH_4在沼气中的含量占比等指标得出实验结果和结论。结果表明,不同的破解方法对市政污泥厌氧消化产气量的优化程度是不同的,其中,电化学预处理破解方式的沼气累积产量最多,为648 L·kg~(-1)(以VS计),同时其CH_4在沼气中的含量也最多,从5 d后的56.2%一直持续上升到40 d后的64.8%,表明该种方式对于市政污泥厌氧消化产气量的优化是较为理想的。     

裹包青贮提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化效率的实验研究

秸秆是重要的沼气工程原料,秸秆预处理对其后续厌氧消化效率影响巨大。采用田间裹包青贮方法,设计3因素正交实验,考察了秸秆含水率、压缩比和添加剂对玉米秸秆发酵时间和厌氧消化产沼气的影响。结果表明:秸秆经过裹包青贮,发酵总时间(total fermentation time,TFT)减少1~2 d,累积产气量达到总产气量的90%所用时间(TFT90%)减少了40%~50%,消化效率明显提高;秸秆含水率对产气效果有明显影响,随着含水率增加,单位总固体(total solid,TS)累计产气量(cumulative biogas yields per TS,CBYT)和沼气日产率(biogas yields rate average day,BYR)由高到低排序为:35%~40%,40%~45%,30%~35%;秸秆压缩比对产气效果有明显影响,随着压缩比的增加,其对CBY和BYR的效应由高到低排序为:185、143与138 kg/m3;添加剂类型对产气效果亦有明显影响,在不同添加剂处理下,其对CBYT和BYR的效应由高到低排序为:尿素处理甲酸处理无添加剂处理;正交实验极差分析表明,对CBYT和BYR的影响排序为:含水率﹥压缩比﹥添加剂,其田间裹包青贮进行厌氧发酵的优化组合为:青贮秸秆含水率为35%~40%,压缩比为185 kg/m3,添加剂为营养型,青贮20 d,CBYT和BYR达到最大,分别为646.57 m L/g和173.25 m L/(d·g)。     

电弧流溶胞技术促进污泥厌氧消化

为提高污水厂处理污泥时的厌氧消化速率,利用电弧流溶胞技术处理剩余污泥,研究电弧流溶胞技术对污泥破解预处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,与未经预处理的污泥相比,电弧流溶胞处理能够明显提高污泥厌氧消化效率,增加有机物含量和沼气产量。其中,经处理后的污泥TS、VS剩余量分别降低了8.3%和6.3%,COD增加了11.9%。厌氧系统平均产气量平均增加79.76 L/d,增加率45.82%,甲烷含量增加1.03 L/d,增加率102%。由此说明,电弧流溶胞技术可以提高厌氧消化反应中有机物的去除率,有效促进厌氧消化中污泥的水解过程,显著增加甲烷气体的产生量。在综合考虑运行费用和污泥消化效果的前提下,采取适宜的电弧流强化处理措施有一定的积极意义。     

Low-heat alkaline pretreatment of biomass for dairy anaerobic codigestion

In this research, low-heat alkaline pretreatment was evaluated to determine the extent to which urban landscape waste (yard waste), corn stover, and switchgrass could be codigested under conditions typical of US farm-based anaerobic digestion (AD). Waste heat from combined heat and power (CHP) units associated with AD could make such pretreatment economical. Short-term batch digestion studies and 8-week continuous-feed studies were used to screen and evaluate various pretreatment conditions. Results indicate that maple and oak leaves did not digest well, even with pretreatment. Pretreatment did improve digestion of corn leaves and stalks as well as switchgrass. However, these materials also digested reasonably well even without pretreatment. No digester operational problems were observed during continuous-feed studies of intermittently stirred bench top digesters, but optimal levels of alkali, temperature, and pretreatment time may be specific to the feedstock, particle size, and digester loading rate. Results suggest that some common lignocellulosic biomass materials, such as corn stover and switchgrass, could be successfully codigested in many existing farm-based digesters. Interestingly, without pretreatment, switchgrass digestion improved over 20-fold when digested with seed culture from a dairy digester compared to seed culture from a municipal digester, suggesting that culture acclimation could be as important as pretreatment in improving digestion of specific lignocellulosic feedstocks.     

添加NaOH对水生植物固体厌氧发酵产甲烷的作用

为了提高木质纤维素生物质的甲烷产率,固体厌氧发酵以及预处理技术得到了广泛应用。本研究以水生植物菹草为例,探讨了厌氧固体发酵同步碱处理提高甲烷产率的可行性。采用2种来源的微生物(厌氧污泥和牛粪),初始生物质浓度为20%TS(total solid,总固体重量),考察不同的NaOH添加量(基于反应体系总TS 0%、2.0%、3.5%和5.0%)对菹草厌氧发酵产气和固体水解效率的影响。结果表明,与对照实验组相比,初始NaOH加入量为3.5%时,接种污泥和牛粪的实验组中甲烷总产量分别为787.1 mL和1 165.4 mL,与对照实验组相比(619.1 mL和834.8 mL),分别提高了27.1%和39.6%,而且接种牛粪的实验组中单位挥发性固体(VS)产甲烷率最高,为186.5 mL/g。对发酵后的木质纤维素残渣组分进行分析,结果表明,NaOH有助于促进菹草中纤维素及半纤维素的分解,以及木质素结构的破坏,从而提高了菹草厌氧发酵产气产甲烷效率。     

Steam-explosion pretreatment for enhancing anaerobic digestion of municipal wastewater sludge.

This study evaluated the use of steam explosion as a pretreatment for municipal wastewater treatment sludges and biosolids as a technique for enhancing biogas generation during anaerobic digestion. Samples of dewatered anaerobic digester effluent (biosolids) and a mixture of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and biosolids were steam-exploded under differing levels of intensity in this study. The results indicate that steam explosion can solublize components of these sludge streams. Increasing the intensity of the steam-explosion pressure and temperature resulted in increased solublization. The steam-explosion pretreatment also increased the bioavailability of sludge components under anaerobic digestion conditions. Increasing the steam-explosion intensity increased the ultimate yield of methane during anaerobic digestion. Batch anaerobic digestion tests suggested that pretreatment at 300 psi was the most optimal condition for enhanced biogas generation while minimizing energy input. Semicontinuous anaerobic digestion revealed that the results that were observed in the batch tests were sustainable in prolonged operation. Semicontinuous digestion of the TWAS/biosolids mixture that was pretreated at 300 psi generated approximately 50% more biogas than the controls. Semicontinuous digestion of the pretreated biosolids resulted in a 3-fold increase in biogas compared with the controls. Based on capillary suction test results, steam-explosion pretreatment at 300 psi improved the dewaterability of the final digested sludge by 32 and 45% for the TWAS/ biosolids mixture and biosolids, respectively, compared with controls. The energy requirements of the nonoptimized steam-explosion process were substantially higher than the additional energy produced from enhanced digestion of the pretreated sludge. Substantial improvements in energy efficiency will be required to make the process viable from an energy perspective.     

Anaerobic digestion of thermal-alkaline–pretreated cephalosporin bacterial residues for methane production

Optimum anaerobic conditions of cephalosporin bacterial residues after thermal-alkaline pretreatment were determined by orthogonal experiments. And through biochemical methane potential tests (BMPs) for cephalosporin bacterial residues, the ability for bacterial degradation of cephalosporin was also evaluated. The thermal-alkaline pretreatment with the optimum values of 6% NaOH at 105 °C for 15 min significantly improved digestion performance. With the thermal-alkaline pretreatment, the specific methane yield of the pretreated cephalosporin bacterial residue increased by 254.79% compared with that of the un-pretreated cephalosporin bacterial residue. The results showed that anaerobic digestion of thermal-alkaline–pretreated cephalosporin bacterial residues could be one of the options for efficient methane production and waste treatment.

Implications: This work investigates the thermal-alkaline pretreatment of cephalosporin bacterial residues, which can increase their methane yield by 254.79% compared with no pretreatment. The digestion performance is significantly improved under the condition of 6% NaOH at 105 °C for 15 min. The results show that anaerobic digestion of thermal-alkaline–pretreated cephalosporin bacterial residues could be one of the options for efficient methane production and waste treatment.     

低强度超声波预处理对厨余垃圾厌氧消化的影响

以厨余垃圾为研究对象,实验研究产气效率、pH、SCOD、甲烷浓度及生物降解率5个参数的变化趋势,比较低强度超声波处理对厨余垃圾厌氧消化产气特性的影响,结果表明:(1)低强度超声波处理对厨余垃圾厌氧消化产生明显效果,在不同的超声波强度(100、175和250 W)或处理时间(20和40 min)下,产气效率、累计产气量、pH下降幅度、SCOD增加幅度随处理时间和超声功率增加而增加;在超声波强度250 W和处理时间60 min下出现抑制作用;(2)在超声波强度250 W和处理时间40 min条件下,超声波对厨余垃圾厌氧消化增强效果最明显,累计产气量由未处理的3 513 mL提高至5 007 mL,提高42.6%,甲烷气体浓度由51.25%提高至58.8%,生物降解率由58.11%提高至73.5%.     

Effect of fipronil on biogas production performance during anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and corn straw

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has a good control effect on pests of commercial poultry. Although many studies have reported the environmental fate of fipronil, the influence of residual fipronil in poultry waste on biogas production has not been further explored yet. In this article, an experimental comparative study on anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) and corn straw (CS) with different fipronil concentrations (FCs) was carried at 8% of total solid (TS) and mid-temperature (35?±?1)°C. The results showed that fipronil had a significant effect on biogas production during AD of CM and CS. When the FC is at a low level (≤10?mg·kg^?1), the biogas production rate is increased and the digestion period was shortened, while higher FC (≥ 20?mg·kg^?1) showed an inhibitory effect. During the monitoring of enzyme activity, low FC showed no significant effect on cellulase and saccharase, but the urease activity increased in the early stage. High FC showed inhibition of activity of cellulase and urease, but the saccharase activity was significantly inhibited until FC reached 40?mg·kg^?1. This study also confirms that the environment in anaerobic digester is favorable for the degradation of fipronil, and its half-life is about 15.83?days.     

不同混合比牛粪玉米秸中温干发酵产沼性能

设置5组牛粪和玉米秸的混合物(干物质比为0∶1、1∶0、1∶1、1∶2、2∶1),研究其在中温35℃下干发酵产沼性能,以产沼性能最好实验组的实验数据为基础,对比研究了两类产气模型。研究结果显示:玉米秸与牛粪的混合干发酵运行效果较好;其中,牛粪和玉米秸干物质比为2∶1时产沼效果最好,产气量最高为81 209 mL,干物质产气率为0.312 m3/kg,整个发酵过程中产气量和甲烷的含量比较稳定,CH4含量最高达56.59%,总固体、挥发性固体的去除率相对较高,分别为26.11%和34.27%。一级动力学模型与多项式函数方程2个产气模型拟合检验结果显示,应用简单的多项式函数即可对产气情况进行相对准确的预测。     

超声波预处理对牛粪厌氧消化的影响

以牛粪为研究对象,考察超声波预处理对牛粪厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,适宜强度的超声波预处理对牛粪厌氧消化有一定促进作用。与未经预处理牛粪相比,在100、175、250W超声波预处理下牛粪厌氧消化的最高产气速率从127.02mL/d分别提高到179.26、212.73、298.71mL/d,累计产气量从1 674.18mL分别提高到2 279.81、2 508.05、2 730.66mL,消化液达到最低pH的时间从30d分别缩短至25、15、10d;消化液最大溶解性COD从14 881mg/L分别提高到16 450、17 080、19 250mg/L,牛粪挥发性固体的生物降解率从44.7%分别提高到55.4%、57.3%、61.7%。超声波强度过大将对微生物造成破坏,降低生物反应活性,从而抑制牛粪厌氧消化。经325W超声波预处理后,牛粪厌氧消化的最高产气速率、累计产气量等参数均不及未经预处理牛粪。在未来实际应用中,应注意控制超声波强度,以达到最优预处理效果。     

超声与次氯酸钠耦合预处理剩余污泥的中温厌氧消化效果

以某城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为对象,通过实验研究了超声与次氯酸钠预处理对污泥的溶胞效果,以及对后续厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,超声与次氯酸钠耦合作用最优操作条件为超声声能密度1.0 W/mL,作用时间50 min。在此条件下,次氯酸钠投加量为4.023 mg/g SS时,对污泥厌氧消化改善效果最明显,剩余污泥产气率及甲烷含量较对照组分别提高了69.73%和10%。同时污泥VSS去除率由11.11%提高到21.24%,在一定程度上实现了污泥减量。