污水再生用于湖泊的补水模式及其环境效应

提出一种污水分散处理与景观水体修复相结合的城市景观湖泊补水模式,探讨了该模式的经济效益和环境效应.结果表明,采用该补水模式,污水回用成本为常规补水工艺的12%～35%.在高温雨季,分散处理系统出水能够直接满足景观湖泊补水要求;而在低温旱季,沿景观湖泊水流方向,湖泊水质迅速从V类变为III类,污染物集中在分散处理系统以及景观湖泊前端(HRT<2d)去除,大部分湖区可作为全身接触性娱乐类景观功能区.     

Reuse rate of treated wastewater in water reuse system

A water quality model for water reuse was made by mathematics induction. The relationship among the reuse rate of treated wastewater（R）, pollutant concentration of reused water（ Cs ）, pollutant concentration of influent（ C0）, removal efficiency of pollutant in wastewater（ E）, and the standard of reuse water were discussed in this study. According to the experiment result of a toilet wastewater treatment and reuse with membrane bioreactors, R would be set at less than 40%, on which all the concerned parameters could meet with the reuse water standards. To raise R of reuse water in the toilet, an important way was to improve color removal of the wastewater.     

污水回用系统水质模型探讨

在分别对部分污水回用系统和全部污水回用系统进行稳定状态条件下的理论分析基础上,建立了相应水质数学模型,据此推论出当污水处理设施去除率E一定时处理水质与循环次数的数学关系,证明了在回用状态下E与其他各项参数的相互关系,进而求得了无限循环处理时的处理水质表达式,并对水质模型各相关参数特性进行了分析讨论.     

污水回用中的循环浓缩水质模型与污水回用率

污水回用中因循环浓缩,存在着水质变差问题．探索其变化规律,定量确定运行参数,做到既节水又保证回用水质合格、稳定,具有重要理论和实用意义．通过数学归纳法推导出一个循环浓缩水质数学模型和计算杂用水质和污水回用率的公式．应用该模型,以厕所污水回用为例,就污水水质、污染物去除率、处理水质和杂用水质标准对杂用水质、污水回用率的影响进行讨论．结果表明,在符合城市杂用水水质标准的前提条件下,分别按生化需氧量、浊度、氨氮及色度等水质指标计算得出的污水回用率是65．3％,82．9％,57．5％和37％．在厕所污水回用中,色度为水回用率的限制指标．由于色度指标的限制,经计算水循环厕所的污水回用率一般不宜超过40％。     

Renovated water reuse for rapid infiltration system

The renovated water in the rapid infiltration system (RI) as area for fish and duck farming is feasible. The flesh of fish and duck is edible. The farming of fish for 5 months and duck for 120 - 130 days can be accepted. It is beneficial to environment and economy, especially in developing countries. The production of fish and duck can make up for the cost of wastewater treatment.     

北京市再生水相关政策的评估与研究

为缓解城市水资源供需矛盾,回收再利用市政污水日益得到广泛关注.北京市作为最早实践再生水利用的城市之一,其市政污水再利用率已达约60%.为更好地促进北京市再生水的推广与管理,明晰北京市再生水相关政策在发展过程中存在的优势与问题,本文采用环境政策评估、调查问卷、统计分析等方法,对北京市再生水相关政策的目标、政策要素及政策实施效果进行了解析与评估.结果表明,北京市以污水回用为主题的政策仅有3部,随着再生水发展阶段的演进,其目标经历了"处置废水-节约用水-设施建设-推广利用"的调整,再生水行动目标随着政策针对主题和发展阶段不同而表现差异;政策要素的优化改进与时代、社会经济发展程度、对生态环境的重视程度等3个因子息息相关,在顶层设计、功能设置、动机、手段分配等方面欠缺考虑;政策目标的科学化较受认可但其实践完成效果受到质疑,教育程度与收入对调查结果呈显著影响.     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳质絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养．小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水，对ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ＋４Ｎ的去除率达１００％，而且能回收数量可观（７８１ｍｇ（干重）／（Ｌ·ｄ）），营养价值高（蛋白质含量为４９３ｇ／１００ｇ（干重））的螺旋藻，还研究了ｐＨ、溶解氧、光照、光合细菌密度等因子对ＰＳＢ去除废水有机质的影响．     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养。小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水。     

中国水资源短缺地域差异研究

论文以人均水资源量、单位面积水资源量、人均供水量和单位GDP占有水资源量为指标,采用综合评价方法对全国各省、自治区、直辖市(除台湾外)进行缺水程度及缺水类型的划分。根据缺水综合指数划分为丰富区、脆弱区、缺水区和严重缺水区;根据人均水资源量、单位面积水资源量、人均供水量与全国均值的差值划分为资源型、工程型和过载型。     

防洪工程与海河平原水资源短缺

海河平原水资源短缺日益严重,其成因和缓解对策是当前紧迫的研究课题。防洪工程对海河平原水资源影响的研究,有助于从源头上解决水资源短缺。通过分析海河流域旱涝成因和防洪工程体系,探讨了防洪工程体系对平原水资源储备的破坏,指出防洪工程大幅度减少平原水资源的供给,提出基于防洪工程改造和水资源储备恢复的缓解水资源短缺对策。文章提出防洪工程引起海河平原水资源减少和通过恢复、重建湖泊和沼泽等湿地来增加海河平原水资源的新观点,对于全面审视海河流域防洪工程的作用、综合分析海河平原水资源短缺的成因和正确采取缓解水资源短缺的对策具有一定的启迪作用。     

Coking wastewater treatment for industrial reuse purpose：Combining biological processes with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

A full-scale plant using anaerobic, anoxic and oxic processes (A1/A2/O), along with a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) integrated system developed by Shanghai Baosteel Chemical Co. Ltd., was investigated to treat coking wastewater for industrial reuse over a period of one year. The removals reached 82.5% (COD), 89.6% (BOD), 99.8% (ammonium nitrogen), 99.9% (phenol), 44.6% (total cyanide (T-CN)), 99.7% (thiocyanide (SCN-)) and 8.9% (fluoride), during the A1/A2/O biological treatment stage, and all parameters were further reduced by over 96.0%, except for fluoride (86.4%), in the final discharge effluent from the currently operating plant. The pilot-scale MBR process reduced the turbidity to less than 0.65 NTU, and most of the toxic organic compounds were degraded or intercepted by the A1/A2/O followed MBR processes. In addition, parameters including COD, T-CN, total nitrogen, fluoride, chloride ion, hardness and conductivity were significantly reduced by the NF-RO system to a level suitable for industrial reuse, with a total water production ratio of 70.7%. However, the concentrates from the NF and RO units were highly polluted and should be disposed of properly or further treated before being discharged.     

炼油厂污水回用处理研究

研究表明，炼油厂外排污水采用悬浮载体生物接触氧化、砂滤和臭氧生物活性炭工艺深度处理，主要污染物都有良好的去除效果，总出水清澈、无色，可以满足多种回用要求。分析表明，大部分还原性污染物通过生物深度处理而去除，而微量有机物主要由臭氧生物活性炭去除。工艺系统具有除污染效率高、运行稳定、抗冲击能力强等优点。     

Resourceful ecological treatment of wastewater in urban ecosystem

ＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｆｕｌｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｒｂａｎｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＳｏｎｇＹｕｆａｎｇ；ＳｕｎＴｉｅｈｅｎｇ；ＧｏｎｇＰｉｎｇ；ＣｈａｎｇＺｈｉｊｕｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇ...     

西部干旱半干旱地区水资源再生利用分析

结合西部干旱半干旱地区的地域特点、水文特征和水资源开发利用状况，分析论述了该地区水资源短缺与水污染加剧这一矛盾所决定的西部地区水资源开发利用的特点及其对地区经济发展的制约，认为水资源的再生利用是解决西部地区水资源危机的一条有效途径。以城市污水为再生水源，根据该区域特点，提出了西部干旱半干旱地区水资源再生利用的研究内容。     

上海地区大型公共建筑中水工程成本效益分析

针对上海地区大型公共建筑中水回用问题,采用蒙特卡罗模拟技术,对其全生命周期成本效益进行了分析,并讨论了水价对中水工程成本效益的影响.成本计算结果表明生物接触氧化工艺在全生命周期内总成本集中在240.27~276.00万元之间.不同水价方案计算结果表明,在上海现行水价的条件下,生物接触氧化工艺全生命周期效益主要集中在-53.98~-37.54万元之间,50年内不存在投资回收期;当水价为3.8元/t时,生物接触氧化工艺的全生命周期效益主要集中在23.03~51.94万元之间,投资回收期为18~19a;当水价为6.10元/t时,工程效益主要集中在192.47~263.36万元之间,投资回收期为4~5a.因此单从中水工程的成本效益角度来看,上海现行水价偏低,中水回用工程缺乏推广优势,建议适当提高水价或对中水回用工程进行补贴.     

城市中水在电厂循环冷却水系统的应用与展望

中水回用对于解决水资源短缺具有其他方法无法比拟的优势,其成功应用将产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益。而城市中水经深度处理后回用于电厂循环冷却水补充水系统,不仅可以解决电厂用水紧缺的状况,而且可减轻污水排放对环境的不利影响。文章阐述了城市中水回用的发展现状,从火电厂循环冷却水系统的对补水的水质要求出发,结合电厂循环冷却水以及城市中水的水质特点,选择相应的中水处理工艺方案。此外就中水回用中存在的问题进行分析,并对其发展前景进行预测。     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

Purification and reclamation of wastewater by an integrated biological pond system

ＰｕｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｃｌａｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｂｙａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍＷｕＺｈｅｎｂｉｎ；ＸｉａＹｉｃｈｅｎｇ；ＺｈａｎｇＹｏｎｇｙｕａｎ；ＤｅｎｇＪｉａｑｉ；ＣｈｅｎＸｉｔａ...     

汽车工业中水回用于冷却水系统的研究

汽车生产过程中伴随着大量的自来水消耗与废水排放,因此,汽车工业具有较大的节能减排潜力.国内某汽车厂采用膜过滤技术对达标排放的废水进行深度处理,中水水质达到冷却水回用标准,作为补充水回用于循环冷却水系统.通过对中水水质的监控和冷却水系统的运行控制,保证中水回用实施效果.结果表明:中水回用后,循环冷却水满足系统运行条件,既节约了自来水的消耗又达到了减少污染物排放的目的,在汽车工业中具有一定的推广应用价值.     

污水处理厂中水回用技术的应用

以闵行区污水处理厂为例,介绍了中水回用技术的工艺流程以及在城市污水处理厂中的应用,并对其环境和经济效益作了分析。