窄脉冲电晕放电烟气脱硫产物粒分分析的实验研究

对了便于脱硫产物的收集和应用，用沉降法采样，用电子显微镜对产物气溶胶进行粒径分析，实验在民晕放电装置上，模拟含硫烟气在工况条件下，进行，电子显微镜的观测结果显示，脱硫产物粉尘结构疏松，颗粒形态不规则。根据电镜照片的统计结果，得出产物粉尘的数目中粒径ＮＭＤ为０．４０μｍ，几何标准偏差σ＝５．２１；质量中位么ＭＭＤ为２．８２μdisplay status     

含锰废渣吸收低浓度SO2生产MnSO4·H2O研究

在实验室中进行了含锰废渣吸收低浓度ＳＯ２废气生产ＭｎＳＯ２·Ｈ２Ｏ的研究,用ＭｎＳＯ４·Ｈ２Ｏ生产过程中废弃的含锰废渣在玻砂气体吸收器中吸收废气中ＳＯ２,对ＳＯ２２为０．０１ｍ＾３／ｍ＾３的废气,在固液比ｒ＝１：５,ｐＨ１．８－２．２,ＳＯ２吸收效率η≥９０％的条件下一步生成纯度较高的ＭｎＳＯ４母液,经简单的除杂,过滤,浓缩,结晶、干燥得到ＭｎＳＯ４·Ｈ２Ｏ含量达到９４％的产品。     

采用好氧气提反应器处理含硫化物废水

采用好氧气提反应器处理人工的含硫废水,在ＣＯＤ：Ｓ＾２＝１．５：１,硫化物负荷２－３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）的条件下,总ＣＯＤ去除率在４０％左右,硫化物扔平均去除率稳定在９５％以上。实验结果表明,气提反应器作为脱硫处理单元是完全可行的,并且具有控制简单,操作方便和启动快等优点,剩余污泥中的含硫量在３７％左右,经过处理,可以回收利用污泥中的硫。     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明，最适合的ｐＨ范围为５．５－９．０，λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ，在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下，十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＳＤＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０４和３．１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。用此法测定了河水和生活废水中的阴离子表面活性剂，相对标准偏差＜３．０％，样品加标平均回收率为９９．３％。     

H－酸废母液的湿式空气氧化处理

研究了用湿式氧化法处理染料中间体Ｈ－酸废母液。在２００－２５０℃，Ｐｏ２＝１－３ＭＰａ下，Ｈ－酸的湿式氧化反应可分为２个阶段，最初１０ｍｉｎ为快反应段，ＣＯＤ快速下降，ＵＶ／可见光吸光度先急剧升高，之后快速降低；慢反应段延续到３０ｍｉｎ，ＣＯＤ和吸光度缓慢下降，其后变化不大。经过温式氧化处理之后，可生化性大幅度改善，在１６０℃，充氧３ＭＰａ，反应１ｈ，可使１０ｇ／Ｌ的Ｈ－酸液的ＣＯＤ降低５０％，ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ由３．４％升高到３３．３％。反应后尾气中不含ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ类有害气体。     

内循环生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的试验

介绍内循环三相生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的中试研究。当进水ＣＯＤ为７１０—９９２ｍｇ／Ｌ时,平均去除容积负荷ＮＶ＝４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,污泥负荷ＮＳ＝１．６ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;进水ＣＯＤ为１２７７—２２７６ｍｐ／Ｌ时,ＮＶ＝６．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,Ｎｓ＝２．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;氧利用率约１７％。同时对流化床出水进行了后处理试验,提出了丙烯酸废水的治理方案。     

简易干法烟气脱硫技术的试验研究

为了开发研究低投资,低成本的脱硫方法,在研制高活性多孔脱硫剂的过程中,研究了各种因素的影响,并对脱硫剂进行物化特性的表征。脱硫剂比表面积可达４１ｍ＾２／ｇ,粒径分布：０－１μｍ占２４．１％．－１０－２０μｍ占２０．１％;２０－４０μｍ占２９．０％,４０μｍ－６０μｍ占１０．３％。实验室小试,用固定床反应器模拟研究干法烟气脱硫反应过程,烟气相对湿度,脱硫剂比表面积,反应温度等为影响脱硫剂与ＯＳ２反应     

曝气生物滤池处理生活污水试验

曝气生物滤池具有体积小、处理效率高等特点。研究结果表明,曝气生物滤池处理生活污水在０．５３ｍ／ｈ的水力负荷下,ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤ、ＳＳ、ＮＨ４－Ｎ和ＴＮ的平均去除率９５．３％、９２．６％、９６．７％、９１．８５％和８５．１％,平均出水浓度分别为３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、１．７ｍｇ／Ｌ和４．３ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

紫露草微核效应与SO2和NOx剂量间关系的试验研究

利用紫露草微核技术对大气中重要的污染物ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ进行了室内外试验。结果表明,紫露草对大气中ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ较敏感,紫露草微核频率ＭＣＮ％（效应ｙ）与ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ的浓度（剂量ｘ）的关系在一定的范围内呈正相关。对于ＳＯ２当浓度在０．００－３．７５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝８．３８＋４．３８ｘ,ｒ＝０．９１;对于ＮＯｘ当浓度在０．００－１．００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝４．８     

阳离子型微乳液一亚硫酸钠光度法测定α-TNT

以阳离子型微乳液ＣＰＣ／正戊醇／正已烷／水为介质，进行了α－ＴＮＴ－Ｎａ２ＳＯ３分光光度法的研究（ε＝３．０６５×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）与以ＣＰＣ为介质（ε＝２．６４４×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）比较，测定灵敏度明显提高，α－ＴＮＴ在０．０５～２０μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律．相对标准偏差０．１９７％．该法成功地应用于污染土壤中及合成水样中α－ＴＮＴ的测定．     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.