不同pH下对硝基酚(p-NP)对小球藻和斜生栅藻的毒性

为研究水体中典型有机污染物的环境基准,考虑环境因子对污染物生物效应的影响,选取生长速率(μ),无可观察效应浓度(NOEC),最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)和半抑制浓度(EC₅₀)为指标,研究了不同pH(7,8和9)对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的生长以及对对硝基酚(p-NP)毒性的影响. 结果表明:pH为7～9时,小球藻和斜生栅藻均可正常生长,但各自最适生长的pH不同,小球藻的最适生长pH为8,而斜生栅藻的最适生长pH为9. p-NP对小球藻和斜生栅藻的毒性均随pH的增大而降低,pH为9时毒性最小,但p-NP对斜生栅藻的毒性比对小球藻的大,即斜生栅藻对p-NP要比小球藻更敏感. 因此,在研究p-NP的水生态基准时,应该考虑pH的影响.      

紫外线对再生水中斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果

再生水具有就近易得、水量大且稳定等突出优点,已成为景观水体的重要补给水源。但再生水中含有氮、磷等营养物质,景观回用过程中可能会加剧藻类水华爆发风险。在藻类生长的早期阶段,采用紫外线处理有可能将再生水中藻类生物量控制在低风险范围,从而预防再生水景观回用水体中发生水华。以深圳市某污水处理厂二级出水为再生水回用景观水体的典型样品,考察了紫外线（254 nm波段）对典型微藻斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果,采用流式细胞术、调制荧光技术等方法,研究了不同紫外剂量对斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果,以及对藻细胞膜完整性和光合活性的影响。结果表明:对于初始密度约为7×104个/mL的斜生栅藻,50~100 mJ/cm2的紫外线能够取得1~5 d的生长抑制期,150~200 mJ/cm2剂量能将生长抑制期延长至10 d。紫外线能迅速引起斜生栅藻光合活性下降并能逐渐引起部分藻细胞破裂,100~200 mJ/cm2剂量处理后10 d内膜损伤细胞比例达到16%~71%。可见,紫外线能够对再生水中的斜生栅藻取得显著的生长抑制效果,是具有应用前景的景观水体水华风险防控手段。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出液中重金属对藻类的毒性

采用斜生栅列藻、月牙藻、四尾栅藻作为生物指示物,用静水式急性毒性实验监测方法,测试了3种城市固体垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出液fMSwFAL）的重金属抑制藻类生长的毒性。结果表明：当pH值为5和8时,同一受试物具有相差不大的急性毒性：同一藻类,受试物的毒性顺序为：MSWFALⅠ〉MSWFALⅢ〉MSWFALⅡ;不同的藻类,对同一种受试物表现出的敏感性顺序为：月芽藻〉四尾栅藻〉斜生栅列藻。进而对各个受试物的毒性机理进行分析。     

混合营养方式下Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对微藻生长和养分去除的影响

由于传统畜禽养殖废水处理方式存在不足,基于微藻的水污染控制技术受到越来越多的关注.以斜生栅藻为研究对象,探究了在混合 营养方式下,六价铬（Cr₂O₇^2-,0~4.0 mg·L^-1）胁迫对微藻生长及有机物（COD）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和总磷（TP）去除的影响.结果表明：Cr（Ⅵ）对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度（EC50）为1.7 mg·L^-1 ,当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度较低（0.5 mg·L^-1）、暴露时间较短（≤36 h）时,斜生栅藻的生长和养分去除几乎不受 影响;此外,Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对斜生栅藻生物量和氮、磷的去除影响较大,对COD的去除影响较小.当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度为4.0 mg·L^-1时,微藻生物质产率降低了82.5%,叶绿素含量降低了62.5%,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除率分别降低了27.3%、48.0%和38.6%;斜生栅藻细胞表面的羟基、氨基和 羧基有利于缓解Cr（VI）对藻细胞的毒害作用,0~4.0 mg·L^-1 Cr（Ⅵ）作用下,96 h藻细胞内的铬积累量为0.9~3.8 mg·g^-1.     

凤眼莲根系分泌物对栅藻结构及代谢的影响

研究了凤眼莲（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｎｉａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ）根系分泌物对栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓ ａｒｃｕａｔｕｓ Ｌｅｍｍ）超微结构及生长代谢的影响，结果显示，凤眼莲对栅藻有明显的克生作用，藻的数量逐步减少，栅藻生长受影响后，细胞中绿体片层肿用甚至解体，线粒体嵴消失，质膜、核膜受破坏，光合放氧化速度明显下降，可溶性蛋白折含量四天后４线下降，超氧阴离子（Ｏ２－）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量上升，知值都     

EDTA和铁对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长和竞争的影响

铁限制不但会影响浮游植物的种群密度,而且会影响浮游植物的群落结构.为了探讨有机配体和铁的作用对湖泊中浮游植物的种群竞争,采用批量培养的方法,研究了不同EDTA及Fe浓度下,太湖蓝藻铜绿微囊藻和绿藻四尾栅藻的生长和竞争.结果表明,较高浓度的EDTA（≥13 .5 μmol/L）可以抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但不抑制四尾栅藻,因而有利于四尾栅藻占据优势;铁的浓度由3 μmol/L增大至18 μmol/L时,可缓解较高浓度EDTA（13 .5～27 μmol/L）对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,而增大其它微量元素浓度（B、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo等）则无此作用;说明高浓度EDTA与铁的螯合作用能抑制铜绿微囊藻而不抑制四尾栅藻.高浓度EDTA对2种藻具有不同影响的原因可能是2种藻对铁的吸收机制不同.     

LED红光/蓝光对栅藻LX1生长及产油特性的影响

基于藻细胞叶绿素主要吸收可见光中的红光及蓝光用于光合作用,研究了LED红光/蓝光对栅藻LX1生长及产油特性的影响.在1 400 1x的同等光照强度下,以红光、蓝光和红蓝光为光源时,栅藻LX1的比生长速率分别比白光高出15.8%、13.2%和18.4%,藻细胞密度和种群生物量增长速率也明显大于白光;其中,以红蓝光为光源,栅藻LX1生长最快,培养至第4.5 d时,栅藻LX1的藻细胞密度和种群生物量增长速率最高可分别达到白光的2.7倍和3倍.表明LED红光/蓝光的光能效率更高,对栅藻LX1的生长具有明显促进作用.以白光、红光、蓝光、红蓝光为光源时,培养17 d栅藻LX1的油脂总产量分别为0.27、0.34、0.31和0.28 g·L-1;油脂含量分别为43.3%、39.5%、36.3%和30.1%.可见,以LED红光/蓝光为光源,栅藻LX1生长得到促进的同时单位藻细胞油脂含量略有下降,但油脂总产量仍相对较高.     

重金属铅、铬胁迫对斜生栅藻的生长、光合性能及抗氧化系统的影响

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus JNU49)为研究对象,研究了重金属Pb2+、Cr3+、Cr6+对斜生栅藻生物量积累、光合性能及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,Pb2+、Cr3+、Cr6+对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为82.94、121.15、23.65μmol·L-1.半数抑制浓度胁迫下,斜生栅藻的放氧速率分别在第2~8 d(Pb2+胁迫)、1~3 d(Cr3+、Cr6+胁迫)受到明显抑制,而呼吸速率无明显变化;Pb2+胁迫下,斜生栅藻光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转化效率(Yield)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)均明显低于对照,光化学淬灭(qP)从第1~5 d高于对照,而第6~8 d则显著低于对照;Cr3+和Cr6+胁迫对斜生栅藻光合性能的影响不如Pb2+胁迫明显.斜生栅藻丙二醛(MDA)含量在重金属胁迫下变高,以第3、4 d尤为明显;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,于第3、4 d较为明显;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化活性(T-AOC)在重金属胁迫下均小幅度提升.通过本研究发现,斜生栅藻的生物量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和SOD活性等指标对重金属胁迫的反应均较为灵敏,可作为评估重金属胁迫对微藻危害的指标.     

五氯酚对斜生栅藻的毒性效应研究

以斜生栅藻细胞的生长状况、色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)及蛋白质含量的变化作为指标,研究了不同质量浓度的五氯酚(0,0.02,0.05,0.10,0.50,1.00 mg/L)对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的毒性效应.24,48,72,96和120 h五氯酚对斜生栅藻的EC50分别为0.883,0.283,0.225,0.168和0.192 mg/L.斜生栅藻生长受抑制程度随五氯酚质量浓度增加而加强,当五氯酚的质量浓度超过0.50 mg/L时,斜生栅藻的生长几乎完全受到抑制.染毒96 h的斜生栅藻色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)含量以及蛋白质含量随着五氯酚质量浓度的增加呈下降趋势,色素比例失调,色素对五氯酚的敏感程度为:类胡萝卜素＞叶绿素a＞叶绿素b;可溶性蛋白质含量与色素含量的减少呈明显线性相关(r=0.793,n=6).      

氮磷对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响

为了揭示不同营养条件下,藻类优势种的形成规律,选取了3种具有代表性水体的营养盐浓度,对于蓝藻水华的常见种铜绿微囊藻和绿藻水华的常见种四尾栅藻进行了竞争实验.通过竞争抑制参数对相互间的竞争关系进行了分析.结果表明,在贫营养水平下,栅藻的存在能够刺激微囊藻的生长,N/P值越小,刺激作用越明显,微囊藻也能刺激栅藻的生长;富营养水平下,竞争抑制作用与N/P有关;超富营养水平下,栅藻对微囊藻的抑制能力约为微囊藻对栅藻的抑制能力的3倍,N/P值的变化对竞争抑制作用的影响不明显.在较低氮磷浓度的水体中,微囊藻容易成为优势种,而在较高的氮磷浓度的水体中,四尾栅藻更容易成为优势种.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.     

水体酸化对藻类影响的初步研究

通过综合生态模拟(微宇宙)试验和藻类生物测试,研究了水体酸化对藻类的影响,结果表明,水体酸化对藻类有明显的抑制作用。48h-EC50和96h-EC50(对斜生栅藻)分别为pH4.45和4.65,当pH≥5.5时,藻类的光合作用对酸度具有很强的缓冲能力。当pH<5.0时,缓冲能力较弱。低pH对淡水生态系统的阈值处在5.0—5.5间,pH5.5可推荐为水体酸化标准。研究了两个小型酸化水体(pH4.7)中的藻类群落特征。     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) hydrolysis: Theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. First, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4 degrees C were calculated from that at 25 degrees C. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)24(7+)(Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4 degrees C caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25 degrees C, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4 degrees C, All3 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4 degrees C in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25 degrees C.     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrolysis: theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. Firstly, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4℃ were calculated from that at 25℃. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)247 (Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4℃ caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25℃, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4℃, Al13 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4℃ in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25℃.     

Al(Ⅲ) speciation distribution and transformation in high concentration PACl solutions

Effects of Al（Ⅲ） concentration and pH on the speciation of Al（Ⅲ） in polyaluminum chloride （PACl） solutions especially on the Al13 fraction were investigated. A series of PACl samples were prepared over the range of Al（Ⅲ） concentration from 0.01 to 2.0 mol/L with the B （OH/Al ratio） value from 1.0 to 2.5 by forced hydrolysis of AICl3. The samples were characterized by ferron assay, pH and 27^Al NMR. It was shown that the Al（Ⅲ） concentration had a dramatic effect on the hydrolysis processes and the species distribution of PACl was in relate to the decrease of pH. The fraction of Al species, Alb （or Al13） decreased and Al0 increased with increase of total Al（Ⅲ） concentration. Under the condition of Al（Ⅲ） 2.0 reel/L, B = 2.5, the pH value was 2.73 and no Al13 could be detected. During diluting and aging, the species distribution evoIved. The Al13 could then be detected again and the amounts increased with time. If the diluted samples were concentrated by freeze dry at -35℃ or heating at 80℃, the pH value and Al13 content would decrease with the increased concentration. It demonstrated that the key factor for formation of Al13 in concentrated PACl was pH value.     

底泥扰动下藻类对不同形态磷在水体中分布的影响

研究了反复扰动与藻类共存条件下,水体中溶解性磷、颗粒态磷、生物有效磷的分布规律,并分析了颗粒物质物理化学吸附与藻类生物利用对水体中磷消失的贡献率.结果表明,扰动抑制了水体中藻类生长,叶绿素a增加量仅为3.53μg/L(初始30μg/L)和4.80μg/L(初始120μg/L),而无扰动下该值分别为21.36μg/L (初始30μg/L)和14.49μg/L (初始120μg/L).并且,溶解氧水平和pH值均低于无扰动状态.扰动导致水体中总磷和颗粒态磷显著增加,但溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)均有所降低.对于DTP而言,扰动状态下,颗粒物质吸附占90%,而无扰动下,则降低至60%,相应地,藻类生物利用则增加至40%.无论扰动与否,BAP基本处于稳定状态,而BAPP占BAP的百分比则有所增加.扰动状态下BAPP占PP的百分比明显低于无扰动状态.这暗示了扰动对水体中磷迁移和转化的作用大于藻.     

紊流脉动强度对藻类生长及水环境的影响研究

为探讨紊流脉动强度对藻类生长繁殖以及水环境的影响,采用自行设计的垂直振动格栅紊流装置,在一定的光照和水温条件下,通过改变各组实验装置中格栅的振动频率,在营养盐充足的封闭水体中开展了实验研究.结果表明,在实验设定的紊动范围内,紊流脉动强度对藻类的生长以及水环境的变化有明显的影响,较微弱的紊流脉动能促进水体中藻类的生长,而较强的紊流脉动则会抑制藻类的生长;随着紊流脉动强度的增加,藻类生物量峰值的出现时间逐渐推迟;不同水力条件下,5组实验过程中氮磷含量的变化情况具有显著的差异,当格栅振动频率达到2.0 Hz时,较之振动频率为0.5 Hz的实验,水体中TN和TP的最大消减量分别降低了55.2%和69.0%,与藻类生长情况关系密切;随着紊流脉动强度的增加,藻类生物量的峰值所对应的氮磷比先增后减;不同强度的紊流脉动均能促进水体的pH值和溶解氧迅速调节至藻类生长所需的最佳水平,且最佳值不变.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO₃- fertilization effect was discovered.     

Al(Ⅲ) speciation distribution and transformation in high concentration PACl solutions

Effects of Al(Ⅲ) concentration and pH on the speciation of Al(Ⅲ) in polyaluminum chloride (PACl) solutions especially on the Al13 fraction were investigated. A series of PACl samples were prepared over the range of Al(Ⅲ) concentration from 0.01 to 2.0 mol/L with the B (OH/Al ratio) value from 1.0 to 2.5 by forced hydrolysis of AlCl3. The samples were characterized by ferron assay,pH and 27Al NMR. It was shown that the Al(Ⅲ) concentration had a dramatic effect on the hydrolysis processes and the species distribution of PACl was in relate to the decrease of pH. The fraction of Al species, Alb (or Al13) decreased and Alc increased with increase of total Al(Ⅲ) concentration. Under the condition of Al(Ⅲ) 2.0 mol/L, B = 2.5, the pH value was 2.73 and no Al13 could be detected. During diluting and aging, the species distribution evolved. The Al13 could then be detected again and the amounts increased with time. If the diluted samples were concentrated by freeze dry at -35℃ or heating at 80℃, the pH value and Al13 content would decrease with the increased concentration. It demonstrated that the key factor for formation of Al13 in concentrated PACl was pH value.     

低pH对草鱼呼吸活动和耗氧代谢的影响

研究了低pH(6.0—3.6)对草鱼呼吸活动机能及耗氧代谢的影响.结果表明,在pH4.6—3.6条件下,草鱼呼吸和气体代谢活动受干扰的程度随酸度增大而急剧加重.其具体表现为:呼吸率加快,咳嗽反应增加,呼吸深度加大.耗氧率起始升高继而迅速下降,并在极端pH(3.6)下最终引起机体组织缺氧而致死.对于pH5.6,草鱼各类呼吸与代谢指标未受明显影响,基本属于正常.供试草鱼对低pH反应的灵敏程度依次为:咳嗽率>呼吸率>耗氧率>呼吸深度.