酵母废水循环利用的研究

为了减少糖蜜酵母废水的排放，减轻环境污染，作者对酵母废水的循环利用进行了研究。研究结果表明，当废水循环使用以后，生产一吨酵母的糖蜜消耗减少了１０．８１％，一、二级离心分离后废水的排放量减少了７６．１７％，排放的一、二级分离废不总的生物耗氧量减少了７２．８８％化学耗氧量减少了６２．５８％。     

黄姜废水的铁炭微电解-混凝预处理研究

研究了高浓度黄姜废水的铁炭微电解-混凝工艺，结果表明，在进水pH4．0、停留时间为40min且有曝气条件下，COD去除率达到64．70％，色度去除率为72．22％，废水的BOD／COD值可由0．29提高到0．56，有利于废水的后续生化处理。     

石油炼制废水水解酸化处理

针对石油炼制废水污染严重、可生化性差的问题，采用厌氧水解酸化工艺进行处理。结果表明，废水经水解酸化处理后，COD和石油类的去除率分别达到46．5％和67．3％，废水的B／C由进水的27．9％提高到34．4％。这样不仅废水的污染程度得到了一定的降低，而且可生化性也得到了较大的改善，为后续生化处理奠定了较好的基础。     

铁屑微电解法处理水性油墨废水的研究

试验研究了水性油墨废水的铁屑微电解法处理。研究结果表明，微电解条件控制在pH4．0、铁屑投加量10％、反应时间60min、焦炭含量为16．67％，水性油墨废水的处理效果较好，色度去除率可达90％，以上，COD去除率在50％左右。     

柱生物曝气法吸附处理含铬废水

利用复合生物吸附剂FY01与活性污泥作为吸附材料，探讨了柱式生物曝气法对高浓度含铬电镀废水的生物吸附效果。研究结果表明，FY01性能稳定，耐进水pH冲击能力较强。当进水pH=2—5、流速为500mL／h时，10gFY01和5g活性污泥联合处理60．4mg／L含铬电镀废水2h后，铬的去除率达78％以上；在4℃冰箱和23—28℃实验室保存50d的FY01对铬的去除分别在78％～83％和77％-84％之间。柱式生物曝气吸附法对含铬废水的处理效果理想，运行稳定。串联处理2000mL总Cr、Cu^2＋和COD浓度分别为60．4、4．51和48．2mg／L的电镀废水2h后，去除率分别高达92．1％、99．2％和71．4％。     

青霉菌对印染废水吸附脱色及深度处理的研究

利用青霉菌P-1(Penicillium sp．)对2种染浴废水中的染料进行吸附去除，研究结果表明，吸附处理3h，黑色和红色染浴废水色度基本被去除，去除率分别达98．0％和74．5％，但去色处理后废水的CODCr值仍偏高。对去除色度的废水进一步用活性污泥进行深度处理，黑色和红色废水的CODCr去除率分别为75．9％和89．7％。青霉菌菌丝通过吸附作用从废水中抽提出的染料分子在有染料降解细菌L-1和L-2的降解池中脱色降解，菌丝吸附脱色能力得到再生。     

铁氧电池法处理孔雀石绿的试验研究

提出了铁氧电池法处理孔雀石绿模拟染料废水的方法，研究了曝气时间、pH值、废水体积以及曝气时间与pH值的交互作用对处理结果的影响。试验结果表明，在曝气时间40min，pH=9，废水体积120mL时，COD去除率和脱色率分别达到76．5％和96．5％以上，该方法比传统的铁屑法效果大大提高，应用前景广阔。     

曝气生物滤池处理化学药剂废水的试验研究及影响因素分析

探讨了对于难处理的化学药剂废水曝气生物滤池处理的可行性，分析了影响曝气生物滤池处理效果的若干因素，试验结果表明，废水的温度、pH值、气水比及水力停留时间等是影响滤池处理效果的重要因素，控制废水水温在15℃以是，pH在7．3．8．3之间，气水比10：1，水力停留时间大于10h，可以取得较为理想的处理效果，出水CODcr，和BOD5的去除率可分别达到58％和90％以上。     

铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水的研究

利用铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水，介绍其作用机理，考察了废水pH值、铁屑用量、反应时间、曝气时间和操作方式等因素对色度和CODCr去除率的影响。结果表明，在废水pH值为4，铁屑用量为15％，常温反应4h，曝气时间2h条件下，色度去除率可达100％，CODCr去除率达92．68％。     

载银TiO2半导体催化剂对印染废水的光降解研究

以新型载银ＴｉＯ２为催化剂，采用高压汞灯为光源对实际印染废水进行了光催化降解的研究。研究结果表明，用新型载银催化剂（简称ＴＳＡ）对印染废水和精炼废水进行深度处理的效果比用ＴｉＯ２为好。在光照１２０分钟条件下，用ＴＳＡ催化剂对印染和精炼废水生化处理出水进行光催化降解，废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率分别达到７５．３％和８３．４％，比同样光降解条件下用单一ＴｉＯ２催化剂时废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率提高２２．９％和２     

偶氮二异庚腈生产废水处理试验和工程调试

偶氮二异庚腈的生产过程中产生大量的废水,其有机物和氨氮含量高,生化性差.为解决其处理达标问题,采用氨氮吹脱-上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-A/O- NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化的组合工艺对其进行了试验研究.结果表明,该工艺对COD、氨氮的去除率分别达到99％、98％以上.并在此试验研究的基础上,投资建设了一个污水处理站,采用氨氮吹脱-UASB-A/O-二级好氧-NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化-气浮池的组合工艺,经过一年多的运行,出水水质稳定,对COD、氨氮的去除率分别为99％、98％以上,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.     

The behaviors and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coking wastewater treatment plant

The occurrence, behaviors and fate of 18 PAHs were investigated in a coking wastewater treatment plant in Songshan coking plant, located in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province of China. It was found that the target compounds occurred widely in raw coking wastewater, treated effluent, sludge and gas samples. In raw coking wastewater, high molecular weight (MW) PAHs were the dominant compounds, while 3-6 ring PAHs predominated in the final effluent. The dominant compounds in gas samples were phenathrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, while they were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthene for sludge. The process achieved over 97% removal for all the PAHs, 47-92% of eliminations of these target compounds in liquid phase were achieved in biological stage. Different behaviors of PAHs were observed in the primary tank, anaerobic tank, aerobic tank, hydrolytic tank and coagulation tank units, while heavier and lower ones were mainly removed in anaerobic tank and aerobic tanks, respectively. Regarding the fate of PAHs, calculated fractions of mass losses for low MW PAHs due to transformation and adsorption to sludge accounted for 15-50% and 24-49%, respectively, while the rest was less than 1%. For high MW PAHs, the mass losses were mainly due to adsorption to sludge and separation with tar (contributing 56-76% and 22-39%, respectively), and the removal through transformation was less.     

Biological solubilization and mineralization as novel approach for the pretreatment of food waste

The performance of a garbage disposal system to solubilize and mineralize food wastes through biological solubilization was evaluated through the examination of the effects of operational conditions like water supply volume, water supply frequency and aeration on the amount of waste solubilized, mineralized and accumulated in the reactor. The biological solubilization process consisted of a solubilization reactor and a circulation tank. Food waste and fresh water were supplied into the solubilization reactor with support media. Wastewater from the solubilization reactor was discharged to the circulation tank and water in the circulation tank was periodically pumped back to the solubilization reactor. In case of the total food waste loading of 16 kg m(3-1) d(-1), little carbon (0-5.7%) accumulated in the reactor as long as the system was kept under aerobic condition through large volume of water supply (higher than 3.5 lh(-1)) or applying aeration in the circulation tank. However, 42% of the loaded carbon accumulated under anaerobic condition in low water supply (less than 1.8 lh(-1)). The rest of the waste was either solubilized or mineralized. The aeration in the circulation tank, therefore, was effective to provide similar solubilization and mineralization as the large volume of water supply. However, frequency of feeding at the large volume of water supply had no significant effect on the amount of waste solubilization and mineralization.     

A modified UCT method for biological nutrient removal: configuration and performance

A pilot-scale prototype activated sludge system is presented, which combines both, the idea of University of Cape Town (UCT) concept and the step denitrification cascade for removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The experimental set-up consists of an anaerobic selector and stepwise feeding in subsequent three identical pairs of anoxic and oxic tanks. Raw wastewater with influent flow rates ranging between 48 and 168 l d(-1) was fed to the unit at hydraulic residence times (HRTs) of 5-18 h and was distributed at percentages of 60/25/15%, 40/30/30% and 25/40/35% to the anaerobic selector, 2nd and 3rd anoxic tanks, respectively (influent flow distribution before the anaerobic selector). The results for the entire experimental period showed high removal efficiencies of organic matter of 89% as total chemical oxygen demand removal and 95% removal for biochemical oxygen demand, 90% removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total nitrogen removal through denitrification of 73%, mean phosphorus removal of 67%, as well as excellent settleability. The highest removal efficiency and the optimum performance were recorded at an HRT of about 9h and influent flow rate of 96 l d(-1), in which 60% is distributed to the anaerobic selector, 25% to the second anoxic tank and 15% to the last anoxic tank. Consequently, the plant configuration enhanced removal efficiency, optimized performance, saved energy, formed good settling sludge and provided operational assurance.     

厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜技术处理农村污水

通过模拟农村生活污水水质和间歇进水特点,利用“厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜”技术,研究该工艺对有机物、氮、磷的去除效果.厌氧池和局部循环供氧池有效容积比为1∶1.6,曝气装置位于局部循环供氧池中间底部,环形导流板将局部循环供氧池分隔成中间好氧区和四周缺氧区,斜管沉淀池前置到厌氧池与局部循环供氧池之间,出水端设置循环水池.装置连续稳定运行12个月,平均进水量为140 L/d,生物反应区HRT为1.3d.监测结果表明,出水COD、BOD、NH3-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别在40.31、3.38、2.69、11.98和0.75 mg/L,达到了国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放指标(GB-18918-2002)中的一级排放标准.研究表明,厌氧-局部循环供氧技术是一种适合农村分散污水处理的新工艺,可有效减轻农业面源污染.     

A／O-MBR工艺处理校园生活污水中水回用工程的设计与运行

针对Et处理量为1500m3的高校中水处理设施,论述了缺氧／好氧-MBR（A／O—MBR）处理工艺运行特性,完成了长效监测及经济性评价。系统MBR池污泥浓度（MLSS）控制在8～12g／L,缺氧池和好氧池水力停留时间（HRT）分别为3h和7h,污泥回流比为200％～300％。当进水COD、总氮、氨氮平均浓度分别为481．3、75．1和65．8mg／L时,出水COD、总氮、氨氮平均浓度分别为16．5、13．4和0．7mg／L,平均去除率分别为96．4％、81．9％和99．0％。在进行化学除磷的情况下,出水总磷的平均浓度为0．8mg／L,平均去除率86．5％。出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920—2002）中的相应水质指标要求。经济性分析结果显示,该中水站的电耗为0．58kWh／m3。     

预制床技术在油泥(砂)处理中的应用

采用预制床生物修复技术首次对江苏油田3个井站的罐底油泥(砂)和三相分离器废油泥(砂)进行工艺研究,建立了运行稳定的处理与利用现场示范工程,取得了满意的试验效果,现场油泥(砂)的总油含量＞100 g/kg(土),装置运行2个月,总油去除率96.4%～98.4%,其中烷烃去除率74.7%～98.5%,沥青质去除率75.0%～89.4%,芳香烃去除率85.5%～99.6%.     

生物预处理后给水沉淀池生物污泥回流净水效果的研究

针对季节性氨氮和有机微污染水源,通过回流生物预处理后沉淀池生物污泥至絮凝池,进行常规生物强化处理。不同污泥回流比工况的中试实验表明,污泥回流比宜在1.5%～5%之间选取,回流比再加大,生物强化效应不会增加;相比不回流工况27.6%的CODMn平均去除率,在污泥回流比为1.5%、3%和5%的运行工况下,沉淀池出水相对于预处理出水CODMn的平均去除率分别为44.5%、44.1%和45.5%;同时,在1.5%～5%之间选取污泥回流比,絮凝剂投加量减少了17 mg/L,并且沉淀池出水浊度降低,氨氮去除率也有提高。     

Bacterial leaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge-bioreactors comparison

More than 50% of municipal sewage sludges cannot be used on agricultural land because of their heavy metals content. Therefore, microbial leaching of heavy metal from municipal sludge was studied in a continuously stirred tank reactor without recycling (CSTR) or with sludge recycling (CSTRWR) at residence times of 1, 2, 3 and 4 days. The reactor CSTRWR is supposed to be more efficient for bacterial process due to the recycling of active bacteria from the settling tank to the reactor. The CSTRWR and the CSTR with 1 g litre(-1) FeSO(4).7H(2)O addition were equally efficient because of copper reprecipitation or recomplexation in the settling tank of the CSTRWR. In the CSTR, about 62% of copper and about 77% of zinc were dissolved in 3 days residence time compared to 50% of copper and 64% of zinc in the CSTRWR, if 3 g litre(-1) FeSO(4).7H(2)O was added. Thus with larger amount of substrate, the CSTR was more efficient than the CSTRWR. Residence time and pH were the main factors for zinc solubilization while for copper, the redox potential was also a major factor. The effect of FeSO(4).7H(2)O concentration on bacterial activity to solubilize heavy metals was also studied, increased concentration of FeSO(4).7H(2)O yielded better copper solubilization while it had no effect or a negative effect on zinc. This supports the hypothesis of a direct mechanism for zinc solubilization and of an indirect mechanism for copper solubilization.     

Improving phosphate removal of sand infiltration system using alkaline fly ash

Septic tank effluent is customarily disposed of by soil infiltration. Coarse, sandy soil such as those found in Perth, Western Australia, exhibit low attenuation capabilities for phosphate (PO4(3-)) during effluent infiltration. Amendment of such soil with different amounts of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes was investigated as a means of reducing phosphorus (P) leakage to ground water. Alkaline precipitator fly ash possessed the highest P sorption capacity in terms of its Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters during initial batch tests. The test materials were repeatedly contacted with fresh PO4(3-) solutions over 90 contacting cycles to gain a better indication of long-term P sorption capability. Again, precipitator fly ash exhibited higher P sorption capacity than lagoon fly ash and Spearwood sand. Column studies assessed the influence of various application rates of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes on the P removal of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent was applied at the rate of 4 cm/day to the column for 12 weeks. Concentrations of P were monitored in the column effluent. All the fly ash columns were more efficient in reducing P migration compared to the sand column. Increased levels of fly ash in the soil columns resulted in increased P attenuation. Lagoon fly ash was inferior to precipitator fly ash for P removal; high application rates of fly ash caused clogging of the infiltration bed apparently due to their lower permeability. It is reasoned that 5-15% precipitator fly ash, and less than 30% lagoon fly ash could be added to coarse sands to produce an infiltration bed, which would result in a better quality effluent than can be obtained with untreated sand alone.