广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

应用原子荧光光度法对广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻和根系土中的硒含量进行了测试。研究了水稻中硒含量与根系土中硒含量以及土壤性质之间关系。结果表明:研究区水稻中硒含量在0.021～0.335mg/kg之间,平均值为0.074mg/kg,标准差0.045,样品数为70件;根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.167～1.328mg/kg,平均值为0.620mg/kg,标准差0.230,样品数为70件。高于世界土壤表层平均值和全国表层土壤平均值,相关分析结果表明,根系土中S、有机质、P、C、N不利于水稻对硒的吸收,高CaO含量和pH有利于硒的吸收。土壤全硒量不是控制水稻硒水平的最主要因素。     

Regional assessment of cadmium pollution in agricultural lands and the potential health risk related to intensive mining activities： A case study in Chenzhou City, China

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of cadmium （Cd） contamination in agricultural soil and its potential risk for people. Soils, rice, and vegetables from Chenzhou City, Southern China were sampled and analyzed. In the surface soils, the 95% confidence interval for the mean concentration of Cd varied between 2.72 and 4.83 mg/kg （P 〈 0.05） in the survey, with a geometric mean concentration of 1.45 mg/kg. Based on the GIS map, two hot spot areas of Cd in agricultural soils with high Cd concentrations were identified to be located around the Shizhuyuan, Jinshiling, and Yaogangxian mines, and the Baoshan and Huangshaping mines, in the center of the city. About 60% of the total investigated area, where the agricultural soil Cd concentration is above 1 mg/kg, is distributed in a central belt across the region. The critical distances, at which the soil Cd concentration were increased by the mining activities, from the mines of the soils were 23 km for the Baoshan mine, 46 km for the Huangshaping mine, and 63 km for the Shizhuyuan mine, respectively. These are distances calculated from models. The Cd concentrations in rice samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.43 mg/kg and the mean dietary Cd intake from rice for an adult was 191 μg/d. Results of risk indexes showed that soil Cd concentrations possessed risks to local residents whose intake of Cd from rice and vegetables grown in soils in the vicinity of the mine was 596 μg/d.     

贵州丹寨县土壤-水稻中硒和重金属的积累及迁移特征

通过测定贵州丹寨县主要水稻种植区30件水稻土及对应的水稻中硒和重金属的含量,分析硒和重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb在根系土及对应水稻中的分布特征,研究了土壤有机质和pH对硒和重金属在土壤-水稻系统中迁移的影响.结果 表明:该地区水稻根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.27～0.98 mg/kg,平均值为0.65 mg/kg,70...     

Influence of soil type and genotype on Cd bioavailability and uptake by rice and implications for food safety

Cadmium (Cd) entering the human body via the food chain is of increasing concern. This study investigates the effects of soil type and genotype on variations in the Cd concentrations of different organs of nine rice plants grown on two types of soils with two Cd levels. Cd concentrations in nine rice cultivars varied significantly with genotype and soil type (P < 0.01). The Cd concentration was higher in red paddy soil (RP) than in yellow clayey paddy soil (YP). The average Cd concentrations of different organs in three rice types were indica > hybrid > japonica for the Cd treatments and controls. The polished grain concentration in YP and RP soils had a range of 0.055-0.23 mg/kg and 0.13-0.36 mg/kg in the Cd treatment, respectively. Two rice cultivars in YP soil and five rice cultivars in RP soil exceeded the concentration limits in the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard (0.2 mg/kg). The Cd concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves were all significantly and positively correlated to that in polished grain in a single test. The Cd concentrations in polished grain were positively and significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with the calculated transfer factors of stem to grain and leaf to grain Cd transfer. The results indicated that the variations of Cd concentration in grain were related to Cd uptake and the remobilization of Cd from stem and leaf to grain. Also, the cultivars with a strong tendency for Cd-accumulation should be avoided in paddy soil with low soil pH and low organic matter content to reduce the risks to human health from high Cd levels in rice.     

珠三角新会地区表层土壤硒、氟、碘地球化学特征研究

以珠江三角洲新会地区西江、潭江下游的三江、睦州、古井三镇土壤为主要研究对象,测试分析所采集的1 567件表层土壤样品全氮(N)、有机碳(Org.C)、pH等理化指标和二氧化硅(SiO_2)、三氧化二铝(Al_2O_3)、硒(Se)、氟(F)、碘(I) 5种元素组分含量,以及60件稻谷样的硒(Se)含量。重点探讨了研究区Se、F、I的含量、分布及其影响因素等地球化学特征。结果表明,研究区土壤呈现强酸性-酸性,Se、F、I的含量均值分别为0. 50 mg/kg、617. 39 mg/kg、3. 57 mg/kg,Se、F高于全国土壤背景值,I低于全国土壤背景值; Se、F、I均与Al_2O_3、Org.C以及pH相关,F与Se不相关,F与I负相关。Se、F、I的含量、分布等地球化学特征受地层控制:不同成土母质中,基岩区和花岗岩区Se、I含量较高;第四纪沉积区F含量较高。推测Se和I主要源于燕山期的火山活动,F主要源于三角洲的沉积作用。总体上研究区土壤呈现足硒、富硒,碘适量,氟过剩的特征,稻谷富硒率也高,具备开发天然富硒农产品的条件。     

浙西球川富硒区耕地土壤硒含量及其影响因素

通过浙西球川耕地土壤的调查与分析,对表层土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,该区表层土壤硒含量均值为0. 43 mg/kg。不同地层分布区土壤硒含量差异较大,荷塘组碳质页岩、硅质岩分布区土壤硒含量最高(平均值为0. 59 mg/kg),寿昌组凝灰岩分布区土壤硒含量最低(平均值为0. 32 mg/kg),地质背景(岩石分布)对土壤硒含量及分布起控制作用。旱地土壤硒含量平均值高于水田。土壤硒含量与有机质含量呈正相关关系,而与土壤p H关系不密切。球川地区土壤硒主要来自自然背景(成土母质),外源输入影响较小,该区富硒土壤具有可持续开发利用潜力。     

东莞市农业土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险分析

研究系统采集了东莞市118个农业土壤样品和43个蔬菜样品进行砷含量分析,研究了土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险。研究发现,东莞市农业土壤砷含量变化范围0.40～28.87mg/kg,平均值12.95mg/kg,远高于东莞市背景值,其中62%的样品砷含量超过国家一级标准限定值,砷含量的变异系数为53.28%,变异程度较大。东莞市各区域土壤砷空间分布不均匀,土壤砷含量平均值大小排序如下:西部平原区环境保护区中部过渡区东南丘陵区。土壤砷主要来源于成土母质,化石燃料燃烧、农药、化肥(磷肥)等工农业活动的输入也不容忽视。东莞市蔬菜砷含量超标比较严重,蔬菜砷对东莞市部分人群存在一定的健康风险。     

遵义松林Ni-Mo矿区土壤Cu、Zn污染及农作物健康风险评价

采用ICP-MS分析了贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区表层土壤（旱地土和水稻土）及6种农作物样品的重金属Cu、Zn含量。结果显示,矿区旱地土Cu、Zn含量分别为31.3～148.5和101.0～346.0 mg/kg,平均值分别为65.1和233.0 mg/kg;水稻土Cu、Zn含量分别为46.3～67.3和169.0～358.0 mg/kg,平均值分别为55.8和234.0 mg/kg;两种类型土壤Cu、Zn含量均高于贵州省土壤背景值（Cu,32.0 mg/kg;Zn,99.5 mg/kg）和参照样品（Cu,23.3 mg/kg;Zn,82.0 mg/kg）。采用单因子指数法对矿区土壤Cu、Zn污染程度进行评价,结果显示大部分土壤样品为轻污染和中污染,部分土壤样品达Cu、Zn重污染等级。矿区农作物样品中粮食类和蔬菜类样品的Cu平均含量分别为3.64和5.81 mg/kg;Zn平均含量分别为22.54和35.79 mg/kg。运用危险商法对矿区农作物的健康风险进行评价,水稻和白菜Cu、Zn复合污染的健康风险指数大于1（分别为2.83和2.90 mg/kg）,表明这两种农作物对人体健康产生影响的可能性较大,其余作物（玉米、甘薯、辣椒、萝卜）复合污染的健康风险指数小于1,对人体健康产生影响的可能性小。     

污灌区稻田汞污染特征及健康风险评价

选择天津北排污河灌区作为研究区域,调查了土壤和水稻总汞和甲基汞的含量及分布特征,评估污灌区稻米食用汞暴露风险,并对污灌区土壤-稻米甲基汞的影响因素进行了初步分析.结果表明,1.调查的29个污灌区稻田,土壤总汞含量为(367.04 ± 129.36) μg/kg,显著高于区域土壤Hg背景值73 μg/kg,甲基汞含量为(0.87 ± 0.77) μg/kg;水稻各部位总汞含量依次为稻叶 > 稻根 > 稻茎 > 稻米,稻米总汞含量为(12.80 ± 5.14) μg/kg,甲基汞含量依次为稻米 > 稻根 > 稻茎 > 稻叶,稻米对甲基汞具有很强的富集能力,甲基汞含量为(2.09 ± 1.20) μg/kg,甲基化率均值超过10%.污灌区稻米总汞每周摄入量为0.068~1.25μg/(kg·bw),甲基汞每周摄入量为0.0095~0.49μg/(kg·bw),污灌区稻米总汞及甲基汞暴露对居民健康风险总体仍在安全阈值内,但个别汞污染较严重地块甲基汞暴露风险值得高度关注.土壤甲基汞含量仅与土壤总汞含量及黏粒含量的相关性达到显著性水平,稻米甲基汞含量与土壤总汞含量、土壤甲基汞含量、稻米总汞含量及黏粒含量的相关性达到显著性水平.     

桂中典型碳酸盐岩区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

硒对人体的健康具有重要意义。水稻作为中国南方的主要粮食作物,研究水稻籽实与根系土硒含量特征及其影响因素,可为富硒水稻种植、富硒产业开发、提升土地利用价值提供科学依据。本文以桂中典型碳酸盐岩地区为研究区,通过采集、测试400套水稻籽实及对应的根系土样品,研究讨论其含硒水平及影响因素。结果表明:(1)水稻根系土硒含量为0.11～3.82 mg/kg,平均值为0.61 mg/kg,明显高于全国其他省份表层土壤硒含量值。(2)根系土中Cd、Cr、Hg、S元素含量高于全国土壤背景值,Cd、Cr、Hg富集现象显示了广西典型碳酸盐岩区土壤重金属高背景属性,碳酸盐岩区Se与Cd等重金属元素次生富集特征近似。(3)根系土中硒含量主要受成土母质岩系控制,土壤中Se高含量主要与石炭系、泥盆系、二叠系、三叠系地层碳酸盐岩、硅质岩的分布密切相关。此外,与土壤有机质呈明显正相关,土壤中的有机质能对硒起吸附固定作用,使得硒在土壤表层富集。(4)研究区水稻籽实硒最小值为0.015 mg/kg,最大值为0.532 mg/kg,平均值为0.08 mg/kg,富硒率高达81.5%。水稻籽实硒含量除了与根系土硒含量有关外,还与土壤中的有机质、S、pH呈显著负相关性。     

陕西省典型高硒土壤的空间分布及主要农作物硒的含量特征和主要来源研究

为研究陕西省安康市富硒核心区—岚皋县高硒土壤的空间分布及主要农作物硒含量特征和主要来源,本文在岚皋县采集了767个表层土壤样品,其中在高硒区(佐龙镇和民主镇)按行政村地块为单元,共加密采集了409个土样以及18个土豆、35个玉米和14个基岩样品,测试了其总硒含量.结果表明：(1)岚皋县北部典型高硒区—佐龙镇和民主镇的土壤硒含量平均值分别为3.38 mg/kg (范围为0.02～37.39 mg/kg)和3.11 mg/kg (范围为0.05～16.96 mg/kg),均远高于中国(0.29 mg/kg)和全球(0.40mg/kg)表层土壤硒含量的背景值.(2)佐龙镇和民主镇表层土壤硒含量大于0.40 mg/kg的面积分别占各自乡镇面积的99.18%和75.79%.(3)佐龙镇中部地区的硒含量较高,民主镇中部和东南部地区的硒含量较高.高硒区的土豆(硒含量范围为0.04～1.78 mg/kg,平均值为0.49 mg/kg)和玉米(硒含量范围为0.01～2.82 mg/kg,平均值为0.69 mg/kg)的富硒率均超过68%.(4)高硒区土壤富硒的最主要原因是晚前寒武纪—寒武纪的富硒地层大面...     

安徽庐江潜在富硒土壤硒生物有效性及其影响因素

为研究潜在富硒土壤硒生物有效性,采集安徽庐江潜在富硒地区64组水稻及对应根系土壤样品,分析土壤理化性质、土壤养分、全硒、不同形态硒及大米硒含量,采用线性回归法探究土壤硒生物有效性的影响因素.结果表明,大米硒含量（记作Se_rice,下同）为0.037~0.120 mg/kg,土壤全硒含量（记作Se_tot,下同）为0.260~1.177 mg/kg,土壤硒以腐殖酸态硒（15.5%~44.7%）、强有机态硒（12.5%~53.3%）和残渣态硒（8.1%~68.5%）为主.土壤有效硫、有效磷通过提高强有机态、腐殖酸态和浸提性硒含量并促进水稻籽实（大米）对硒的吸收,而土壤阳离子交换量（cation exchange capacity,CEC）、速效钾、全铁和全锰通过降低水稻生物可利用态硒含量（包括水溶态、腐殖酸态、强有机态和浸提性硒）抑制水稻籽实（大米）对硒的吸收.Se_tot与Se_rice显著正相关（R=0.616,P < 0.01）,非残渣态硒含量与有机质含量之比（记作NRE-Se/OM）与Se_rice相关性最强（R=0.774,P < 0.01）.土壤NRE-Se/OM、有效硫、有效铁、全锰构建的多元逐步线性对数回归模型可解释水稻籽实（大米）吸收硒的76.0%的方差.因此引入变量NRE-Se/OM,并结合土壤有效硫、有效铁和全锰能有效评价和预测研究区土壤硒生物有效性.      

Rapid evaluation of arsenic contamination in paddy soils using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Arsenic (As) in paddy fields is deteriorating food security and human health through rice ingestion. Rice is the dominant food source of arsenic exposure to half of the world''s population. Therefore, an in situ effective method for As risk evaluation in paddy soil is strongly needed to avoid As exposure through rice ingestion. Herein, we developed a rapid analytical methodology for determination of As in plant tissues using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FP-XRF). This method was applied to rice roots in order to evaluate the As contamination in paddy soils. The results showed that rice roots with iron plaques were superior to rhizosphere soils for generating FP-XRF signals, especially for field sites with As concentrations lower than the soil detection limit of FP-XRF (30.0 mg/kg). Moreover, the strong linear relationships of As concentrations between the rice roots and corresponding leaves and grains proved that the rice root, rather than the soil, is a better predictor of As concentrations in rice grains. The research provides an efficient As monitoring method for As contaminated paddy fields by using wetland plant roots with iron plaques and XRF-based analytical techniques.     

贵州中部山区煤矸石堆场周边污染水稻土重金属的释放特征

通过对贵州中部山区煤矸石堆场周边污染的水稻土及上覆水进行调查与采样分析,探讨污染水稻土有效态重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb)含量的变化及其释放特征。研究结果表明:不同程度污染水稻土中Cd、As和Hg的含量及部分水稻土中的Cu含量超过了土壤环境质量二级标准,随着水稻土污染程度的增加,土壤有效态Cd的含量出现明显的增加,中度污染水稻土和重度污染水稻土有效态Cd的平均含量分别比轻度污染水稻土增加了1.30、2.60倍;在水稻生长期间(6~8月),污染稻田上覆水中均出现Cd的超标,中度污染稻田和重度污染稻田上覆水Cd的平均浓度(三次采样)分别比轻度污染稻田的上覆水高11.3%和27.3%。污染水稻土淹水1~30d期间,上覆水Cd的浓度出现不断地增加,淹水20d后中度及重度污染水稻土上覆水Cd均出现超标。因此,煤矸石堆场周边污染稻田排水的Cd会产生明显的二次污染。     

Tracing the behaviour of hexachlorobenzene in a paddy soil-rice system over a growth season

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent organic pollutant (POP), has been found in paddy soils. To improve the understanding of HCB contamination in paddy soils, a laboratory simulative study was carried out to investigate the behavior of HCB in a paddy soil and rice plants. This study was divided into three experiments. First, an experiment aimed to examine the evaporation of HCB in paddy soil. In the second experiment, rice was planted in 10 mg/kg HCB contaminated soil and after pot culture at 3, 6, 9, and 27 weeks (at maturity), both soil and plant samplings were scheduled to be sampled. The soil samples comprised rhizosphere soil, nonrhizosphere soil, and unplanted contaminated soil, whereas plant samples included shoots, roots, and rice grains (dehusked). Lastly, in this part, HCB in xylem saps was designed to be examined. The results showed that (1) the HCB translocation from paddy soil to rice by vaporization; (2) the HCB concentration in rice grains was surprisingly high; (3) the observed HCB decrease in rice rhizosphere offers a potential means for in situ HCB degradation; (4) HCB might not be transported along transpiration in rice.     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤砷的分布特征探究

通过对贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤总砷的分布特征进行研究。文章对土壤总砷、pH值及有机质含量进行了分析,结果表明,污灌区土壤砷的含量最高达237.55mg/kg,最低为24.20mg/kg,平均As含量为85.62mg/kg,均高于世界、中国及贵州黄壤中的平均水平;pH平均值为5.12,属酸性土壤;有机质含量普遍偏高;高砷煤矿废水灌溉导致了灌区土壤中砷的累积。灌溉方式影响了土壤中砷的迁移与分布情况,土壤中砷的含量,随着与灌溉水源距离的增加而急剧降低。研究区土壤中砷的迁移较缓慢,但有向下游逐渐扩散的趋势。土壤总砷含量受到了pH值和有机质影响,但与两者的相关性并不明显。     

Effect of water-driven changes in rice rhizosphere on Cd lability in three soils with different pH

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of water management, namely continuous flooding (CF), intermittent flooding (IF) and non-flooding (NF), on Cd phytoavailaility in three paddy soils that differed in pH and in Cd concentrations. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique was employed to monitor soil labile Cd and Fe concentrations simultaneously at three growth stages (tillering, heading and mature stage) of rice. The Cd phytoavailability were generally in the order of NF?>?IF?>?CF, and higher rice Cd (over permitted level, 0.2?mg/kg) were only found in neutral and acidic soils under NF conditions. DGT measured soil labile Cd rather than total Cd was the most reliable predictor for Cd accumulation in rice. CF enhanced the formation of root plaques, which related to oxidation of large quantities of available Fe on root surfaces due to the O₂ secretion of rice root. The Cd concentration in root plaques shared the same trend with DGT-Cd. Generally, root plaques would inhibit Cd uptake by rice under CF conditions, while under IF and NF conditions, root plaques act as a temporarily store of Cd, and soil labile Cd is the key factor that controls the transfer of Cd from soil to rice. The results of principle component analysis revealed that water management had the greatest effect on soil Cd lability and rice Cd in acidic soil. Thus, it is important to consider the availability of Cd and soil pH when assessing current agricultural practices of contaminated soil in China.     

湛江市农业土壤与作物铬含量及其健康风险

在湛江市采集了106个农业土壤表层样品和43个农作物样品,分析了土壤和农作物中铬的含量,研究铬的分布特征和富集能力,评价其健康风险。结果表明:土壤中铬平均含量为87.13mg/kg,超过国家土壤二级标准的样品占20.75%,徐闻、雷州等地超标较严重。湛江市种植面积及产量最大的4大类农作物蔬菜、水果、甘蔗和水稻铬平均含量介于0.014～0.160mg/kg之间,均符合我国《食品中铬限量卫生标准》(GB 14961-1994)。蔬菜类的芥菜铬的富集能力相对较强,青瓜、菜心、生菜等蔬菜品种和菠萝、香蕉、橙子、甘蔗等水果类铬的富集能力则较低;水稻铬的富集能力容易受土壤复合污染影响,富集系数介于0.0001～0.0048。依据中国营养学会推荐的RfD值和广东省居民平均食物消费结构进行计算,湛江市蔬菜、水稻和水果(含甘蔗)三大类作物通过土壤-植物-人体途径日平均摄入量为78.9μg/d,若考虑其它的摄入途径,农产品中的铬对人体潜在一定的健康风险。     

Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.     

土壤环境中阴离子表面活性剂的分布

采集了南京市附近及苏南吴县地区不同土壤及相关水样,用苯胺兰１号比色法分析阴离子表面活性浓度,结果表明土壤环境中其浓度为０．１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ～３．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,水样中为０．１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ～０．４６ｍｇ／Ｌ,并且其浓度与土壤剖面深度、环境污染冲击类型及土壤利用方式有关。