Advanced driver assistance systems for teen drivers: A national survey of teen and parent perceptions

Abstract

Objective: Recently developed advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to compensate for teen driving errors and reduce overall crash risk. To date, very limited research has been conducted on the suitability of ADAS for teen drivers—the population most likely to benefit from such systems. The opportunity for ADAS to reduce the frequency and severity of crashes involving teen drivers is hindered when there is a lack of trust, acceptance, and use of those technologies. Therefore, there is a need to study teen and parent perceptions of ADAS to help identify and overcome any potential barriers to ADAS use.

Methods: A U.S. national survey was developed based on themes from previously conducted teen and parent ADAS focus groups. Survey topics included trust in ADAS, effect of ADAS on teen driver safety and driving behavior, effect of ADAS on skill development, data privacy, and cybersecurity. Responses included 5-point Likert scales and open-ended questions. The survey was managed through an online respondent panel by ResearchNow. Eligibility criteria included licensed teens (16–19 years) and parents of licensed teens. Teen and parent responses were compared using chi-square statistics in SAS 9.4.

Results: Two thousand and three (teens?=?1,000; parents?=?1,003) respondents qualified for and completed the survey between September 1 and September 20, 2017. Overall, teens (72%) and parents (61%) felt that ADAS would have a positive impact on transportation. However, teens were more likely to exhibit a positive outlook on ADAS, whereas parents were more likely to have a negative outlook (P?<?.01). Teens felt that ADAS would be useful during bad weather or drowsy driving but were less concerned than parents about ADAS intervention during their own risky driving (P?<?.01). The majority of teens (65%) and parents (71%) agreed that teens should learn to drive on vehicles without ADAS, with parents being more likely to agree than teens (P?<?.01). Parents (55%) were more likely than teens (47%) to be concerned about insurance companies keeping track of teen driving data (P?<?.01). Most respondents exhibited some concern of ADAS being susceptible to hacking (57%).

Conclusions: This study represents the first effort to quantify ADAS perceptions among teen drivers and their parents at the U.S. national level. These data highlight potential barriers to ADAS use among teen drivers, including a relative disinterest among teens for ADAS intervention during risky driving as well as concerns among both teens and parents that ADAS will inhibit skill development. These survey findings will help inform educational programs to accelerate fleet turnover and provide the foundation for ADAS optimization and evaluation studies among sociodemographic groups.     

基于系统动力学的企业安全经济效益分析—以安全教育经济效益子系统为例

为达到企业安全经济效益最大化的目标,运用系统动力学的方法对企业安全经济效益系统进行建模,并对其中的安全教育经济效益子系统进行仿真模拟。实验结果表明:改变系统中的影响因素,安全教育经济效益并没有立即发生变化,而存在一段“延迟阶段”。同时也证明了安全培训人员能力在安全教育经济效益系统中具有最大的影响效果。     

基于成本效益法的矿山“六大系统”效益分析

在介绍矿山安全避险“六大系统”和成本效益法的基础上,结合矿山安全生产的实际情况,提出了矿山安全成本效益法的概念,并运用此概念对矿山安全避险“六大系统”的经济效益进行了分析,以实例说明矿山安全避险“六大系统”的建设可以为矿山企业带来社会效益和经济效益。     

企业员工安全文化素质的层次分析

建设良好的企业安全文化可以预防企业的事故发生,而企业员工安全文化素质则是企业安全文化的根基,也是企业安全文化的具体体现.通过建立员工安全文化层次渐近模型,分析企业员工安全文化素质的5个层次,即安全的无意识、体制约束下的安全意识、自我的安全意识、自我的可控安全意识、超越自我的安全意识.从中得出,员工安全文化素质的培养是一个长期的渐进的过程,是相互协作的结果.员工安全意识的培养是企业安全文化的标志,它需要良好的氛围,并且体现了企业安全文化的核心本质.因此,培养员工安全文化意识对解决企业安全文化建设及保证企业安全运转具有十分重要的意义.     

Two-way left turn lane or raised median? A truck safety based study

Introduction: Due to their size and weight, trucks require more space and time to make left turns when exiting or entering a roadway. Therefore, appropriate median treatments are critical for roadways with substantial truck traffic. The two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) and raised median (RM) are the two types of median most commonly used to improve roadway mobility and manage roadway accessibility. However, previous studies on these median treatments have focused primarily on the general traffic conditions and geometric roadway features without considering the truck traffic impact. Method: To fill this gap, this study investigates the truck impacts on TWLTL and RM by considering two major influencing factors – truck percentage and roadway access point density. First, a negative binomial regression is developed to analyze the relationship between crash frequency and various influencing factors. Next, the crash rate difference analysis between the TWLTL and RM is conducted to identify critical points for these two factors. Results: The findings indicate that, compared with RM, TWLTL has significantly higher crash frequency, especially for roadways with a higher percentage of trucks. This suggests that the percentage of trucks should be taken into consideration when selecting an appropriate type of roadway median.     

The effect of precrash velocity reduction on occupant response using a human body finite element model

Objective: The objective of this study is to use a validated finite element model of the human body and a certified model of an anthropomorphic test dummy (ATD) to evaluate the effect of simulated precrash braking on driver kinematics, restraint loads, body loads, and computed injury criteria in 4 commonly injured body regions.

Methods: The Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) 50th percentile male occupant (M50-O) and the Humanetics Hybrid III 50th percentile models were gravity settled in the driver position of a generic interior equipped with an advanced 3-point belt and driver airbag. Fifteen simulations per model (30 total) were conducted, including 4 scenarios at 3 severity levels: median, severe, and the U.S. New Car Assessment Program (U.S.-NCAP) and 3 extra per model with high-intensity braking. The 4 scenarios were no precollision system (no PCS), forward collision warning (FCW), FCW with prebraking assist (FCW+PBA), and FCW and PBA with autonomous precrash braking (FCW + PBA + PB). The baseline ΔV was 17, 34, and 56.4 kph for median, severe, and U.S.-NCAP scenarios, respectively, and were based on crash reconstructions from NASS/CDS. Pulses were then developed based on the assumed precrash systems equipped. Restraint properties and the generic pulse used were based on literature.

Results: In median crash severity cases, little to no risk (<10% risk for Abbreviated injury Scale [AIS] 3+) was found for all injury measures for both models. In the severe set of cases, little to no risk for AIS 3+ injury was also found for all injury measures. In NCAP cases, highest risk was typically found with No PCS and lowest with FCW + PBA + PB. In the higher intensity braking cases (1.0–1.4 g), head injury criterion (HIC), brain injury criterion (BrIC), and chest deflection injury measures increased with increased braking intensity. All other measures for these cases tended to decrease. The ATD also predicted and trended similar to the human body models predictions for both the median, severe, and NCAP cases. Forward excursion for both models decreased across median, severe, and NCAP cases and diverged from each other in cases above 1.0 g of braking intensity.

Conclusions: The addition of precrash systems simulated through reduced precrash speeds caused reductions in some injury criteria, whereas others (chest deflection, HIC, and BrIC) increased due to a modified occupant position. The human model and ATD models trended similarly in nearly all cases with greater risk indicated in the human model. These results suggest the need for integrated safety systems that have restraints that optimize the occupant's position during precrash braking and prior to impact.     

职业安全健康管理体系对企业经济和社会效益影响研究

为了评估职业安全健康管理体系的建立与企业经济和社会效益的关系,笔者对125家企业的安全生产投入,因事故、职业病或违约造成的经济投入(损失),以及建立职业安全健康管理体系后对企业经营活动及社会形象的影响进行了分析.结果发现,企业在建立职业安全健康管理体系期间及之后其安全生产投入比未建企业和建立体系之前增加;对事故、职业病或违约造成的经济投入加大;签订合同额和投标活动的中标率上升,员工抱怨次数及相关方抱怨次数下降.上述结果表明,职业安全健康管理体系的建立和运行对企业有良好的经济和社会效益.     

矿井主扇合理匹配安全及经济效益分析

部分矿井由于受到各方面因素影响,实际生产能力不能达到设计生产能力,有些采区安装的主要通风机的通风能力大于采区实际需要风量,即主要通风机匹配的电动机不合理,不但造成经济效益的损失,而且影响矿井的本质安全。本文以嘉禾煤矿浦溪井为例,通过简述矿井主要通风机与电动机匹配的合理改造,分析其运行效果和对矿井安全的影响;并浅述改造后的经济效益。     

汽车一体化安全与行人保护研究

汽车一体化安全把汽车被动安全与主动安全有机结合,可以充分发挥主、被动安全措施的最佳效用,其代表技术是汽车预碰撞安全,该技术已成为汽车安全领域新的研究热点和发展趋势.笔者介绍了汽车一体化安全的定义与组成,通过应用实例概述了汽车预碰撞安全的研究现状.通过统计分析人-车碰撞时序探讨汽车一体化安全技术应用于行人保护的必要性.在此基础上介绍了基于一体化安全的行人碰撞保护方案的基本原理,列举应用实例分析该方案的技术特点,应用实例表明一体化安全可以为行人提供更好的保护效果,将成为行人碰撞保护今后的发展方向.     

基于山区公路线形判断的主动安全技术研究

为提高汽车在山区公路上驾驶的安全性,防止因驾驶员对不和谐线形的疏忽而造成的交通事故,利用采集到的各种驾驶信息和车辆行驶信息对公路线形进行判断,从而实现对驾驶员的预警.基于山区公路线形判断的主动安全技术,首次被提出.采用矩阵论的思想,将各种不和谐线形定义为状态矩阵,将各种驾驶信息和车辆行驶信息定义为信号矩阵.根据信号矩阵对判断不和谐线形的贡献值不同,建立初始权重矩阵.然后,通过Matlab软件进行迭代仿真,从初始权重矩阵过渡到最终的权重矩阵,该权重矩阵可以作为常量直接使用.用给定线形对最终权重矩阵进行检验,其结果表明:使用该权重矩阵对线形进行判断,得到的结果与给定线形一致.     

中美校车安全标准比较研究

为促进我国校车安全标准法规的发展,提高我国校车的安全技术水平,选择美国校车安全标准作为我国校车安全标准比较研究的对象,分别从校车的一般安全、主动安全和被动安全技术条件方面,将我国现已实施的校车安全标准和美国的校车安全标准进行比较.研究结果表明,我国校车安全标准和美国的校车安全标准之间存在一定差异,在应急出口、碰撞试验等方面还存在不足.根据研究结果,提出有关制定适合中国国情的校车安全标准和法规的建议.     

Fast Calculating Surrogate Models for Leg and Head Impact in Vehicle–Pedestrian Collision Simulations

Objective: In previous research, a tool chain to simulate vehicle–pedestrian accidents from ordinary driving state to in-crash has been developed. This tool chain allows for injury criteria-based, vehicle-specific (geometry, stiffness, active safety systems, etc.) assessments. Due to the complex nature of the included finite element analysis (FEA) models, calculation times are very high. This is a major drawback for using FEA models in large-scale effectiveness assessment studies. Therefore, fast calculating surrogate models to approximate the relevant injury criteria as a function of pedestrian vehicle collision constellations have to be developed.

Method: The development of surrogate models for head and leg injury criteria to overcome the problem of long calculation times while preserving high detail level of results for effectiveness analysis is shown in this article. These surrogate models are then used in the tool chain as time-efficient replacements for the FEA model to approximate the injury criteria values. The method consists of the following steps: Selection of suitable training data sets out of a large number of given collision constellations, detailed FEA calculations with the training data sets as input, and training of the surrogate models with the FEA model's input and output values.

Results: A separate surrogate model was created for each injury criterion, consisting of a response surface that maps the input parameters (i.e., leg impactor position and velocity) to the output value. In addition, a performance test comparing surrogate model predictions of additional collision constellations to the results of respective FEA calculations was carried out. The developed method allows for prediction of injury criteria based on impact constellation for a given vehicle. Because the surrogate models are specific to a certain vehicle, training has to be redone for a new vehicle. Still, there is a large benefit regarding calculation time when doing large-scale studies.

Conclusion: The method can be used in prospective effectiveness assessment studies of new vehicle safety features and takes into account specific local features of a vehicle (geometry, stiffness, etc.) as well as external parameters (location and velocity of pedestrian impact). Furthermore, it can be easily extended to other injury criteria or accident scenarios; for example, cyclist accidents.     

针对瓦斯事故的安全投资效益评估方法研究

煤矿生产中瓦斯事故的发生及其危害程度的不确定性使得定量评价损失很困难.本文提出一种评估煤矿瓦斯事故严重程度和相关安全投资效益的方法.通过分析影响煤矿瓦斯事故发生的主要因素,利用专家调查法推断出瓦斯事故的发生概率和严重程度,进而估计出瓦斯事故的风险度并定量评价相关的安全投资效益.通过这种方法,可以提出各种安全投资方案并进行安全投资效益比较,据此选择安全投资效益最好的安全投资方案进行安全投资决策,最大限度地降低煤矿瓦斯事故的发生概率和危害程度.实例分析表明这种方法是有效的.     

工程项目施工安全保证的投入效率分析

利用ALARP原则构建工程项目施工风险可容忍区域,对处于不可容忍区域的安全事故,采取安全投入措施使之进入可容忍区域;对处于可容忍区域的安全事故,进行安全投入效益分析,以确定最佳安全投入额.采用事故树分析法探究事故与事故发生原因之间的内在逻辑关系,并探讨安全投入与事故发生概率的函数关系.在此基础上,构建安全投入优化分配模型,结合历史统计数据,利用Lingo软件对模型进行计算求解.     

广义安全结构理论研究

为加强对安全科学及安全工程的理论研究,基于生物信息学和因素空间理论,提出广义安全结构理论。阐明安全问题的本质规律,建立安全结构的组成要素及其数学逻辑分析框架,并研究主动安全管控系统的组成及其构建过程。结果表明:安全是人或物质活动与活动环境相互作用形成的结构形态,结构形态的变化规律是安全问题孕育、发生和演化的本质规律;安全结构由安全事件结构、环境结构、活动结构及活动与环境的相互作用组成;主动安全管控系统范式体系由环境因素属性空间、活动因素空间、信息空间、系统外部扰动、安全调控及各部分之间的关联(映射)构成。     

安全产品的供求特性及其与行业安全形势的关系初探

基于安全经济学的基本原理，通过对不同行业的自动安全水平和法定安全水平之间的关系的分析，论述了不同行业安全产品的需求特性，以及与此相适应的安全产品供给特性；并对安全产品的特殊供求机制与特定行业的安全形势之间的关系进行了初步的探讨，提出了提高行业安全水平的对策。