马尾松不同林型对土壤理化性质的影响

以安徽省枞阳县大山村3种马尾松不同林型（马尾松纯林、马尾松-麻栎混交林、马尾松-枫香混交林）0~60 cm土层为研究对象,探讨3种马尾松林型的土壤理化性质变化规律,旨在为该区马尾松人工林的可持续发展和生产提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）0~60 cm土层,3种马尾松林型土壤容重随深度的增加而逐渐增加,混交林土壤容重显著低于纯林;土壤含水量随土层的加深而逐渐减小,其大小为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林,马尾松-枫香混交林在土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度增加及土壤含水量方面优于马尾松-麻栎混交林;（2）土壤pH值介于4.5~5.0之间,3种林型pH值随土层深度的增加而增大,但差异均不显著,其中马尾松-枫香混交林土壤pH值较高;（3）3种林型土壤有机质、全N、有效P和速效K均随土层深度的增加而减少,呈现明显的“表聚”现象,其质量分数表现为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林;（4）土壤容重与土壤水分质量分数、有机质、全N、有效P和速效K等养分质量分数均呈负相关,土壤有机质与全N、有效P和速效K呈极显著的正相关,这说明土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面起着非常重要的作用。     

The impacts of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau,China

The impacts of vegetation on soil erosion are closely associated with the combined effects of above- and below-ground components. In this study, we explore the effects and contributions of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion. Experiment sites under natural conditions with vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground plots were investigated for overland flow discharges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?L?s^?1 and slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%. Results indicate that litter cover and roots have a significant impact on sediment reduction; soil loss was reduced by about 57% and plant roots had a greater impact on the reduction of soil erosion than litter cover. The combination of litter cover and plant roots had a significant effect on decreasing K_r, increasing τ_c and consequently strengthening soil resistance capacity to erosion. When plants and roots existed on the slopes, K_r decreased by 81% and 66%, and τ_c increased by 319% and 246%, respectively, in comparison with bare slopes. These results illustrate the importance of high-forest in controlling soil erosion by quantifying the specific contributions of litter cover and plant roots in erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau.     

黄土丘陵区土壤水分空间分布差异性探讨

在对黄土丘陵区典型区域多点土壤水分调查数据的分析的基础上,系统总结了研究区土壤水分分布的区域性和地块性差异特征及其发生分异的主要因子。文章认为,降水格局是土壤水分具有南、北向逐渐增加的区域分布特征的主导因子。热量、地貌、植被等的不同组合使得土壤水分发生地块尺度的分异。地域尺度土壤水分表现为南部好于中部,中部好于北部。在地块尺度内,则由于地貌、植被、土地类型等因素,土壤水分一般表现为:坡下部>坡中部>坡上部;阴坡>半阴-半阳坡>阳坡;隔坡梯田好于梯田;植被不同会造成土壤水分利用型差异。由于影响土壤水分的因素之间存在复杂的关系,其分布的差异性随季节、土壤层深度等不同而在表现程度上具有差异性。这一研究对黄土丘陵区植被恢复中合理利用土壤水资源具有十分重要意义。     

Impact of litter removal on soil characteristics under a Pinus caribaea stand

ABSTRACT

Forest productivity is dependent on soil quality, which in turn is related to litter; yet there is limited understanding of the relationships between litter and soil quality. The effects of litter removal treatment on tree growth and soil properties were examined in a Pinus caribaea stand with the aim of providing an understanding of consequences of litter removal on soil patterns. This knowledge is important for planning appropriate long-term forest management. Three pairs of 30 × 30 m² plots (each pair a control and treatment) were established in the center of a P. caribaea stand in April 2002. The controls were left undisturbed with an intact litter layer, while litter was removed monthly from treated plots. The diameter and height of the P. caribaea decreased and soil quality was degraded over the experimental period in litter-removed (treated) plots. Litter removal also produced a significant increase in soil bulk density at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. The capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, and natural water content in controls at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths were significantly greater than treated plots. The non-capillary porosity in controls at the 0–20 cm depth was also significantly higher than treated plots. The organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K) and alkalized N content in each layer, and available P and exchangeable K at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths in control plots were significantly greater than litter-removed plots. The numbers of bacteria at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths and of fungi at 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths were higher in control than treated plots. The number of actinomyces and urease, catalase, and acid phosphatase activities in controls at each depth were significantly greater than litter-removed plots.     

滇西北高原生态恢复过程中土壤侵蚀特征及其影响因子

滇西北高原由于地处生态脆弱的石灰岩区,水土流失严重,探讨该区生态恢复过程中土壤侵蚀的变化规律,为开展人工植被建设提供依据。以时空互代的方法,通过径流小区,对坡面的产沙产流特性及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:天然次生林和人工混交林均有较好的调节径流和减少泥沙的作用,产沙量分别比坡耕地减少了51.46%、43.18%,产流量也相应降低了39.39%、24.24%。在最大次降雨条件下,荒草丛、坡耕地、次生林和混交林单次降雨的产沙量分别占试验期产沙总量的55.38%、55.58%、58.35%和58.05%,产流量相应占产流总量的64.72%、64.63%、73.85%和55.39%。而且,产流产沙量与土壤有机质质量分数均存在明显正相关,与乔、灌层植物多样性及均匀度指数等呈显著负相关性(P<0.05)。因此,乔灌草结合的群落结构配置模式是滇西北地区水土保持林营造的目标和方向。     

坡位对马尾松林下土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物特性影响

以我国南方花岗岩区退化马尾松林地土壤为研究对象,通过典型样地调查方法研究不同坡位（坡上、坡中,坡底）马尾松对土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物学性质的影响。结果表明,0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤w（有机质）、w（全氮）、w（碱解氮）和w（速效钾）坡位间差异均显著（p〈0.05）,其中w（有机质）和w（全氮）均表现为坡底〉坡中〉坡上;而w（全磷）和w（全钾）位间差异不显著;3坡位中坡底土壤w（粘粒）较高容重较小。土壤酶活性坡位间差异不显著,可能受林分密度影响较大。两土层微生物生物量碳氮与土壤呼吸强度均为坡底最大,且与有机质和全氮相关性分别达显著（p〈0.05）和极显著（p〈0.01）正相关,但在微生物对碳利用效率、有机碳氮累积程度等方面坡位间差异不显著。所以,对养分瘠薄且易受侵蚀的花岗岩红壤区域,马尾松作为恢复植被须谨慎选择。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区农业生态系统碳循环模拟研究

利用甘肃农业大学定西旱农综合试验站的2001—2008年长期定位试验数据对DNDC模型进行了验证,结果表明：模型可以用于安定区县域尺度农田土壤有机碳储量及其变化的模拟。模拟不同处理间碳的循环结果显示,秸秆还田或覆盖可提高作物秸秆与根系残留的外源碳携入量,也能提高土壤异氧呼吸对内源碳的消耗。利用DNDC模型以及区域气象、土壤和作物资料,对该区域表层（0～20 cm）农田土壤碳循环进行模拟研究的结果表明,2008年农田土壤（面积为1.2×109 m2）表层（0～20 cm）有机碳总储量为2.8×109 kg,平均土壤有机碳密度为2.33 kg.m-2。通过对该区域农田土壤模拟不同碳投入的情景,分析预测2008年至2037年土壤有机碳储量,得出增加有机肥能够显著增加土壤有机碳的积累,其次为免耕同时增加秸秆还田率50%,而单独实施这两种措施,土壤有机碳的积累速度较慢。     

宁南黄土高原不同土地利用模式对土壤的影响研究

宁南黄土高原采取退耕、还林、还草措施5年后,区域局部生态环境发生了较大变化。文章针对退耕后的典型土地利用方式,阐述了自然撂荒坡地、柠条(CaraganakorshinskiiKom.)灌木林地、坡耕地产生的土壤水热、养分效应,其结果对减少宁南黄土高原土壤养分流失、提高土地生产力和合理农业布局具有重要的意义。利用径流小区试验方法,研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤储水量的变化为单峰型,与雨量峰值相比,对应储水量略有滞后现象。土壤储水量整体表现为农耕地>自然荒坡>柠条林地。受植被类型影响,坡面土层温度为荒坡草地>柠条林地>农地。随坡度增加,自然荒坡土壤有机质有降低的趋势,相同坡度下(25°)自然荒坡土壤有机质平均为12.76g/kg,是农耕地、柠条林地的1.2倍和1.94倍。在3种土地利用方式下,全磷含量没有明显差异,坡耕地土壤速效磷、速效钾含量较高,柠条林地和自然荒坡速效磷、速效钾含量没有明显差异。不同土地利用方式下,Ca-P(钙结合态的磷酸盐)占无机磷总量的比例,达29.6%～59.07%,O-P(闭蓄态磷酸盐)最少,仅占4.73%～22.45%。土壤过氧化氢酶、与土壤全氮、有机质、碱解氮呈显著正相关。     

黄土高原沟坡地土地生产力评价的指标体系与评价方法

通过对渭北黄土高原地区沟坡地土壤理化性质的分析和对当地社会经济状况的调查研究,应用层次分析法对沟坡地土地自然生产力和现实生产力进行了分析和评价.在分析过程中,把当地主要造林树种根系垂直分布特征及其根系抗旱性特性纳入了分析评价体系.结果表明,嘴头村和西坡村不同树种沟坡地上刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的自然生产力属于中等稍微偏上水平,而山杏(Prunus armeniacia var. ansu)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)的自然生产力水平则较低.两地沟坡地上的现实生产力计算结果则证明刺槐和山杏两个树种表现出了较高的水平,具有较好的发展前途;而油松和侧柏的现实生产力水平则较低,其发展推广受到了限制.群众对沟坡开发治理的态度和对开发方案的认可对沟坡开发的成功起到了重要作用.     

陕北黄土高原陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀变异的空间格局

利用环境放射性核素137-Cs技术定量评价陕北黄土高原典型山坡地顺坡断面(240 m)土壤重新分布的空间变化及其影响因素.结果表明,黄土高原坡地土壤侵蚀率存在明显的空间格局,即山坡中、上部是土壤侵蚀最为严重的地带,土壤平均侵蚀速率高达82.8 t/(hm2(a)以上;山顶和坡脚侵蚀速率较小,土壤平均侵蚀速率分别为17.1 t/(hm2(a)及22.3 t/(hm2(a),而坡下部土壤侵蚀速率居中,土壤平均侵蚀速率为46.8 t/(hm2(a).坡度变化是影响该地区土壤侵蚀速率空间变化的主导因子.本研究结果对黄土高原坡地土壤侵蚀的预测预报和准确防治土壤流失具有重要价值.     

Ecological properties of soil water and effects on forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau

In the Loess Plateau of China, soil water has three ecological properties: high infiltration capacity, high storage capacity and availability to deep plant roots. Soil desiccation is the most serious problem for forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau. Arid soils are the result of intensified soil desiccation caused by disturbances in plant succession, which constitute the ecological foundation of soil water. The negative effects of the arid soil layer on surface water infiltration for recharging underground water are discussed in terms of ecological hydrology. The arid soil layer disrupts the link between surface water and underground water and prevents vertical precipitation infiltration from supplementing underground water. Forest vegetation has a significant runoff-retaining efficiency that reduces total runoff from forest areas leading to low surface and ground runoff which affect the water cycle on a watershed scale.     

蕉园土壤因子与香蕉枯萎病发病的相关性研究

香蕉枯萎病（Fusarium oysporum f.cubense）是当前严重威胁我国华南地区香蕉生产的重要土传病害,目前尚未找到有效的防治方法。于2010年采集了3个典型香蕉枯萎病患病样地（尖峰、冲坡、十月田）和2个健康样地（临高、广州）的根际与非根际土壤样品共46份,采用常规分析方法测定了19项土壤理化指标含量。旨在从农艺措施的角度考虑香蕉枯萎病的防治提供理论依据。结果表明：健康蕉园的大多理化性状和养分含量高于患病蕉园。尤以土壤粘粒、有机质、CEC、全N、全P、有效P、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效B和交换性Ca含量表现更为明显,其在健康蕉园中的含量均为患病蕉园的1.5倍以上。同一患病蕉园根际土壤中的pH值随植株感病级别增加而上升,而有效P和有效B含量随植株感病级别增加而降低。由此可以推论,在蕉园适当增施P肥和B肥有助于抑制香蕉枯萎病发生。     

植被-侵蚀动力学模型参数的确定及在黄土高原的应用

植被-侵蚀动力学是研究流域植被与侵蚀在人类活动影响下演变规律的一门新的边缘学科。由植被-侵蚀动力学模型可绘制植被-侵蚀状态图,以预测停止人为干扰后植被及侵蚀变化趋势,评价水土保持措施成效,提出小流域优化治理方略。植被-侵蚀动力学模型4个参数a、c、b、f是流域重要特征参数,其值的确定是进行植被-侵蚀动力学模拟及绘制植被-侵蚀状态图的前提和基础。它们依赖于流域气候、土壤和地形地貌。本文以黄土高原典型小流域为例,采用试算法确定了它们的取值,通过相关分析发现参数a与P、T,参数c、b、f与D50、S之间存在明显的相关关系,并得到了相关关系式。将其用于吕二沟小流域植被-侵蚀动力学模拟,结果与实际情况符合较好。绘制了各参数的取值分布图。最后以燕儿沟小流域为例,将以上相关关系式用于植被-侵蚀状态图的绘制,及小流域自然状况、植被-侵蚀状态及水土保持效果的评价。     

太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对抚育强度的响应

为了解不同抚育强度下土壤呼吸速率的差异及土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响,利用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统测定山西太岳山油松人工林不同强度抚育后土壤呼吸速率,同时测量土壤表层10 cm处的温度和湿度.4块油松人工林样地的抚育强度分别为20%、30%、40%和50%,对4块抚育样地及1块对照样地进行3种处理:切根去凋、去凋和对照.结果表明:切根去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率无显著差异(P>0.05);去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为20%、30%和40%样地6、7月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01);对照处理条件下,抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为30%和40%样地6、7、8月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01).土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率显著相关(P<0.01),且共同解释了土壤呼吸速率变化的30%～74%,是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的重要环境因子.     

施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

城市污泥的合理处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要课题。因污泥富含有机质和有效营养成分,对土壤改良有积极的促进作用,所以污泥的土地利用普遍被认为是一种积极、有效的处置方式。鉴于此,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统的．影响及相关的过程和机理进行了综述。结果显示,施用污泥可改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质和氮、磷等养分元素的含量,其改良作用因污泥类型而异。污泥对土壤重金属的积累有所影响,特别是在酸雨频发地区或者长期施用污泥,可能会带来重金属Gu污染的环境风险。污泥普遍有利于提高土壤酶活性,譬如土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,但污泥施用过量或时间延长,则会抑制多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶的活性,而污泥对过氧化氢酶的影响则不大。污泥对土壤微生物特性短期内有积极的影响,但长期则有负面作用。施用污泥可导致土壤动物活性的增加,但也会对一些土壤动物产生毒性,譬如异壳介虫属和弹尾目昆虫,而且污泥毒性不仅取决于污泥用量,土壤类型也起着重要作用。基于上述分析和评述,提出了未来研究展望如下：（1）针对污泥施用后土壤生态系统生物、物理和化学过程和机理进行系统、综合的基础研究;（2）对污泥土地利用进行长期的系统定位试验和环境监测,并对之进行环境风险评价;（3）对污泥稳定化处理技术的创新及其应用研究。     

The importance of different forms of Pb on diminishing biological activities in a calcareous soil

In this experimental study, we evaluated the effect of different lead (Pb) fractions on biological properties in soil spiked with 0, 600, 1200 and 1800 mg kg^?1 Pb, during a 90-day incubation period at 25?28°C. Different Pb fractions were measured by sequential extraction at days 1 and 90 after soil treatment. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Pb and soil biological properties at days 1, 5, 15, 45 and 90 were measured. The concentration of Pb in soluble and exchangeable fractions was very high at day 1, but it showed remarkable transfer into carbonate and residual fractions by day 90. Substrate-induced respiration, basal respiration, acid and alkaline phosphatases, microbial populations (bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes) and biomass carbon decreased significantly with soil contamination compared with the control. With Pb ageing, these biological properties increased. Metabolic quotient (qCO₂) increased significantly compared with the control with increasing Pb concentration. The toxicity of various forms of Pb for the biological status of the soil was in the following order: KNO₃ extractable>NaOH extractable>EDTA extractable>HNO ₃ extractable>total content Pb. Thus, the bioavailable fractions are better indicators of Pb pollution in soils.     

东北过伐林区不同林分类型土壤肥力质量评价研究

保持和提高森林土壤肥力质量是实现森林健康的基础。研究不同林型下土壤肥力质量对森林可持续经营具有重要意义。以东北过伐林区金仓林场中的落叶松Lartx gmelinii人工纯林、云杉Picea asperatax紫椴Tilia amurensis天然混交林、紫椴×白桦Betula platyphylla天然混交林、五角槭Acer monox白桦×落叶松天然混交林、五角槭×白桦×紫椴天然混交林、白桦×落叶松天然混交林和五角械×紫椴×青杨Populus pseudo-simonii天然混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理和化学性质,并采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的方法评价了其土壤肥力质量。结果表明：①林分类型对土壤理化性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、物理性粘粒含量和养分质量分数减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;②土壤因子之间关系密切,物理性粘粒含量与含水量、全氮、速效钾质量分数呈极显著正相关,而与土壤密度和pH值呈显著负相关;土壤养分质量分数之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;③采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0～60cm的土壤肥力质量进行了评价,土壤肥力质量表现为天然混交林高于落叶松人工纯林;采伐降低了土壤的肥力质量;在落叶松人工纯林中,随着林龄的增加,土壤的肥力质量下降。通过对土壤肥力质量综合指标值的聚类分析,将研究区土壤肥力质量分为优、良、中、差4个等级,肥力质量属于中等以上（优、良、中等）的林地所占研究样地的比例为66．7％,研究区森林土壤肥力质量属于中等水平。建议在经营过伐林时,注意调整林分结构和树种组成,控制采伐强度,同时进行长期定位观测和比较,以改善林分整体的肥力状况。本研究结果为该地区林业可持续经营提供直接依据,也为东北地区森林土壤肥力质量评价提供参考。     

藏北高寒草原样带土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素

沿藏北高寒草原冈底斯山-申扎-双湖样带（30°25′N至33°6′N）,在37个样点采集土壤和植物样品,分析藏北高寒草原土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素。结果表明：藏北高寒草原土壤0~15、15~30和0~30 cm有机碳含量分别为2.27、2.17和4.44 kg.m-2。土壤有机碳含量沿样带呈随着纬度的增加而减少的趋势。藏北高寒草原土壤质地总体偏粗,不同质地土壤之间有机碳含量大小关系为砂土〈壤质砂土〈粉壤土〈砂质壤土〈壤土。不同深度土壤有机碳含量与土壤颗粒含量相关性存在显著差异,0~15 cm土壤有机碳与粉粒、黏粒含量呈显著性正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著性负相关,而15~30 cm土壤有机碳含量与土壤颗粒组成相关性不显著。0~15 cm土壤有机碳含量与草地盖度、地下生物量和总生物量呈显著或极显著正相关,与优势种高度呈极显著负相关;15~30 cm土壤有机碳含量与优势种高度呈显著负相关。     

黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展问题

沙棘适合于在干旱瘠溥的黄土高原地区生长，在黄土高原生态恢复、环境治理和经济发展中成效显著，近年来沙棘灌丛资源发展迅速。但由于在沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展中还存在不少问题，使黄土高原区域整体效益并不理想。文章研究了黄土高原地区沙棘灌丛资源的类型，共有6个群系；分析了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源的现状和效益，其在工矿废弃地治理、砒砂岩区治理、沙化土地治理、水土保持等方面作用明显，对当地畜牧业、食品工业、医药业起到促进作用；探讨了存在的主要问题，一是资源发展问题，二是保护问题，三是管理问题，四是科学技术问题；最后从多个方面提出了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护与发展的对策，     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.