一种新型沉降离心分离装置自控排液阀的设计

设计了一种新型的自控排液阀，来实现沉降离心分离装置中液体和悬浮物的连续分离和自动排出。从理论上论述了自控阀的工作原理，并对自控阀的可靠性进行了分析。讨论了有关参数对该阀动作的影响。设计的自控排液阀可使悬浮物的分离装置结构简单紧凑，实现高效、可靠的连续作业。     

电解浮选用于活性污泥固液分离及其动力学研究

在装有Ti/RuO2-IrOz-TiO2阳极、Ti阴极的电解浮选槽中进行了活性污泥固液分离的研究.考察了水力停留时间对浮选效果的影响,研究了电解产生的微气泡对悬浮物浮选的动力学.研究表明,电解浮选是高效的固液分离单元,悬浮物的去除遵循一级动力学模型.     

错流涡旋式高效固液分离器内固液两相流的数值模拟

介绍设计制作的一种新型错流涡旋式高效固液分离装备,利用离散相模型对其进行数值模拟,得到此分离装置的三维液相流场分布、离散相砂粒的运行轨迹以及砂粒的去除效率,明确了其沉淀特征。其结论对于优化错流涡旋式高效固液分离器的设计具有参考价值。     

美国页岩气压裂返排液处理技术进展及前景展望

页岩气作为一种非常规天然气资源,正在改变着国际能源市场格局。美国的页岩气储量大,工业开发起步早、时间长,在开发技术方面领先优势显著。由于页岩气储藏的特殊性,在开发过程中会产生大量高盐度、组成复杂的压裂返排液和产出水,处理难度大、污染严重。返排液和产出水的处理通常需经过三级处理流程,依次去除水中悬浮物、压裂液残余成份、浮油和钙镁等二价离子,最后完成脱盐达标排放或回用。目前,我国页岩气产业刚刚起步,学习借鉴美国已成熟并且市场化的技术和设备,对实现我国页岩气开发跨越式发展具有重要的指导意义和借鉴价值。     

磁性硅藻土的制备及其性能

针对现有硅藻土吸附容量小和固液分离难的问题,采用共沉淀法制备2种磁改性硅藻土:Ⅰ和Ⅱ,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积测定(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对制备的磁性硅藻土进行结构分析,并采用磁滞回线评估其磁性;考察了溶液pH、吸附剂用量和吸附时间对其吸附硝基苯的影响以及吸附饱和后的固液分离性能。结果表明:2种磁改性样品的饱和磁化强度分别为26.28 emu/g和4.8 emu/g,比表面积分别为39.242 m~2/g和60.588 m~2/g,为原土的1.3倍和2倍;对硝基苯的去除率分别达74.95%和95.2%,为原土的1.8倍和2.3倍;吸附饱和的磁改性样品在外加磁场作用下可迅速实现固液分离,且分离后2种磁改性样品溶液的悬浮物浓度分别为8.6 mg/L和9.8 mg/L。     

人工湿地生物降固池对悬浮物及总氮的净化效果

通过植物泥培筛选实验、植物密度实验和水力停留时间优化实验对4种沉水植物进行筛选并研究了植物的最佳种植密度和生物降固装置对水体悬浮物和总氮的净化效果。结果表明:穗花狐尾藻适应能力较强,在北方冬季低温环境下仍能继续生长;种植密度为100株·m-2的穗花狐尾藻对悬浮物的吸附和截留作用最明显;生物降固装置最佳HRT为6~8 h。在HRT为6 h条件下,植物组对悬浮物的去除率为78.6%,比对照组高39%;总氮去除率为8.9%,说明生物降固装置可以有效截留、吸附悬浮物,但在较短HRT条件下对总氮吸附作用不明显。悬浮物达到同样去除效果,生物降固装置比自然沉降需要的时间少2~4 h。同时,种植水生植物的生物降固装置对总氮有一定的去除效果,降低人工湿地进水氮负荷。     

超滤与电渗析联用降低油田采出水矿化度中试试验研究

以大庆油田常规处理后的油田采出水为处理对象,建立日产水300t的超滤预处理和电渗析脱盐处理中试试验装置.考察该工艺所能达到的技术经济指标,掌握放大规律,为万吨级工业装置和系统的设计提供基础数据.经过3000h长时间连续试运行,系统出水水质稳定,出水浊度低于1.0 NTU,悬浮物和含油量低于1.00 mg/L,矿化度低于1000 mg/L,水质完全满足配制聚合物用水要求,证明采用处理后的油田采出水代替清水作为聚合物驱用水是可行的.     

磁分离-精细过滤-超滤-碟管式反渗透耦合工艺高效回用页岩气压裂返排液

页岩气压裂返排液高效处理回用是页岩气开发中亟待解决的关键问题之一。本研究在某页岩气开采平台上,构建了“磁分离-精细过滤-超滤(UF)-碟管式反渗透(DTRO)”返排液处理工艺装备,进行现场实验研究并分析污染物去除效能和机理。在优化运行条件下,磁分离-精细过滤对浊度去除率达95.5%,精细过滤出水可内部回用于复配水力压裂液;DTRO工艺对TDS、DOC、总荧光强度去除率分别达99.9%、98.7%和96.3%,出水满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)和《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084-2021),有望通过外排和灌溉等方式进行外部回用。此外,装备运行直接处理成本约34.90元·m^-3。相较其他技术,本工艺兼具高效性与经济性。因此,该工艺装备具有实现返排液高效回用的巨大应用潜力。     

厨房油烟湿式迷宫分离净化设备的实验研究

利用油烟的特点,在水雾水膜式油烟净化基础上建立迷宫分离油烟装置.从降低能耗和提高油烟捕集效率的角度出发,利用统计学方法建立数学模型,按照正交设计布置试验,进行因素方差分析,应用SPSS、MATLAB软件进行正交设计数据处理,实现产品的结构优化.结果表明,湿式迷宫分离段的最优结构布置方式为:分离装置空腔直径为15 mm、宽度50 mm及表面波纹角度90°,并采用插板式滤油水箱治理含油废水,减少二次污染.本装置在传统油烟分离技术的基础上,结合离心分离、冷凝凝并、液体吸收净化、碱性除油等作用,提高了复合油烟净化设备的净化效率,减少油烟雾中的过水量,其最佳油烟气净化效率可达到96.91%.     

FIBAX纤维滤料在再生水工艺中的应用研究

针对某化工厂甲醇冷凝液再生处理工艺中生化出水浊度较高,对后续离子交换树脂产生不利影响等问题,考察了新型FIBAX纤维过滤对浊度的去除情况.当采用微絮凝后FIBAX过滤(滤速50 m/h)时,混凝剂PAC最佳投加量2 mg/L(以Al2O3计),其对浊度的去除率为99.9%,出水浊度达到小于0.50 NTU的目标要求,此时其过滤周期36 h,并且其投资和运行费用均较低.上述结果表明,FIBAX纤维滤料能有效去除来水中的细少悬浮物,满足后续工艺要求,是一种新型的固液分离材料.     

工艺条件对磷回收过程中鸟粪石沉淀颗粒粒径的影响

在鸟粪石沉淀法回收废水中磷的过程中,鸟粪石颗粒的大小将直接影响其沉淀的速率,进而影响鸟粪石的沉淀效果和磷的回收率。本文采用激光粒度分析仪测定鸟粪石的平均粒径,详细考察在小型连续搅拌反应-沉淀磷回收装置中不同的工艺条件下鸟粪石颗粒粒径的变化规律,并结合Stokes公式计算鸟粪石颗粒在废水出口处的沉降速率,为沉淀池的设计提供参考依据。结果表明:鸟粪石的平均粒径在12～25μm之间,沉降速率在5.46×10-5～2.37×10-4m/s之间。随着反应室水力停留时间的延长,鸟粪石颗粒的粒径逐渐增大,当停留时间超过18 min时,颗粒的粒径基本不变;随着沉淀室水力停留时间的延长,鸟粪石颗粒的平均粒径缓慢增大,当停留时间超过70 min后颗粒粒径的变化不大;鸟粪石颗粒的平均粒径在一定程度上受废水中磷初始浓度变化的影响,在磷初始浓度为62～128 mg/L时颗粒的粒径变化不大,当磷浓度为496 mg/L时粒径有较大增加,此时鸟粪石颗粒的沉降速率也大幅度增加;鸟粪石颗粒的平均粒径受pH值的影响不大;随氮磷摩尔比的增大,鸟粪石颗粒的平均粒径略有增加;随镁磷摩尔比的增大,鸟粪石颗粒的平均粒径逐渐减小,沉降速率则有明显的下降。     

The effect of digestion and dewatering on sudden increases and regrowth of indicator bacteria after dewatering

Several investigators have reported higher densities of indicator bacteria after dewatering of anaerobically digested biosolids. The increases appear to occur at two points in the biosolids process: the first, referred to as "sudden increase", occurs immediately after dewatering; the second, "regrowth", occurs during storage over longer periods. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of digestion and dewatering processes on sudden increase and regrowth of fecal coliform and E. coli. Samples were collected from five thermophilic and five mesophilic digestion processes, with either centrifuge or belt filter press dewatering. Sudden increase typically was observed in the thermophilic processes with centrifuge dewatering and was not observed in the mesophilic processes with either centrifuge or belt filter press dewatering. Regrowth was observed in both thermophilic and mesophilic processes with centrifuge dewatering but not belt filter press dewatering.     

Seres2000型高锰酸盐指数仪器监测数据质量分析

水质自动站测定的高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）数据与实验室标准方法测定结果常常产生较大的偏差。作者旨在通过自动仪器与实验室标准方法的比对测试，查找自动监测结果的偏差原因，同时分析和探讨如何保障仪器的正常运行，保持自动仪器监测的数据质量，达到与实验室标准监测结果的统一。     

一维分层弥散模型在二沉池模拟中的应用

通过在二沉池一维分层模型中加入弥散作用建立了二沉池一维分层弥散模型,并采用数值求解的方法开发了二沉池模拟程序.利用竖流式沉淀池中试试验实测数据验证了模型的可靠性,以COST(欧洲科技领域研究合作组织)624/682文件中基准污水处理厂二沉池晴天时的稳态和动态进水数据为模型输入值,分析比较了一维分层弥散模型模拟程序与国外成熟软件的模拟结果.结果表明,纳入了弥散作用的一维分层模型能较好地描述实际二沉池中的悬浮固体浓度分布,模拟结果具有较好的精度,有待于在二沉池模拟和控制领域进一步深入研究.     

烟气平均流速自动测量及其自动检测装置

通过对烟道"速度场常数"的研究,提出了利用速度场常数监测烟道烟气平均流速的方法,同时研制出速度场常数自动检测装置.解决了烟道烟气平均流速自动监测的技术难题.经实践检验:所研究的监测方法正确,检测装置结构合理,监测结果稳定、可靠.     

The role of SBR mixed liquor volume exchange ratio in aerobic granulation

Four sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated at different volume exchange ratios of 20-80%. Results showed that a rapid aerobic granulation could be achieved in SBR run at high volume exchange ratios, and the characteristics of mature aerobic granules in terms of mean size, SVI, granule fraction, EPS and calcium content were all closely related to the volume exchange ratio applied to SBR. To interpret the role of volume exchange ratio in aerobic granulation, a concept of minimum settling velocity of bioparticles was proposed, which is the function of both settling time and volume exchange ratio. It was further demonstrated that the effect of volume exchange ratio on aerobic granulation in SBR would be realized through selecting the minimum settling velocity of bioparticles. In fact, the minimum settling velocity would serve as a major selection pressure exerted on bioparticles. It appeared from this study that the production of EPS was stimulated significantly by high volume exchange ratio, which was associated with marketable accumulation of calcium ion in aerobic granulation. It is expected that this study may offer insights into the mechanism of aerobic granulation.     

一次性环保餐具发展现状和实现大规模生产的措施

阐述了可降解一次性餐具的发展状况和它们对环境保护所起的作用，叙述了秸杆、甘蔗渣和淀粉一次性餐具的生产现状；分析了生产成本和生产效率；指出了这类餐具至今不能大规模生产的主要原因，重点介绍了一种新研制的高效自动化生产设备，使秸杆、甘蔗渣和淀粉餐具的生产成本大幅度降低，生产效率可以提高几十倍。     

Coagulation settling characteristics and eliminating pollution analysis of fine-grind natural zeolite in static and turbulent flow

The phenomenon of coagulation settling in liquid suspensions has a variety of applications, including mineral processing, treatment of industrial effluents, and municipal sewage sludge purification. This study was to investigate the coagulation settling characteristics of fine-grind natural zeolite and evaluate the removal efficiency of contaminants simultaneously in static and turbulent flow. A series of column experiments were conducted to pattern the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of coagulation settling and removal contaminants in static and turbulent flow. The results indicated that the suspended solid concentration presented an apparent exponential decay with coagulation settling time in static flow (R ² ?>?0.99), coagulation settling rate of the fine zeolite-suspended solid in static flow was between 0.005 and 0.05 cm/s obtained from the repeat depth suction method. The relation between average C/C ₀ of pollutants and suspended solid concentration was exponential before the settlement for 24 h and that was the line after the settlement for 24 h. Several various models were presented to highlight the coagulation settling characteristics of fine-grind natural zeolite in static and turbulent flow. Compared to hydrostatic settling experiments, zeolite-suspended solid presented better removal efficiency of pollutants and greater removal rate of pollutants in turbulent flow.     

Generation pattern of sulfur containing gases from anaerobically digested sludge cakes.

Eleven dewatered sludge cakes collected from anaerobic digesters at different treatment plants were evaluated for the amount, type, and pattern of odorous gas production. All but one of the sludge cakes were from mesophilic anaerobic digesters. One was from a thermophilic digester. The pattern and quantities of sulfur gases were found to be unique for each of the samples with regard to the products produced, magnitude, and subsequent decline. The main odor-causing chemicals were volatile sulfur compounds, which included hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, and dimethyl sulfide. Volatile sulfur compound production peaked in 3 to 8 days and then declined. The decline was a result of conversion of organic sulfur compounds to sulfide. In one side-by-side test, a high-solids centrifuge cake generated more odorous compounds than the low-solids centrifuge cake. The data show that anaerobic digestion does not eliminate the odor potential of anaerobically digested dewatered cakes.     

工艺条件对鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度的影响

采用激光粒度仪实验测定了小型套管式空气曝气填料层磷回收装置中不同条件下生成的鸟粪石晶体的体积平均粒径,考察了其变化规律,并结合Stokes公式计算了晶体的沉降速率,同时考虑鸟粪石晶体形状的影响,进行了相应的修正。实验结果表明,鸟粪石的粒径在10—200μm之间,主要集中于20～100μm;在磷回收装置中添加填料并通人空气有利于增大鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度,无填料无空气时和有填料有空气时的平均粒径分别在30～55μm和40～65μm之间。随着pH值的增大,鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度逐渐增大,但当pH大于9．0后,鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度又逐渐减小;氮磷比值从1：1增大到2：1,鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度小幅度增加,氮磷比进一步增大,鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度基本不变;镁磷摩尔比在1：1—1．2：1的范围内时,鸟粪石晶体的平均粒径和沉降速度随镁磷比的增大而增大;镁磷摩尔比大于1．2：1后,鸟粪石晶体的平均粒径和沉降速度随镁磷比的增大逐渐减小;初始磷浓度越高,鸟粪石晶体的平均粒径和沉降速度越大。