Pt／MgO催化剂上NOx存储-还原反应性能

采用稀燃一富燃交替运行方式，研究存储一还原型催化剂PL／MgO的NOx存储性能以及C3H6还原NOx反应性能。氧化存储段，NOx可被有效存储；当氧化性气氛转换为还原性气氛后，出现一个NOx峰，降低了总的转化效果。NOx峰的大小与存储段和还原段时间之比、温度等因素有关；400℃时NOx峰最小，总转化率最高。5h循环实验表明，400℃时PL／MgO催化剂再生良好，NOx转化率稳定在96％。于反应气氛中添加100mg,／m^3SO2进行了5h抗硫性实验，Pt／MgO催化剂的抗硫中毒能力明显强于Pt／BaO／Al2O3。     

CuCoO_x/TiO_2催化氧化NO性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuCoOx/TiO2催化剂,考察了焙烧温度、反应温度、氧含量、NO浓度和空间速度对催化剂催化氧化NO性能的影响,并考察了催化剂的抗硫抗水性能.XRD、TPR和BET分析表明,350℃焙烧的催化剂具有Cu-Co2O4尖晶石结构,比表面积大,对N0的氧化效果好.在空速为5 000 h-1,NO进口浓度500 mg/m3,含氧量10%的条件下,反应温度300cc时N0转化率可达79.5%,250℃时N0转化率接近50%.该催化剂具有良好的单独抗SO2、抗H2O毒化性能,H2O和SO2同时存在时很快失活.该催化剂可用于不同时含H2O和SO2的含NO气体催化氧化后再吸收处理.     

ZSM-5分子筛负载Pt、Pd催化剂上甲烷选择还原一氧化氮反应性能研究

研究了ZSM-5分子筛负载Pt、Pd催化剂对CH_4还原NO催化反应的性能.实验表明,Pt催化剂在300～500℃温度下,显示出较高的反应活性和N_2选择性,Pd和Pt-Pd催化剂在400～500℃温度下具有较好的反应性能.其活性和选择性大小次序为:Pt>Pt—Pd>Pd.用铂氨络离子制备的催化剂反应性能优于用氯铂酸制备的催化剂.     

催化氧化还原吸收法脱除工业含湿废气中NOx

基于精细化工、制药行业排出 NOx 废气氧化度低、氧气含量高的特点,提出以改性活性炭(MAC)为催化剂的催化氧化-还原吸收脱除 NOx 的方法.考察了相对湿度、氧化温度、氧化时间对 NO 催化氧化以及还原液种类对 NOx 吸收的影响.结果表明,随着相对湿度的增加 NO 转化率急剧下降,但随着氧化时间的延长有所提高;干气条件下,随着温度升高,NO 转化率下降;湿气条件下,NO 氧化反应最佳反应温度范围为 50～70℃,实验条件下的 NO 最高转化率可达 51%;还原液种类中以尿素-碱液对 NOx 和 NO 的吸收效果最好,亚硫酸铵-碱液对 NOx 的吸收效果最好.通过催化氧化-还原吸收的多级组合可实现 NOx 的有效脱除与达标排放.     

CuCoOx／TiO2催化氧化NO性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuCoOx／TiO2催化剂,考察了焙烧温度、反应温度、氧含量、NO浓度和空间速度对催化剂催化氧化NO性能的影响,并考察了催化剂的抗硫抗水性能。XRD、TPR和BET分析表明,350℃焙烧的催化剂具有CuCo2O4尖晶石结构,比表面积大,对NO的氧化效果好。在空速为5000h^-1,NO进口浓度500mg／m^3,含氧量10％的条件下,反应温度300℃时NO转化率可达79．5％,250℃时NO转化率接近50％。该催化剂具有良好的单独抗SO2、抗H2O毒化性能,H2O和SO2同时存在时很快失活。该催化剂可用于不同时含H2O和SO2的含NO气体催化氧化后再吸收处理。     

负载型磷酸氧钒低温脱硝催化剂的制备及其抗硫抗水性能

针对目前低温脱硝催化剂抗硫抗水性较差的不足,以TiO_2为载体负载活性组分V_2O_5,利用磷酸调控表面酸性,制备了磷酸氧钒催化剂VPO/TiO_2,并实验研究了SO_2和水蒸气对其脱硝活性的影响。结果表明:控制P与V的摩尔比为1/5,活性组分(VPO)负载量为10%,焙烧温度为400℃时,催化剂脱硝性能最好,180～400℃温度范围内脱硝率高于98%;反应温度为200℃,烟气中SO_2体积分数为200×10~(-6)～800×10~(-6)和水蒸气体积分数为4%时,催化剂的活性无明显下降。添加磷酸能够促使催化剂表面生成VOPO_4、(VO)_2P_2O_7及V~(4+)/V~(5+)氧化还原电对,提高了催化剂的低温脱硝活性。磷酸可增强催化剂的表面酸性,减少了SO_2的表面吸附及其与活性组分的反应。另外,催化剂表面以介孔为主,可提高未被水分子占据的活性位点量,FT-IR图谱显示抗硫抗水测试后的VPO/TiO_2表面未发现有硫酸根生成,VPO/TiO_2表现出较强的抗SO_2和水蒸气毒化的性能。负载型磷酸氧钒催化剂具有较高的脱硝活性和较强的抗硫抗水性能。     

Cu/海泡石催化剂上NOx催化还原的研究

以天然海泡石为原料,经酸改性后作载体.采用浸渍法制成了用于NOx由CO还原的Cu基催化剂.在稀薄燃烧条件下,考察了它对汽车尾气中NOx的还原性能.实验结果表明,Cu/海泡石催化剂在富氧条件下具有良好的耐湿热稳定性和催化活性,当转化率达到90%时,反应温度＜400 ℃.当掺入稀土元素Ce和Sm后,由于与活性组分Cu之间的协同效应,催化剂的抗氧能力进一步提高了.     

CuCoOx/TiO2催化氧化NO性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuCoOx/TiO₂催化剂,考察了焙烧温度、反应温度、氧含量、NO浓度和空间速度对催化剂催化氧化NO性能的影响,并考察了催化剂的抗硫抗水性能。XRD、TPR和BET分析表明,350℃焙烧的催化剂具有CuCo₂O₄尖晶石结构,比表面积大,对NO的氧化效果好。在空速为5 000 h^-1,NO进口浓度500 mg/m³,含氧量10%的条件下,反应温度300℃时NO转化率可达79.5%,250℃时NO转化率接近50%。该催化剂具有良好的单独抗SO₂、抗H₂O毒化性能,H₂O和SO₂同时存在时很快失活。该催化剂可用于不同时含H₂O和SO₂的含NO气体催化氧化后再吸收处理。     

Cu／海泡石催化剂上NOx催化还原的研究

以天然海泡石为原料，经酸改性后作载体。采用浸渍法制成了用于NOx由CO还原的Cu基催化剂。在稀薄燃烧条件下，考察了它对汽车尾气中NOx的还原性能。实验结果表明，Cu/海泡石催化剂在富氧条件下具有良好的耐湿热稳定性和催化活性，当转化率达到90％时，反应温度＜400℃。当掺入稀土元素Ce和Sm后，由于与活性组分Cu之间的协同效应，催化剂的抗氧能力进一步提高了。     

La_(1-x)Ce_xCu_yMn_(1-y)O_3/HZSM-5催化剂低温去除柴油机碳烟和NO_x

为实现对柴油机碳烟和NOx的低温同步去除,采用柠檬酸络合法制备分子筛负载钙钛矿型金属复合氧化物催化剂,应用X衍射分析仪(XRD)和电镜扫描仪(SEM)对催化剂性能进行表征,并在微型固定床反应器中对催化剂低温去除碳烟和NOx进行活性评价。利用程序升温反应(TPR)技术,进行催化剂活性评价、柴油机负荷和排放等特性实验。结果表明,A位用适量Ce部分取代La,B位用适量Cu部分取代Mn,可使碳颗粒燃烧温度降低,CO2选择性好,NOx转化率升高。La0.4Ce0.6Cu0.2Mn0.8O3/HZSM-5催化剂的最大NOx转化率为81.0%,Ti、Tm和Tf分别为250、350和475℃,表明该催化剂具有较好的催化活性,能在低温条件下去除碳烟和NOx。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.