基于属性识别理论模型的城市大气环境质量评价——以镇江市2009年为例

通过阐述属性识别理论和变异系数,建立大气环境质量评价的属性识别理论模型,并参照国家大气环境质量标准(GB3095-1996),以镇江市环保局2009年提供的原始数据为对象,对镇江市大气环境质量进行空间上的综合评价。结果表明,镇江句容市的大气环境质量为Ⅰ级(清洁),市区、扬中市和丹阳市的大气环境质量为Ⅱ级(轻污染)。同时,属性识别理论模型计算较为简单,评价客观;结合对主要污染物平均浓度变异系数的分析,使区域间的比较更为清晰,更能反映出真实情况。     

太原市冬季PM2.5化学组分特征与来源解析

为研究太原市城区冬季PM_2.5污染特征及来源,于2017年1月对PM_2.5及其化学组分（水溶性离子、碳组分和微量元素）、气态污染物（SO₂、NO₂）进行在线观测,结合气象数据,分析了清洁天和污染天PM_2.5及其化学组分特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分析法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）对PM_2.5进行来源解析.结果表明,2017年1月太原市城区污染天PM_2.5质量浓度（239.92 μg·m^-3）为清洁天的5.70倍,污染天PM_2.5主要化学组分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、OC和EC分别为清洁天的7.04、5.76、6.51、5.62、4.06和4.70倍;污染天硫的氧化速率（SOR）和氮的氧化速率（NOR）分别为0.12和0.19,明显高于清洁天,说明污染天二次转化程度更高;PMF解析结果显示,污染天二次源（35.06%）、燃煤源（30.19%）和机动车源（24.25%）较清洁天分别增长18.03%、7.39%和2.10%,说明太原市城区污染天在管控机动车和燃煤等一次排放源的基础上,更应该注意对二次源前体物的控制.     

基于熵权的西安市大气环境质量模糊综合评价

针对传统方法在评价大气环境质量中存在评价因素单一,不能反映多种污染物对大气环境的综合影响等缺点,文章运用模糊综合评价理论并结合熵值赋权法,选取SO2、NO2、PM10三个污染因子为评价参数,参照国家大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度,对2006年、2010年西安市区及其不同功能区的大气环境质量作出客观综合评价并加以对比。评价结果表明:2010年西安市区大气环境质量符合国家Ⅱ级标准,较2006年无明显改善且有潜在污染加剧的趋势;西安市内交通区、工业区的大气环境质量劣于全市平均水平,是该市大气环境治理的重点区域;PM10为西安市区最主要污染因子,在全市污染影响普遍,但近年NO2污染呈现的上升趋势也应引起警惕。     

典型工业城市夏季VOCs污染特征及反应活性

为研究典型工业城市夏季挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染对环境的影响及成因,利用2020年7月在淄博市城区的VOCs在线监测数据,分析了污染日和清洁日VOCs的污染特征、化学反应活性和臭氧（O₃）污染成因.结果表明,污染日总挥发性有机物（TVOC）小时浓度均值较清洁日高32.5%,分别为（50.6±28.3）μg·m^-3和（38.2±24.9）μg·m^-3,污染日和清洁日各组分贡献率均为：烷烃>芳香烃>烯烃>炔烃,TVOC和O₃浓度日变化均呈现相反的变化趋势.污染日臭氧生成潜势（OFP）、·OH消耗速率（L_·OH）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOA_p）均高于清洁日,烯烃对OFP和L_·OH贡献最大,芳香烃对SOA_p贡献最大;OFP和SOA_p日变化趋势和TVOC基本一致;化学反应活性优势物种以烯烃和芳香烃类物质居多.VOCs/NO_x法判断污染日和清洁日O₃敏感区属性均处于VOCs控制区和过渡区,而烟雾产量模型法（SPM）诊断污染日O₃敏感区属性在08：00~16：00期间处于VOCs控制区和过渡区交替状态,清洁日各时段均处于VOCs控制区.为减轻该市夏季O₃污染,应加强对VOCs （烯烃和芳香烃）和氮氧化物（NO_x）的协同控制.     

大气污染排放格局优化方法及案例

目前改善空气质量的方法包括末端治理、产业结构调整、能源结构调整以及交通结构调整等,鲜见大气排放空间格局优化的方法.因此,本研究团队基于自然环境、人体健康、污染物传输能力和气象扩散条件等多种因素,使用阈值、自然间断点分级和空间擦除等方法划定大气环境布局适宜区;并据此优化调整大气排放格局,实现空气质量改善;再以广东省为例,校验空气质量改善效益以及探讨大气环境分区对排放格局优化的引导应用.结果表明,广东省环境空气质量一类区面积占全省9%;人口密集区占3%;国控站点敏感区占15%;污染物积聚区占22%;大气环境布局适宜区占60%,主要分布在粤西.通过推动广东省非火电工业源移入大气环境布局适宜区,可以使全省PM_2.5平均改善4%,城市最大改善10%.排放格局优化是空气质量持续改善方法中的一种创新性辅助支撑技术,在实际应用中,可以结合能源与产业结构调整、污染控制技术提升和跨区域联合防控,综合制定最可行的空气质量改善方案.     

天津市2017年重污染过程二次无机化学污染特征分析

基于2017年天津市超级观测站数据,筛选出7次典型重污染过程,从污染物浓度、二次转化方面分析重污染过程二次无机化学污染特征.结果表明,重污染期间NO₃^-和SO₄^2-浓度较清洁天气增长幅度最高,显著高于PM_2.5的增长程度,说明二次无机转化是导致重污染期间PM_2.5污染加重的重要原因;下半年PM_2.5和SO₂污染程度较上半年减轻,与秋冬季采取燃煤治理等活动有关;重污染期间NO₂/SO₂比值为1.5~19.6,其中下半年NO₂/SO₂比值显著高于上半年,说明在各项污染源管控下移动源的影响比例相对增加;大部分重污染期间NO₃^-浓度大于SO₄^2-浓度,SOR值高于NOR值,说明重污染期间硫酸盐和硝酸盐转化均较重要;在SO₂浓度显著降低的情况下,重污染期间SO₄^2-浓度并未明显降低,说明除二次无机转化外,硫酸盐生成还受其他因素影响.     

两湖盆地冬季区域大气颗粒物污染特征及独特的风场和下垫面影响

为认识近年来长江流域中游两湖（湖南-湖北）盆地大气环境变化特征,本文利用两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季近地面PM_2.5和PM₁₀观测数据,结合风速、地形和植被指数等资料,探讨两湖盆地冬季大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM₁₀的变化特征及其与风速、地形和下垫面的关联.结果表明：①两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季PM_2.5污染频发,其中两湖盆地西北部的襄阳和荆门的冬季平均分别多达62 d和61 d出现PM_2.5污染（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）,襄阳重污染（PM_2.5>150 μg·m^-3）多达19 d,表明两湖盆地是长江流域中游地区一个区域性PM_2.5污染中心.②在空间上,两湖盆地污染呈现出西北重东南轻、城市群污染较重的特征,这主要与冬季风驱动的大气污染物的区域传输和两湖盆地城市地区的强排放有关.③近地面风速与PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度变化呈现特殊的"U"型非线性关系,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度拐点值分别为153 μg·m^-3和210 μg·m^-3,揭示了两湖盆地局地大气颗粒物累积主导了轻/中度污染,大气污染物区域传输决定了重度污染的独特区域特征.④两湖盆地冬季PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度与地形高度和植被指数均呈显著负相关,反映了两湖盆地地形和城市化下垫面变化的大气环境效应.     

海河水环境质量及污染物入海通量

在1993～1997年海河水质监测资料的基础上,计算了各污染因子的污染指数和入海通量.结果表明,海河的污染较严重,各断面的水质等级均在IV级和V级的水平,主要的污染因子为NH₃-N、NO₂-N以及有机物污染.5年间海河的水质有所改善,综合污染指数由1993年的17.21降为1997年的13.39.前4年中污染物的入海通量加大,尤其以COD_Mn、BOD、NH₃-N、NO₃-N和NO₃-N最为严重,分别由1993年的1555、655、337、156和25 t·a^-1上升到1996年8710、4317、2516、1528和188 t·a^-1.而1997年又分别急剧下降至1331、973、572、355和31 t·a^-1,这可能主要是由于海河径流量的变化所引起的.     

浅层地下水氯代烃污染的天然生物降解

对我国北方某城市的浅层地下水进行了有机污染调查,局部地区发现了严重的氯代烃污染.PCE和TCE对地下水的污染程度远远大于CF和CT,是主要污染物,最高浓度分别为487.55μg/L和63.74μg/L.本文根据所掌握的资料,结合氯代烃天然条件下生物降解判定方法,对研究区地下水氯代烃生物降解衰减可能性进行研究.结果表明,该市地下水氯代烃污染区浅层地下水环境、Eh、pH值、生物降解的间接标志NO₃^-浓度变化,以及PCE和TCE生物降解中间产物等均有助于证实氯代烃生物降解转化的存在.多数点为Eh小于100mV的还原环境,将综合污染评价分级中1、2级,3、4级和5级所对应的NO₃^-/Cl^-值求平均分别为0.804,0.754和0.596,在所有检出DCE的点中,cis-1,2-DCE的百分比均超过了DCE总量的80%.室内模拟实验进一步说明,氯代烃污染区地下水环境中,氯代烃完全可能产生共代谢生物降解转化,因此,确认PCE存在向TCE的生物降解转化,能够更加合理地解释这一地区TCE和PCE的污染现状.     

昆山市不同污染条件下PM2.5水溶性离子时间变化特征及其源解析

为了探明昆山市不同污染条件下PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的污染特征以及本地源排放占主导时对污染过程的贡献,本研究使用昆山市2017年3月—2018年2月期间PM_2.5、水溶性无机离子及其气态前体物数据,分别探讨了水溶性无机离子及其气态前体物在污染天气和清洁天气情况下的变化特征,揭示了它们在污染天气和清洁天气下的变化机制.同时结合周围城市PM_2.5浓度筛选出昆山市秋、冬季局地污染事件,利用主成分分析（principle component analysis,PCA）方法对筛选出的局地污染事件中的水溶性无机离子数据进行了来源解析,定量评估了本地源排放占主导时不同水溶性无机离子对灰霾污染事件过程中PM_2.5浓度的贡献.结果表明：①SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺（合称SNA）是PM_2.5的重要组分,且其相对贡献随着大气污染加重而变化.3种离子在清洁和污染条件下对PM_2.5的相对贡献分别是49.4%~62.3%和52.7%~65.9%.在3种主要的水溶性无机离子中,NO₃^-浓度最高,其次是SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺.随着污染加重,SO₄^2-的贡献率下降,而NO₃^-的贡献率上升.②污染天气下3种离子日变化规律不同,且存在明显季节差异.其中秋冬季SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺与各自气态前体物变化趋势一致且为单峰型;NO₃^-为单峰型而其前体物则为双峰型.另外,NO₃^-与NH₄⁺日变化趋势较为一致,表明昆山地区SNA多以NH₄NO₃形式存在.③2017—2018年秋冬季由本地源排放占主导的污染天气下,PM_2.5的主要来源是二次气粒转化、建筑扬尘、生物质燃烧和燃煤;除了Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺,其他水溶性离子浓度均低于非本地源排放占主导的污染天气下的浓度.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.