络合萃取法处理含酚废水技术经济分析

从技术经济角度对络合萃取法处理含酚废水进行了分析,建立了投资及净现值与处理量和浓度的关系式。结果表明：络合萃取法投资及净现值指标对处理理敏感,而对浓度不敏感;     

膜生物反应器处理高浓度含酚废水研究

将膜生物反应器(MBR)用于高浓度含酚废水的处理中,探讨了进水中苯酚浓度、水力停留时间和污泥浓度对膜生物反应器处理含酚废水效果的影响。实验结果表明:经过42d驯化后,可以在高浓度含酚废水中正常运行,MBR系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别可达98%和80.6%。当苯酚浓度为134mg/L时,处理的最佳水力停留时间为3h,最佳污泥浓度(MLSS)为7367mg/L。     

特种化工废水的生物毒性、抑制性研究

某厂特种有机废水 ,含季铵盐和羟乙基纤维素。研究表明 ,他们在浓度分别超过 1 2 0 mg/L和 2 2 0 mg/L时 ,呈现生物毒性或抑制性 ,且随浓度增高而严重影响废水生化处理效果。当水样中季铵盐浓度小于 1 2 0 mg/L,羟乙基纤维素浓度小于 2 2 0 mg/L时 ,它们不具生物毒性 ,可作为营养物质被微生物利用。废水动态模拟试验表明 ,进水 CODCr30 0 0 mg/L的废水 ,用接触厌氧—好氧生化法能使出水达到当地排放标准。     

高含酚焦化废水处理工艺的实验研究

试验采用改型二段好氧活性污泥法,对鞍钢焦化厂产生的高含酚废水进行了脱酚处理研究.试验中发现:采用"生物-铁"法进行培养驯化后,脱酚污泥活性高、耐酚负荷能力强;在微生物"饥饿态"下,脱酚速率进一步加快,工艺运行时间缩短.工艺运行过程稳定,酚去除率高,大部分被降解.处理后废水酚浓度小于0.5mg/l,COD浓度小于100mg/L,达到了国家<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-96一级).本研究为高含酚焦化废水等工业废水的生物脱酚处理提供了有效途径.     

难降解有机废水的萃取置换法预处理

针对生物法处理难降解有机废水时去除率不高,停留时间长,难地达到排放等缺点,提出一种新的预自理方法－萃取置换法,并以乙草胺废水的处理为例,从萃取剂的筛选,工艺的优化,技术经济评价等方面进行了分析研究,结果表明,二甲苯作用为萃取剂能将废水的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ从０提高到０．４７６,且不需反萃操作;当乙草胺浓度 为１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,萃取置换法投资较小;当浓度增大到５００ｍｇ／Ｌ是,萃取置换法在投资及净现值方     

催化湿式过氧化氢法处理三氯吡啶酚模拟废水

研究催化湿氧化法处理三氯吡啶酚模拟废水的过程,考察了温度、氧化剂用量及催化剂对反应过程及污染物降解的影响。结果表明:WPO和CWPO均能降解三氯吡啶酚模拟废水。当催化剂为6 g/L,进水质量浓度为5 000 mg/L,过氧化氢用量为15.26 mL/L,反应温度为160℃,反应120 min后,STCP去除率可达98.1%。经CWPO法预处理后的废水进行生物处理,其可生化性明显提高。     

白腐菌生物接触氧化法处理硝基苯废水

文章主要研究了白腐菌生化降解硝基苯废水的效果。利用棉布作载体,生物接触氧化法处理硝基苯废水。当pH为7、曝气强度70L/h时,室温下,连续运行13d后,COD的浓度由6351.46mg/L降解为7.26mg/L,去除率为99.89%;硝基苯的浓度由148.58mg/L降解为0.12mg/L,去除率为99.92%。     

以葡萄糖为共基质硝基酚厌氧生物降解性试验研究

在35℃中温厌氧条件下,以葡萄糖为共基质,采用间歇试验法,通过测定甲烷累积产量,研究了2-硝基酚、4-硝基酚、2,4-二硝基酚和2,6-二硝基酚的厌氧生物降解性,利用相对活性值来判断硝基酚对产甲烷菌的抑制程度.研究结果表明:2-硝基酚浓度小于24mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有产生抑制作用;4-硝基酚浓度小于20mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有产生抑制作用,浓度为24mg/L时产生轻度抑制;2,6-二硝基酚浓度小于12mg/L时未产生抑制作用,浓度为16mg/L～24mg/L时产生轻度抑制;2,4-二硝基酚浓度小于4mg/L时没有产生抑制作用,浓度为8mg/L～24mg/L时产生中度抑制.4种物质对产甲烷菌活性的抑制由小到大的排列顺序为:2-硝基酚＜4-硝基酚＜2,6-二硝基酚＜2,4-二硝基酚.     

中空膜生物反应器处理港口含油废水的中试研究

采用中试规模的中空膜生物床处理混凝沉淀后港口含油废水。进水COD浓度为245⁵44mg/L,当HRT=4h时,出水COD平均浓度为146.5mg/L,平均去除率为64.2%;当HRT=8h时,出水COD平均浓度为133.4mg/L,平均去除率为64.6%。采用活性炭对MBR出水进行深度处理,处理后出水的COD浓度均小于130mg/L,NH4+-N浓度为1.2544mg/L,当HRT=4h时,出水COD平均浓度为146.5mg/L,平均去除率为64.2%;当HRT=8h时,出水COD平均浓度为133.4mg/L,平均去除率为64.6%。采用活性炭对MBR出水进行深度处理,处理后出水的COD浓度均小于130mg/L,NH4+-N浓度为1.2⁴.1mg/L,石油类污染物浓度为0.44.1mg/L,石油类污染物浓度为0.4⁰.9mg/L。MBR稳定运行期间,膜组件的操作负压稳定在0.03MPa以下,远低于化学清洗时的操作负压控制标准0.05Mpa。     

基于活性炭纤维处理印染废水方法优选

印染废水是当前工业废水处理的难点,污染物质主要来自各种染料、化学药剂等,具有污染浓度高、色度大、水质变化大等特点。分别用生物活性炭纤维法、活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,并对两种方法的处理效果进行比较。试验结果表明,活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,COD去除率为94.3%,色度值降至40倍,悬浮物浓度降至40 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至2.2 mg/L;生物活性炭纤维法处理印染废水,COD去除率为86.0%,色度值降至520倍,悬浮物浓度降至240 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至1.5 mg/L。活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法对废水COD、色度、悬浮物的处理效果优于生物活性炭纤维法。     

The development of a novel process planning algorithm for an unconstrained hybrid manufacturing process

The application of state of the art manufacturing processes has always been constrained by the capabilities either from technical limitations such as limited materials and complex part geometries or production costs. As a result, hybrid manufacturing processes – where varied manufacturing operations are carried out – are emerging as a potential evolution for current manufacturing technologies. However, process planning methods capable of effectively utilising manufacturing resources for hybrid processes are currently limited. In this paper, a hybrid process, entitled iAtractive, combining additive, subtractive and inspection processes, along with part specific process planning is proposed. The iAtractive process aims to accurately manufacture complex geometries without being constrained by the capability of individual additive and subtractive processes. This process planning algorithm enables a part to be manufactured taking into consideration, process capabilities, production time and material consumption. This approach is also adapted for the remanufacture of existing parts. Four test parts have been manufactured from zero and existing parts, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed hybrid process and the process planning algorithm.     

SBR工艺与CASS工艺的比较

SBR(序批式间歇活性污泥法)是近年来在废水处理方面应用日趋广泛并取得明显经济效益的一种新技术，在此基础上又发展了一些SBR的变型工艺，其中CASS工艺在国内外主要运用于城市污水和各种工业废水的处理。就SBR工艺和CASS工艺在原理、特点、经济性和运行方面做了比较，为以后的工艺选择提供理论根据。     

传统活性污泥法工艺改造的探讨

徐州污水处理厂采用传统活性污泥法工艺处理污水，出水水质要求：CODcr≤120mg/L,BOD5≤30mg/L,SS≤30mg/l\L,为满足污水处理厂属水作为市区景观用水及下游断面达标的要求，排水指标改为：CODcr≤70mg/L,BOD5≤20mg/L,NH^ 4-N≤15mg/L.因此，须对管线予以改造，变成A／O工艺，通过小试验证明此方案可行。     

缺氧－好氧生物膜法脱氮技术的研究

为了防止氮污染对水体造成的危害,我国对氨氮排放实行严格的控制。采用缺氧－好氧淹没式生物膜脱氮方法研究其处理效果与工艺参数,并着重研究氮负荷和碳源对硝化、反硝化的影响;微生物在膜上的分布特性及其对底质变化的影响。研究结果表明：缺氧段（A段）停留时间为7.3h,好氧段（0段）为15.7h好氧段容积负荷：COD0.36kg/m³·d,NH₃－N0.35kg/m³·d;缺氧段硝态氮负荷0.65kg/m³·d,COD负荷1.7kg/m³·d。这一水处理技术工艺稳定,NH₃－N与NO_x－N的去除率均在90％以上,而且生物活性强,分布较均匀,是目前控制氮污染的有效方法。     

Using chemical process simulation to design industrial ecosystems

Chemical process simulation (CPS) software has been widely used by chemical (process) engineers to design, test, optimise, and integrate process plants. It is expected that industrial ecologists to bring these same problem-solving benefits to the design and operation of industrial ecosystems can use CPS. This paper provides industrial ecology researchers and practitioners with an introduction to CPS and an overview of chemical engineering design principles. The paper highlights recent research showing that CPS can be used to model industrial ecosystems, and discusses the benefits of using CPS to address some of the technical challenges facing companies participating in an industrial ecosystem. CPS can be used to (i) quantitatively evaluate and compare the potential environmental and financial benefits of material and energy linkages; (ii) solve general design, retrofit, or operational problems; (iii) help to identify complex and often counter-intuitive solutions; and (iv) evaluate what-if scenarios. CPS should be a useful addition to the industrial ecology toolbox.     

高效水解酸化废水处理技术初步研究

提出了一种高效水解酸化废水处理技术，通过水力学措施，可以实现水解酸化系统较强烈的湍流和涡旋，加速传质，从而使有机污染物的去除率显著增加，对照试验结果表明，对低浓度溶解性COD的去除率是传统方法的3倍以上。     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

电化学合成的聚合氯化铝的形态特征

采用电解法合成了聚合氯化铝溶液 ,并采用2 7AlNMR法、透射电镜等方法对其形态特征进行了研究 .2 7AlNMR法表明在电化学制备PAC中主要含有铝单体 ,铝的二聚体及Al13形态 .Al13含量与其溶液的碱化度 (B)有关 .在总铝浓度 (AlT)为 2 .0mol L ,B为 2 .2时Al13含量达到最高 ,占AlT 的 70 .2 % ,并在溶液中较稳定存在 .透射电镜实验结果表明 ,电解制备的PAC的粒度分布均匀 ,无团聚现象产生     

造纸废水处理过程的高斯过程回归软测量建模

针对造纸废水处理系统的时变性、非线性和复杂性等特点,本文提出一种基于高斯过程回归的软测量模型.基于平方指数协方差、线性协方差和周期性协方差函数组合构建了7种高斯过程回归模型,分别对出水化学需氧量和出水悬浮固形物浓度进行回归预测.此外,还对比了多元线性回归模型、主成分回归模型、偏最小二乘模型、人工神经网络模型和高斯回归模型的预测效果.对比计算结果表明无论是对输出变量的训练拟合还是预测,高斯过程回归模型的拟合效果均优于非高斯过程回归模型.高斯过程回归模型的预测结果表明：对于出水化学需氧量,线性协方差函数与周期性协方差函数的组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果;对于出水悬浮固形物,平方指数协方差函数与线性协方差函数组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果.     

双碱法烟气脱硫工艺的研究

以旋流板塔为脱硫塔，实验研究了Na2CO3-Ca(OH)2双碱法脱硫工艺，试验了不同液气比L／G、Na^2 浓度、吸收液pH值和进气SO2浓度等主要参数对脱硫率的影响，并考察了Na^ 的损失与操作条件的关系，分析了双碱法脱硫过程的传质反应过程机理以及不同pH值对脱硫率的影响，此外，还讨论了本工艺适宜操作和工业应用前景。