IC法分析大气颗粒物水溶性离子的国内外研究进展

结合近十多年来国内外在大气颗粒物水溶性离子分析应用方面的研究状况,分别对大气颗粒物中水溶性离子基本特征、分布状况;离子色谱法对大气颗粒物水溶性阴、阳离子的分析方法;大气颗粒物水溶性离子与主要大气污染物和降水化学组成之间的关系;大气颗粒物中水溶性离子与大气降水化学组成之间的关系;大气降尘和沙尘暴尘(沙尘气溶胶)中的水溶性离子等有关的研究内容作了综述和展望.     

大气中尘粒浓度概念的商榷

在大气监测中,常常要进行尘粒物浓度的测定,如粉尘、降尘等。 由中国预防医学中心卫生研究所编写的《大气污染监测分析方法》一书中,把空气中粒径在10微米以下的颗粒物称为飘尘,用重量法测定空气中的尘粒浓度,称此浓度为飘尘浓度C_1。 在城乡建设环境保护部环保局组织编写的《环境监测分析方法》一书中说,大气中粒径在10微米以下的尘粒称为人体可吸入尘(Inhalable Particles简称IP)。总悬浮微粒简称TSP,按我国现行大气环境质量标准规定为粒径在100微米以下的液体或固体微粒。用重量法测定空气中尘粒含量为总悬浮微粒浓度。     

沈阳市空气中PAH的污染及其粒径分布

本文通过对大气颗粒物粒度分级样品中多环芳烃(PAH)的分离测定结果,阐述了沈阳市苯并(a)芘(Bap)的污染现状,Bap在不同粒径大气颗粒物中的分布规律以及Bap同其它16种PAH的相关关系,并推算出Bap在呼吸道各主要部分的沉积分数     

北京市冬季大气细粒子数浓度的粒径分布特征

考虑到对人体的健康危害,大气颗粒物的数浓度值可能比质量浓度值更重要.通过对北京市交通道路边、生活区和远郊背景点大气细粒子数浓度的监测,对北京市大气细粒子数浓度的主要来源、浓度和粒径分布特征进行研究.文章认为交通源是城市大气细粒子数浓度的主要来源.城市生活区的大气细粒子主要是污染源稀释后扩散而来.远郊区既可能存在气象污染物光化学成核生成的超细颗粒物,也存在外部运移而来的细粒子.与国外其他城市相比,北京市大气细粒子数浓度在道路边处于中等偏下水平,但生活区和背景点处于相当或偏高的水平.     

唐山市中心区大气颗粒物特征分析

依据唐山市大气中TSP、PMl0监测数据、TSP源解析研究结果、对比实验结果及气象资料，分析了唐山市中心区大气颗粒物的结构组成和时空变化规律、颗粒物的粒径与空间分布及天气背景与大气颗粒物浓度的关系，得出唐山市中心区大气颗粒物的结构组成和污染特征，并提出了污染控制对策。     

青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系

利用青岛市灰霾综合观测站2012年3月2日-2012年6月7日期间的监测数据,分析了青岛市区大气能见度与不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度的日变化特征,比较了各级别大气能见度下不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度及所占比例的相关性,研究了相对湿度对大气能见度和颗粒物质量浓度相关性的影响.结果表明,监测时段大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度呈现较好的负相关,每天大气能见度最低值出现在早晨07:00--09:00;剔除相对湿度高于90％的前提下,PM2.5是影响大气能见度的主要因子,随着其在PM1o中所占比例上升,大气能见度级别不断下降,相关系数为-0.84;不同相对湿度区间下,PM2.5对大气能见度的影响最明显,其中,相对湿度为60％ ～ 70％,大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性最好.     

TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型中流量TSP、PM10、PM2.5大气颗粒物采集系统,是目前中国唯一可以采集TSP、PM10、PM2.5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器.该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量,保证切割粒径的稳定,减小采样的误差并方便操作.该系统已经成功地应用于20多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持.     

大气颗粒物粒度分布规律的研究

我们从一九八七年秋开始到一九八八年夏,对沈阳市区内四种功能区和对照区,按四季进行了大气颗粒物粒度分布的测定和其规律的研究.1.实验颗粒物的粒度分布对于大气环境多用质量表示,即大气颗粒物某个粒径区间的质量占质量的百分数.测定粒度分布有多种方法.但目前质量分布普遍应用的是大流量多段冲击采样器,大流     

北方某市环境空气颗粒物中重金属污染状况研究

对我国北方某市大气颗粒物的污染状况进行了研究。在主导风向上设置采样点,于冬季、夏季分别采集TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5 3种不同动力学直径的大气颗粒物。采用ICP-MS对TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5中的元素浓度进行分析,并对3种不同粒径颗粒物中的10种重金属采用富集因子法进行评价。结果表明,北方某市环境空气颗粒物中富集程度最严重的为Cd、Pb;在采暖期,随着颗粒物粒径变小,Pb、Cd的富集指数呈现逐渐增大的趋势;非采暖期则无此趋势。     

大气颗粒物的表征研究方法

颗粒物是以燃煤为能源或来自汽车排汽造成的大气污染物之一,由于颗粒物的来源、形成的不同;其化学组成、粒度分布等物理化学性状大不相同,以致它们在环境中的行为、对于人体健康,生物的效应亦有明显差别。许多工业发达国家正面临着能源改革问题,而不少国家要增加燃煤用量,对此问题引起了更大的关注.可见颗粒物在大气污染研究中的重要性.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.